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Integrated Watershed Management & Rainwater Harvesting Prof. T. I. Eldho ,  Department of Civil Engineering,  Indian Institute of Technology Bombay/ India.  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Integrated Water Resources Development and Management: IWRDM.  Integration of - - River basin resources- surface and ground. - Demands - consumptive and non-consumptive, and supplies.  - Facilities - mega to micro. -  Human and eco-systems. - S&T and engineering with social, economic, synergic needs.
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[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Part 2:   Watershed Development & Modelling ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
WATERSHED Development   ,[object Object],[object Object],Watershed Sub-watershed Milli- watershed Micro-watershed Mini-watershed 50,000-2,00,000 10,000-50,000 1,000-10,000 100-1,000 10-100 Classification Watershed (ha)
WATERSHED Development … ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
WATERSHED MODELLING …   Watershed modelling  steps 1. Formulation 2. Calibration/verification  3. Application  Watershed model constitutes 1. Input function 2. Output function  3. Transform function
Fig  Flowchart of simple watershed model (McCuen, 1989)   WATERSHED MODELLING …   Precipitation Interception Storage Surface Runoff Groundwater Storage Channel Processes Interflow Direct Runoff Surface Storage Baseflow Percolation Infiltration ET ET
WATERSHED MODELLING …   General Classification of Models   Broadly classified into three types   Black Box Models:   These models describe mathematically the relation between rainfall and surface runoff without describing the physical process by which they are related.  e.g. Unit Hydrograph approach   Lumped models: These models occupy an intermediate position between the distributed models and Black Box Models.  e.g. Stanford Watershed Model  Distributed Models: These models are based on complex physical theory, i.e. based on the solution of unsteady flow equations.
Background ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Part 3:  Integrated Watershed Management
Concepts and Principles of IWM Objectives:     Water has  multiples uses  and must be managed in an integrated way.     Water should be managed at the  lowest appropriate level .    Water allocation should take  account of the interests of all  who are affected.     Water should be recognised and treated as an economic good. Strategies:     A long term, viable  sustainable future  for basin stake holders.     Equitable access to water resources for water users.    The application of  principles of demand management  for efficient utilisation.     Prevention of further  environmental degradation  (short term) and the restoration of  degraded resources (long term). . Implementation Programs:     Comprise an overall strategy that clearly defines the management objectives, a delivery mechanisms and a  monitoring schedule  that evaluates  program performance .     Recognise that the development of water resources may require research, to assess the  resource base through  modelling and development of DSS , and to determine the  linkage between water resources and the  impacts on environment, socio-economy .     Ensure that mechanisms and policies are established that enables long term support.
Integrated Watershed Approach IWM is the process of planning and implementing water and natural resources …… an emphasis on integrating the bio-physical, socio-economic and institutional aspects.  Social issues are addressed through  involvement of women and minority .  Community led  water users groups  have led the implementation efforts.  1970 1980 1990 2000 Public Participation Watershed development program Low High Mainly water  conservation Socio-economic with  water conservation Socio-economic,  water conservation, participation Public participation  planning, design,  implementation Project success
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IWA – Modeling through Advanced Technologies
Part 4: Water Conservation & Harvesting Total water management for sustainable development ?.
Water Conservation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Water Conservation… ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Rain Water Harvesting?.   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Rain Water Harvesting?.  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],RWH – Methodologies
Rain Water Harvesting– Advantages  1.Provides self-sufficiency to water supply  2.Reduces the cost for pumping of ground water   3.Provides high quality water, soft and low in minerals 4.Improves the quality of ground water through dilution when recharged 5.Reduces soil erosion & flooding in urban areas 6.The rooftop rain water harvesting is less expensive &  easy to construct, operate and maintain 7. In desert, RWH only relief  8.  I n saline or coastal areas & Islands, rain water provides good quality water
Part 5: Successful Case Study   Catchment Area = 1800 km 2
Jhabua Watershed: Case Study  ,[object Object],Highly undulating, sparsely distributed forest cover.  ~ 57% arable land including cultivable fellow and  ~ 18% notified as forest land. Average rainfall  ~ 750 mm per annum.  ~ 20-30 events during June-September ~ Classified as drought prone region. Moisture deficit  during January  to May months each year.
Jhabua watershed: Case study Major crops:  Maize, Cotton, Peanuts, Soyabeans; Gram, Black beans, Oil seeds.  Predominantly tribal population, 92% engaged in agriculture. ~  high seasonal migration ~ economically one of the  most backward district
Yearly rainfall departure from the mean for rainfall station Jhabua   Seasonal rainfall departure are extremely variable.
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Development Issues
Planning & Implementation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Resources mapping: Ground water dynamics Total alluvium area= 18.5 km 2    Channel porosity = 20%    Depth of wetting front = 4.0 m Total storage capacity = 14.8 x10 6  m 3.
Resources mapping: Surface water storage Total number of reservoirs = 144 Storage capacity = 81.3 x 10 6  m 3 Reservoir in main channel
Appropriate Technology   Water conservation and groundwater recharge techniques Water harvesting cum supplementary irrigation techniques in Jhabua
Water Conservation Water conservation interventions includes contour trenches,  gully plugging, vegetative and field bunding, percolation tanks.  Overall land treatment against potential area is varying between 40-60%.  Type of land ownership for soil and water conservation measures  Techniques of soil and water conservation measures
Redevelopment of forest is essential for catering socio- economics needs of the people and ecological needs  of the region.  Forest committees  are formed for forest protection and part of area is made available for grazing on rotation basis.  Implementing agencies promoted the concept of  “Social Fencing”  people protecting the forest and grazing land.  Joint Forest Management
Community participation and local capacity building Development of new village level institutions and local capacity building.  Operation & maintenance of structures, regulation of financial matters, and conflict resolution.
Discussion Success interventions reside in  integration of appropriate technical and managerial measures .  People’s participation in the entire process are most important.  The benefits of water harvesting and water conservation definitely reached.  Efficient utilisation of funds , only 10-15% spent on non-project costs.  Limitation:  100% drought proofing for every water use can not be achieved.  Thus,  IWM approach  may be characterised by ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Concluding Remarks The integrated watershed management approach  have the following major components:  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Concluding Remarks ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Dr. T. I. Eldho Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,  Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India, 400 076.  Email:  [email_address] Phone: (022) – 25767339; Fax: 25767302 http://www. civil.iitb.ac.in

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  • 1.
  • 2. Integrated Water Resources Development and Management: IWRDM. Integration of - - River basin resources- surface and ground. - Demands - consumptive and non-consumptive, and supplies. - Facilities - mega to micro. - Human and eco-systems. - S&T and engineering with social, economic, synergic needs.
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  • 10. WATERSHED MODELLING … Watershed modelling steps 1. Formulation 2. Calibration/verification 3. Application Watershed model constitutes 1. Input function 2. Output function 3. Transform function
  • 11. Fig Flowchart of simple watershed model (McCuen, 1989) WATERSHED MODELLING … Precipitation Interception Storage Surface Runoff Groundwater Storage Channel Processes Interflow Direct Runoff Surface Storage Baseflow Percolation Infiltration ET ET
  • 12. WATERSHED MODELLING … General Classification of Models Broadly classified into three types Black Box Models: These models describe mathematically the relation between rainfall and surface runoff without describing the physical process by which they are related. e.g. Unit Hydrograph approach Lumped models: These models occupy an intermediate position between the distributed models and Black Box Models. e.g. Stanford Watershed Model Distributed Models: These models are based on complex physical theory, i.e. based on the solution of unsteady flow equations.
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  • 14. Concepts and Principles of IWM Objectives:  Water has multiples uses and must be managed in an integrated way.  Water should be managed at the lowest appropriate level .  Water allocation should take account of the interests of all who are affected.  Water should be recognised and treated as an economic good. Strategies:  A long term, viable sustainable future for basin stake holders.  Equitable access to water resources for water users.  The application of principles of demand management for efficient utilisation.  Prevention of further environmental degradation (short term) and the restoration of degraded resources (long term). . Implementation Programs:  Comprise an overall strategy that clearly defines the management objectives, a delivery mechanisms and a monitoring schedule that evaluates program performance .  Recognise that the development of water resources may require research, to assess the resource base through modelling and development of DSS , and to determine the linkage between water resources and the impacts on environment, socio-economy .  Ensure that mechanisms and policies are established that enables long term support.
  • 15. Integrated Watershed Approach IWM is the process of planning and implementing water and natural resources …… an emphasis on integrating the bio-physical, socio-economic and institutional aspects. Social issues are addressed through involvement of women and minority . Community led water users groups have led the implementation efforts. 1970 1980 1990 2000 Public Participation Watershed development program Low High Mainly water conservation Socio-economic with water conservation Socio-economic, water conservation, participation Public participation planning, design, implementation Project success
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  • 17. IWA – Modeling through Advanced Technologies
  • 18. Part 4: Water Conservation & Harvesting Total water management for sustainable development ?.
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  • 24. Rain Water Harvesting– Advantages 1.Provides self-sufficiency to water supply 2.Reduces the cost for pumping of ground water 3.Provides high quality water, soft and low in minerals 4.Improves the quality of ground water through dilution when recharged 5.Reduces soil erosion & flooding in urban areas 6.The rooftop rain water harvesting is less expensive & easy to construct, operate and maintain 7. In desert, RWH only relief 8. I n saline or coastal areas & Islands, rain water provides good quality water
  • 25. Part 5: Successful Case Study Catchment Area = 1800 km 2
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  • 27. Jhabua watershed: Case study Major crops: Maize, Cotton, Peanuts, Soyabeans; Gram, Black beans, Oil seeds. Predominantly tribal population, 92% engaged in agriculture. ~ high seasonal migration ~ economically one of the most backward district
  • 28. Yearly rainfall departure from the mean for rainfall station Jhabua Seasonal rainfall departure are extremely variable.
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  • 31. Resources mapping: Ground water dynamics Total alluvium area= 18.5 km 2  Channel porosity = 20%  Depth of wetting front = 4.0 m Total storage capacity = 14.8 x10 6 m 3.
  • 32. Resources mapping: Surface water storage Total number of reservoirs = 144 Storage capacity = 81.3 x 10 6 m 3 Reservoir in main channel
  • 33. Appropriate Technology Water conservation and groundwater recharge techniques Water harvesting cum supplementary irrigation techniques in Jhabua
  • 34. Water Conservation Water conservation interventions includes contour trenches, gully plugging, vegetative and field bunding, percolation tanks. Overall land treatment against potential area is varying between 40-60%. Type of land ownership for soil and water conservation measures Techniques of soil and water conservation measures
  • 35. Redevelopment of forest is essential for catering socio- economics needs of the people and ecological needs of the region. Forest committees are formed for forest protection and part of area is made available for grazing on rotation basis. Implementing agencies promoted the concept of “Social Fencing” people protecting the forest and grazing land. Joint Forest Management
  • 36. Community participation and local capacity building Development of new village level institutions and local capacity building. Operation & maintenance of structures, regulation of financial matters, and conflict resolution.
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  • 40. Dr. T. I. Eldho Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India, 400 076. Email: [email_address] Phone: (022) – 25767339; Fax: 25767302 http://www. civil.iitb.ac.in