Nutrition involves the intake of nutrients from food and their relationship to health. A balanced diet contains carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals in proportions to meet the body's requirements. Good nutrition is essential for health, growth, and development, while poor nutrition can lead to reduced immunity and increased disease risk. Nutritional status can be assessed directly using anthropometric, clinical, dietary, and biochemical methods or indirectly using community-level indicators of nutrition and health. Major forms of malnutrition include undernutrition, which can cause kwashiorkor, marasmus, and micronutrient deficiencies, as well as overnutrition leading to issues like obesity.

2. Define nutrition, nutrients, diet, food, meal.
Outline the characteristics of adequate diet.
Describe the relationship between nutrition and health.
Describe diet for normal individual throughout the life
cycle especially the vulnerable group
Develop a diet plan using dietary guides and food
exchange lists.
Describe major malnutrition health problems.
Mention the diseases associated with vitamin and
micronutrient deficiencies.
Outline methods of assessment of nutritional status.

3. maybe defined as the science of food and its relationship to
health. It is concerned primarily with the part played by nutrients
in body growth, development and maintenance.
are organic and inorganic complexes contained in food.

5. A balanced diet is defined as the diet which
contains different types of food , possessing the
nutrients- carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins
and minerals- in a proportion to meet the
requirements of the body.

6. relationship between nutrition and health.
Good nutrition – an adequate, well balanced diet is a cornerstone of good
health and development.
Nutrition is essential for the maintenance of life
Essential for growth, reproduction, normal functioning of organs and
Production of energy
Better nutrition is related to improved health , stronger immune systems, safer
pregnancy and childbirth, lower risk of non-communicable diseases (such as
diabetes and cardiovascular disease), and longevity.
Poor nutrition can lead to reduced immunity, increased susceptibility to
disease, impaired physical and mental development, and reduced productivity.

8. Develop a diet plan using dietary
guides and food exchange lists.

9. Examples of servings
Beans & Meat Vegetable Grou
Milk Group Fruit Group Grain Group
Group p
2-3 Servings 2-4 Servings 6-11 Servings
2-3 Servings 3-5 Servings
Raw
Meat: 2-3 Fruit Juice: 3/4
Milk: 8 ounces Leafy Vegetable Bread: 1 slice
ounces cup
s: 1 cup
1/2 cup of other
1 ounce of
Natural Cheese: Peanut Butter: 2 vegetables Fruit, Sliced: 1/2
ready-to-eat
1 1/2 ounces Tablespoons cooked or cup
cereal
chopped raw
1/2 cup of
Yogurt: 8 3/4 cup of Fresh Fruit: 1
Beans: 1 cup cooked cereal,
ounces vegetable juice medium
rice, or pasta

10. Diet Throughout Life cycle
Including nutrition
of:-
1-Pregnant
&lactating
2-Invent & children
3- Adolescence
4- Old people

11. pregnant & lactating

12. pregnant & lactating
group particul energy Protein Fat
carbohydrate
ar Kcal d g/d g/d
woman 468 g d
Moderate 2225 1gd 20 % 60%
work
10%
Pregnant
woman
+ + 30 %
Lactating 0-12 + +
woman months + + 45 %

13. Infant & Children.

14. Group Particular Energy Protei Fat
s n
Kcal/d g/d
g/d
Infant 0-12m 102/kg 1.9/kg -
Children 1-6y 1415 26 25
7-9y 1950 41

15. Adolescence.
1- Energy needs are greater during adolescence
than at any other time of life with exception of pregnancy &
lactation.
2- Higher vitamins and minerals needs.
3- Three nutrients of importance i.e. vitamin A,
iron and calcium.
4- Improving fruit & vegetable intake will help in obtaining
adequate vitamin A .

16. Old People

17. 1- As people get older and become less active the need
still high for energy reduces but nutrient needs are
2- Calcium and vitamin D are important nutrients for
bone health
3- Plenty of fluids and a fibre rich diet helps to prevent
constipation
4- Daily exercise such a walking is also important to keep
healthy

19.  Malnutrition : bad of nutrition.
 Cause by INCORRECT Amount of nutrient icrease risk
of infection and chronic diseases
over-nutrition under-nutrition
may lead to obesity as may lead to increased
well as to metabolic infections and decreases
syndrome or type 2 in physical and mental
diabetes development.

20. undernutrition
 Nutritional deficiency diseases may classified as:
1-first type :that result directly from dietary lack of
a specific essential nutrient
2-second type :that result from the inability of the
body to use a specific nutrient properly.
 Protein energy malnutrition
 kwashiorkor
 Marasmus

21. kwashiorkor
 in children of age 1-3 years cause Late
weaning after two years, which due to
shift from high biological value
protein to starchy food deficient in
proteins.
 characterized by edema.
 The classical syndrome is that of
retarded growth and development
with mental apathy , muscular
wasting , edema especially the liver
(become big) .

22. Marasmus one year of age
in children under
 Marasmus is a severe form of
malnutrition that consists of the
chronic wasting away of fat, muscle,
and other tissues in the body.
 Malnutrition occurs when your body
does not get enough nearly all
nutrients, especially protein and
carbohydrates
 A child with marasmus looks
emaciated

23. Comparison between the two
kwashiorkor Marasmus
1- Definition : 1- Definition :
protein-energy malnutrition (PEM ) protein-energy malnutrition (PEM )
characterized by dificiency of protein e characterized by severe and prolonged
relatively adequate energy intake . restriction of all food i.e energy and
protein as well as other nutrients
2- Essential Features
a. Generalized edema 2- Essential Features
b. Hair changes a. Muscle wasting.
c. Skin change b. Loss of sub-cutaneous fat
d. Psychomotor changes c. Very low body weight
3- Age Group 3- Age Group
Usually in children of 1-3 years Usually under one year of age
4- Important Cause 4- Important Cause
Late weaning after extending over two Early weaning
years

24. Comparison between the two
kwashiorkor Marasmus
5- Frequency 5- Frequency
Occur more frequently in rural area Occur in poor people in under
developed countries who live in
6- Clinical Features cities
a. Edema
b. Hair become fine show flage sign 6- Clinical Features
c. Pigmentation desquamation and a. edema is absent
ulceration of skin b. Skin changes ,hair ,apathy and
d. Child is apathetic and measureable anorexia are seldom encountered
e. Anorexia c. Abdomen may be distended.
f. Liver may be enlarged and fatty. d. Liver is not fatty.

25. Vitamin & micronutrient
deficiency

26. Vitamin A deficiency
Vitamin A deficiency cause :
 Night blindness.
 Conjunctival xerosis : xerosis means dryness
 Active corneal lesion :
 Cornea scars .
 Increase risk of infection: children who lack Vit A are
more likely to get gut, respiratory, and other infection and
to die from them than children with enough Vit A.
 even mild VitA deficiency , with no sign of xerophthalmia
may increase risk of infection and death .

27. Vitamin B deficiency
 The deficiency of thiamin (B₁)
causing beri-beri
.
 The deficiency of riboflavim
(B₂) causing Ariboflavinosis .
 The deficiency of
Niacin causing
pellagra .

28. Vitamin C deficiency
 Scurvy: It result from dietary lack of Vit C ,
 scurvy usually occurs only on those consumes
extremely poor diet that have a complete lack of
fruit and vegetable
 scurvy can effect infant who is only source of food
is cow’s milk.

29. Vitamin D deficiency
 Vitamin D deficiency can result :
 Osteomalacia : is the softening of the bones,
osteomalacia in children is known as rickets, . It may
show signs as diffuse body pains, muscle weakness,
and fragility of the bones.
 Osteoporosis : is a disease of bones that leads to an
increased risk of fracture.
 Rickets : is a softening of bones in children
potentially leading to fractures and deformity. Rickets
is among the most frequent childhood diseases in
many developing countries.

30. osteoporosis

31. Rickets

32. Minerals deficiency
 Calcium deficiency : Osteomalacia, osteoporosis,
Rickets and tetany .
 Phosphorus deficiency : affect growth and bone
disease.
 Magnesium deficiency : cause problem in acid-
base problem, tremor, spasm and muscle action.

33. Minerals deficiency
Iodine deficiency : Iodine participate in the
synthesis of thyroid hormones . Abnormal
thyroid function leads to hypothyroidism or
hyperthyroidism due to increase or decrease
intake of iodine . Goiter is due to iodine
deficiency .
 Iron deficiency & Copper
deficiency :
cause anemia .

34. Deficiency of Zinc
 Mild deficiency :
 Stunted growth in children .
 Decreased tasting sensation .
 impaired immune function .
 Sever deficiency :
 dwarfism .
 delayed sexual maturation.
 Hypopigmented hair .

35. overnutrition
 Overnutrition is a type of malnutrition where there
are more nutrients than required for normal growth,
development, and metabolism..
 The term can refer to:
 1- obesity, brought on by general overeating of foods
high in caloric content,
 2- Vitamin poisoning Iron poisoning,
 3- Mineral overload : inborn errors of metal
metabolism, toxicity

37. Introduction :
 Nutritional Status :
- The state of a person’s health in terms of the
nutrients in his or her diet.
- Or the condition of health of a person that is
influenced by the intake and utilisation of
nutrients.
 The aim of nutritional assessment :
discover the nutritional problem in order to
suggest the possible solution.

38. Methods of assessment of nutritional
assessment :
Indirect
Direct
methods use community
methods deal with the
indices that reflect the
individual and measure
community nutritional
objective criteria
status/needs.

39. Indirect Methods of Nutritional Assessment
• Ecological variables including agricultural crops
“production”
• Economic factors e.g. household income.
• population density, food availability and prices
Vital health statistics:
morbidity, mortality and other health indicators e.g.,
infant and under-fives mortality, fertility indices and
sanitary conditions

40. direct Methods of Nutritional Assessment
 These are summarized as ABCD
 A nthropometric methods
 C linical methods
 D ietary evaluation methods
 B iochemical, laboratory methods

41. Anthropometry Measurements
 It is the measurement of body height, weight, skin fold
thickness , circumference of (arm , head and chest) &
proportions .
 It is an essential component of clinical examination of
infants, children & pregnant women.
 These measurements are compared to the reference data
(standards) of the same age and sex group, in order to
evaluate the nutritional status

43. Clinical Examination :
Clinical assessment It is an essential feature of all
nutritional surveys.
 It is the simplest & most practical method of
ascertaining the nutritional status of a group of
individuals.
It utilizes a number of physical signs, (specific & non
specific), that are known to be associated with
malnutrition and deficiency of vitamins &
micronutrients

44. D ietary evaluation methods
 Dietary assessment Nutritional intake of humans is
assessed by different methods.
 These are:
 24 hours dietary recall
 Food frequency questionnaire
 Dietary history
 food diary or record

45. Biochemical & Laboratory assessment
 Laboratory Tests
- Hemoglobin estimation.
- Stool ( for intestinal parasites ) & Urine ( for albumen
and sugar ) .
 Biochemical Tests
 measure :
- Nutrient concentration ( e.g. serum )
- Detection of abnormal amounts of metabolites in urine
( e.g. urinary iodine )
- Enzymes concentration.

46. summary
Nutrients: are organic and inorganic complexes contained in
food.
Diet :Mixture of foods that a person eats.
Food: anything either liquid or solid passing chemical
composition which enables it , when swallowed
 A balanced diet is defined as the diet which contains
different types of food , possessing the nutrients-
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals- in a
proportion to meet the requirements of the body.
the relationship between nutrition and health.
 Nutrition has important effect on health
 Nutritional education is important to improve dietary
habits

47. summary
1-the food balance sheet technique.
2-diet Servings
3- Diet Throughout Life cycle

48. summary
 Meaning of Malnutrition and his type
 Under_nutrition Protein energy malnutrition
 1- kwashiorkor
 2- Marasmus
 And the different
 Vitamin & micronutrient deficiency
 methods of assessment of nutritional status
 In tow ways Direct & Indirect
 Direct summary in ABCD

49. References