1. PLANKTON (Bio 511) Professor Stephen T. Tettelbach C.W. Post Campus of Long Island University

2. PLANKTON

4. Introducing the world's first exclusive formulation of nature's superfood , marine phytoplankton , micro-algae naturally grown, harvested and available in a powerful daily liquid nutritional supplement. For the first time in history, all the wonderous health benefits of Marine Phytoplankton , the source of ALL life in the oceans is now, readily available to man! Phytoplankton is utilized by whales - the worlds longest living mammals . This mammal lives for over 150 yrs, and is sexually active for life!

5. plankton , from Greek word for ‘ drifter ’ or ‘ wanderer ’ organisms that are free-floating or found in the water column (i.e. pelagic ) but are unable to swim against typical currents generally small neuston = plankton living at or just below the water surface (e.g. bacterial film) pleuston = plankton that live at the surface but protrude into the air (e.g. Portuguese Man O’War) nekton = pelagic animals that are powerful enough swimmers to move at will in the water column, under most conditions (e.g. fish, dolphins, squid) benthos = organisms living on or in the bottom (in the subtidal zone)

7. Size classes of the plankton (from Johnson & Allen (2005) see handout

8. Other definitions sometimes used: ultraplankton : < 2 µ m = femtoplankton + picoplankton

9. holoplankton = organisms that spend their entire life in the plankton meroplankton = organisms that spend only part of their life in the plankton, usually as larvae

15. protozooplankton Phylum Sarcomastigophora Subphylum Sarcodina as a group, feed on protozoa, very small metazoans (mostly microcrustaceans), bacteria, phytoplankton; many get nutrition from endosymbiotic microalgae amoebas (=amebas) pseudopodia used in locomotion and feeding Amoeba proteus extending pseudopodia to feed on a desmid (phytoplankter)

16. protozooplankton Phylum Sarcomastigophora Subphylum Sarcodina shelled amoebas (non-motile) extend actinopods - fine, stiff cytoplasmic projections, through openings in shell, for feeding and locomotion. Actinosphaerium , showing extended actinopods

18. Protozooplankton - Foraminifera

19. protozooplankton Phylum Sarcomastigophora Subphylum Sarcodina The radiolarians - exclusively marine and brackish; most common in open ocean. vast areas of deep ocean have sediment referred to as radiolarian ooze. shells made 1° of amorphous silica with organic inclusions

20. Protozooplankton - radiolarians

21. protozooplankton Phylum Sarcomastigophora Subphylum Sarcodina Acantharia - shells of strontium sulfate Lychnaspis miranda

22. protozooplankton Phylum Sarcomastigophora Subphylum Sarcodina Heliozoans – marine, brackish, but 1° fw. Some have silica Actinosphaerium

23. protozooplankton Phylum Sarcomastigophora Subphylum Mastigophora (flagellates)

26. Phytoplankton – Diatoms 2 major forms: centric – rounded; essentially radially symmetric Coscinodiscus Dityum brightwelli

27. Phytoplankton – Diatoms Chains of centric diatoms Thalassionema nitzschioides Eucampia zodiacus

28. Phytoplankton – Diatoms pennate ( L. pinnatus: feathered ) – elongate ; bilaterally symmetric pinnate refers to markings on walls of some of these forms Cymbella affinis Pseudo-nitzschia cleaned frustule of pennate diatom

29. Phytoplankton – Diatoms Chains of centric diatoms Chaetoceros affinis Actinoptychis

30. Phytoplankton – chain of Antarctic centric diatoms

33. Phytoplankton – Dinoflagellates 2 main taxonomic groups, based on where flagella insert desmokonts : 2 flagella arise from anterior part of cell

34. Phytoplankton – Dinoflagellates d inokonts : – one flagellum in transverse groove (cingulum): whirls cell around, 2nd simpler flagellum in longitudinal groove (sulcus) helps pull cell thru water Important representatives: Alexandrium, Gonyaulax, Gambierodiscus, Pfiesteria

41. Phytoplankton – Prymnesiophytes Kingdom Protista Division Prymnesiophyta coccolithophorids (have CaCO3 scales called coccoliths) Scales can reflect light so water appears whitish during blooms Emiliana huxleyi

42. Coccolithophorid blooms in the Celtic Sea and Gulf of Biscay www.co2.ulg.ac.be/objects/intro_cocco.htm

45. Zooplankton Phylum Cnidaria Class Hydrozoa actinula larva hydromedusa: Maeotias hydromedusa: Benthocodon (deepwater)

46. Hydromedusa Colobonema sericeum Phylum Cnidaria Class Hydrozoa

47. Zooplankton Phylum Cnidaria Class Hydrozoa Physalia (Portuguese Man O’War) Vellela (by-the-wind sailor)

48. Phylum Cnidaria Class Hydrozoa Physalia (Portuguese Man O’War)

49. Zooplankton Phylum Cnidaria Class Scyphozoa Stomolophus

50. www.marlin.ac.uk Lion’s Mane Jellyfish – Cyanea capillata Sea Nettle – Chrysaora quinquecirrha http://www.bbep.org/images/seanettle.jpg Phylum Cnidaria Class Scyphozoa

51. Zooplankton Phylum Cnidaria Class Cubozoa Chironex flexneri (sea wasp)

52. Zooplankton Phylum Cnidaria Class Anthozoa tube anemone larva

54. animaldiversity.ummz. umich.edu/.../view.html www.huriisgaard.biology.sdu.dk/Mnemiopsis%209... Phylum Ctenophora: Mnemiopsis leidyi (sea walnut)

61. Swarming polychaete epitokes at night, Glover's Reef, Belize www.ryanphotographic.com/epitoke.htm

64. Zooplankton – adult holoplanktonic gastropods pteropod (sea butterfly) Glaucus glaucus hydrozoan Porpita porpita

65. Zooplankton – adult holoplanktonic gastropods heteropod

76. Euphausids (krill) comprise the greatest biomass of any animal in the ocean photography.nationalgeographic.com/photograph...

78. Zooplankton Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Crustacea Decapods Crab zoea 2 Spiny lobster phyllosoma

80. Phylum Echinodermata swimming sea cucumber, Enypniastes eximia http://www.whoi.edu/cms/images/media2-2002-214-Enypniastes_eximia_49415.jpg

83. Sea squirts, Molgula manhattensis , on lantern nets used for growing bay scallops S. Tettelbach

85. A string of salps in the Red Sea. www.itsnature.org/sea/other/salps/ Phylum Urochordata Class Thaliacea ( salps)

87. Zooplankton Phylum Chordata Class Vertebrata fish larvae eel leptocephalus larva

88. THE PHOTOGRAPHIC WEB GUIDE TO THE LARVAE OF CORAL REEF FISHES: THE 21st CENTURY Benjamin C. Victor www.coralreeffish.com/larvae.html Late Stage Coral Reef Fish Larvae Collected at Night

89. Zooplankton Phylum Chordata Class Vertebrata adult Mola king mackerel larvae