1. Ideological Movements
Romanticism: is a non-political movement, but
it added an emotional passion to the more
political movements after 1815

2. Classical Liberalism
It emphasized on the rights and liberties that
individuals should possess:
Equality before the law
Freedom of speech and press
Right of own property
Against Absolutism.
They defended separation of powers and National
Sovereignty (Through Constitutions, Elections and
Parliaments).
Constitutions: Governments should be limited by
written constitutions.
Representative Government: elected assemblies or
parliaments which should make laws.

3. Not democratic: not everyone should be
allowed to vote (censitary suffrage or census
suffrage)
Social classes that supported this movement:
Business and professional classes
Factory owners
Enterprising landowners
They wanted changes, but in an orderly way,
by processes of legislation, and not by
Revolutions.

4. Economic Liberalism
Adam Smith and David Ricardo
Government should not interfere with business,
it should stay out of the economy and let
businessess compete.
“Laissez-Faire”
Law of supply and demand
Freedom of trade and abolition of tariffs

5. Other Ideological Movements
Radicalism (Democrats)
Working class leaders
They wanted to extend many of the liberal
arguments to wider segments of the population
Republicanism (Democrats)
It's the continent version of radicalism
They are opposed to royalism and monarchies.
They supported “Revolutions”
Heirs of the “French Revolution”
Democrats: “universal male suffrage”
Because of police repression they joined in secret
societies.

6. Utopian Socialism
It was previous to marxism
They regarded the economic system as aimless,
chaotic and unjust.
They looked for a fairer and more equal distribution
of income among all the members of society.
Personalities:
− Robert Owen
− Saint Simon
− Charles Fourier and his phalanstère

7. Scientific Socialism, Marxism or Communism
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
They wanted to improve the working conditions
They believed in progress and in society.
All the social classes would disappear and “the
proletariat” would create a new society without
social classes called “Communist Society”
All means of production should be owned by
society through the Government
Surplus value (plusvalía): the worker creates some
benefits, that are taken by capitalists, not by
workers.

8. • Feminism
• This movement wanted to expand the rights of
women in both public and private life.
• Main aims: a better education, reforms in property
and divorce laws, the right to participate in public
debates and voting rights
• Nationalism
• It defends the right of a group of individuals to be
identified with a political entity called “nation”.
• Centrifugal nationalism: it destroys already existing
empires or nations
• Centripetal nationalism: it creates new nations