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Why not edit medieval account
books digitally?
Georg Vogeler
<georg.vogeler@uni-graz.at>
http://www.i-d-e.de http://informationsmodellierung.uni-graz.at
International Conference: Financial Aspects of Medieval Economy – 17.-19-10.2013, Prague
Printed edition
e.g. Claudine Moulin,
Michel Pauly: Die
Rechnungsbücher der
Stadt Luxemburg, 2006ff.
"Detailed documentation
of the original text"
Accounts are tables
BayHStA KL Freising 69, ed. Bizjak 2005, S. 1
Printed editions
R. Knipping: Kölner Stadtrechnungen 1897/8
Digital edition?
Digital edition?
<http:www.caste
llanie.net>
Digital editing
… isn't restricted to one interpretation:
It can represent the account book
• visually
• its language
• its content
• its process of production
in one resource
Styrian Marchfutterurbar 1414/1426
ed. v. Matthias Perstling
< http://hfi.uni-graz.at/mfu/>
Multiple layers of inscription
Medieval Accountbooks of the Teutonic
Order around 1400
ed. by Jürgen Sarnowsky, Christina Link et al.
<http://www.schuredo.uni-hamburg.de/content/below/index.xml>
Content
Compte de Girard
de Grandmont,
châtelain de Bâgé,
3.11.1345
Ed. by Marjorie Burghardt
http://burghart.online.fr/xml/
Fontes Civitatis
Ratisponensis:
StadtA Regensburg
Cameralia 3
By Heidrun Boshof
<http://www.fcr-online.com>
Edition with
• Transcription
• Images
• Structural representation
„calculation oriented" edition
The Alcalá
account book:
Royal Irish
college of Saint
George the
Martyr
(1649-1785)
<http://archives.forasfeasa.ie/>
Why calculation oriented digital edition isn't
standard?
1. Digital scholarly editing was first studies as a
solution for complex textual tradition.
2. Scholarly editing is considered primarily as a
philologic task.
3. The de-facto-standard (i.e. the guidelines of
the TEI) has drawbacks if to be used for
account books.
Edition and proto-edition
Comédie-Française Register Project <http://mit.edu/hyperstudio/cfr/>
"De-facto standard" TEI:
• TEI (Text Encoding Initiative)
Modules for
– transcription
– Critical apparatus
– Text-image-linking
• No model for accounts:
– Only tei:measure(@commodity, @unit, @value,
@type)
– no encoding of a transaction (involving persons, a
date, the object, the price and the final amount)
Alternative standards?
• OFX/IFX (Open Financial eXchange /
Interactive Financial eXchange,)
• ebXML (Electronic Business XML)
• XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting
Language) with taxonomies
– E.g. XBRL Global Ledger
"bookkeeping"
• entry
– bk:entry [gl-cor:entryDetail]
– bk:amount(quantity, unit) [gl-cor:amount]
– bk:i/bk:d [gl-cor:signOfAmount]
– bk:account [gl-cor:account]
– bk:debitCredit [gl-cor:debitCreditCode]
• price
– bk:price(tei:measure[1], tei:measure[2])
• Transactions (Syd Baumann, Kathryn Tomasek)
– bk:transaction(bk:transfer(from, to, where, when, what)*)
Testing the model
• BayHStA
Staatsverwaltung 1378:
Account book of the
Vitztums of Straubing
Peter of Eck, 1335
(ed. Vogeler 1999)
http://gams.uni-graz.at/rem
Testing the modell
• Transcription in TEI
• Add an accounting taxonomy
• Script the conversion of text transcription into
stricter forms:
– In tabular form
– Calculating subsets
– Represent the data in RDF
– …
http://gams.uni-graz.at/rem
example
http://gams.uni-graz.at/rem
Text and calculation
Detailed transcription
Text selection
Spreadsheet
http://www.i-d-e.de http://informationsmodellierung.uni-graz.at
Why not editing medieval account
books digitally?
Yes, why not?
Let's create a tradition of digital edition of accounts
in which the computer can do what he can do best:
computare
Thanks for your attention!
Georg Vogeler
<georg.vogeler@uni-graz.at>
• Dieses Dokument unterliegt der Creative
Commons Lizenz
• Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen
Bedingungen 3.0 -Osterreich (CC BY-SA 3.0 AT)
• http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
sa/3.0/at/

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Why not edit medieval account books digitally?

  • 1. Why not edit medieval account books digitally? Georg Vogeler <georg.vogeler@uni-graz.at> http://www.i-d-e.de http://informationsmodellierung.uni-graz.at International Conference: Financial Aspects of Medieval Economy – 17.-19-10.2013, Prague
  • 2. Printed edition e.g. Claudine Moulin, Michel Pauly: Die Rechnungsbücher der Stadt Luxemburg, 2006ff. "Detailed documentation of the original text"
  • 3. Accounts are tables BayHStA KL Freising 69, ed. Bizjak 2005, S. 1 Printed editions R. Knipping: Kölner Stadtrechnungen 1897/8
  • 6. Digital editing … isn't restricted to one interpretation: It can represent the account book • visually • its language • its content • its process of production in one resource
  • 7. Styrian Marchfutterurbar 1414/1426 ed. v. Matthias Perstling < http://hfi.uni-graz.at/mfu/>
  • 8. Multiple layers of inscription
  • 9. Medieval Accountbooks of the Teutonic Order around 1400 ed. by Jürgen Sarnowsky, Christina Link et al. <http://www.schuredo.uni-hamburg.de/content/below/index.xml>
  • 11. Compte de Girard de Grandmont, châtelain de Bâgé, 3.11.1345 Ed. by Marjorie Burghardt http://burghart.online.fr/xml/
  • 12. Fontes Civitatis Ratisponensis: StadtA Regensburg Cameralia 3 By Heidrun Boshof <http://www.fcr-online.com> Edition with • Transcription • Images • Structural representation
  • 13. „calculation oriented" edition The Alcalá account book: Royal Irish college of Saint George the Martyr (1649-1785) <http://archives.forasfeasa.ie/>
  • 14. Why calculation oriented digital edition isn't standard? 1. Digital scholarly editing was first studies as a solution for complex textual tradition. 2. Scholarly editing is considered primarily as a philologic task. 3. The de-facto-standard (i.e. the guidelines of the TEI) has drawbacks if to be used for account books.
  • 15. Edition and proto-edition Comédie-Française Register Project <http://mit.edu/hyperstudio/cfr/>
  • 16. "De-facto standard" TEI: • TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) Modules for – transcription – Critical apparatus – Text-image-linking • No model for accounts: – Only tei:measure(@commodity, @unit, @value, @type) – no encoding of a transaction (involving persons, a date, the object, the price and the final amount)
  • 17. Alternative standards? • OFX/IFX (Open Financial eXchange / Interactive Financial eXchange,) • ebXML (Electronic Business XML) • XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) with taxonomies – E.g. XBRL Global Ledger
  • 18. "bookkeeping" • entry – bk:entry [gl-cor:entryDetail] – bk:amount(quantity, unit) [gl-cor:amount] – bk:i/bk:d [gl-cor:signOfAmount] – bk:account [gl-cor:account] – bk:debitCredit [gl-cor:debitCreditCode] • price – bk:price(tei:measure[1], tei:measure[2]) • Transactions (Syd Baumann, Kathryn Tomasek) – bk:transaction(bk:transfer(from, to, where, when, what)*)
  • 19. Testing the model • BayHStA Staatsverwaltung 1378: Account book of the Vitztums of Straubing Peter of Eck, 1335 (ed. Vogeler 1999) http://gams.uni-graz.at/rem
  • 20. Testing the modell • Transcription in TEI • Add an accounting taxonomy • Script the conversion of text transcription into stricter forms: – In tabular form – Calculating subsets – Represent the data in RDF – … http://gams.uni-graz.at/rem
  • 26. http://www.i-d-e.de http://informationsmodellierung.uni-graz.at Why not editing medieval account books digitally? Yes, why not? Let's create a tradition of digital edition of accounts in which the computer can do what he can do best: computare Thanks for your attention! Georg Vogeler <georg.vogeler@uni-graz.at>
  • 27. • Dieses Dokument unterliegt der Creative Commons Lizenz • Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 3.0 -Osterreich (CC BY-SA 3.0 AT) • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- sa/3.0/at/

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. 1. Editionsprobleme von Wirtschafts- und Rechnungsbüchern 2. Schwächen der mir bislang bekannten digitalen Edition/des etablierten Modells der digitalen Edition 3. Lösungsvorschlag GV
  2. Looking at the history of printed editions of medieval accounts we find two major approaches: the linguistical interest: …
  3. The historical interestGedruckte Rechnungseditionen: Ausgleichsversuch zwischen Text als Sprache (philologische Edition: Wörter & Zeichen) und Text als Bedeutung (historische Edition: Strukturen & Werte): Edition: Text als Sprache vs: Text als Bedeutung: Zahlenwerk; Ausdrucksmöglichkeiten des Buchdrucks. Bizjak, Die mittelalterlichen Abrechnungen des Hochstifts Freising 1: Abrechnungen der Herrschaften Škofja Loka und Klevevž 1395 – 1401 Hier der „hilflose“ Versuch, mit der Druckform einen Kompromiss zu finden. Klare Frage: Würde eine Computeredition die Bedeutung nicht eigentlich viel besser darstellen können? Bestandsaufnahme digitale Editionen: Das hier *ist* eine elektronische Edition (BLO): „Steampunk“ (Bertrand)/ „Rückspiegeldenken“ (McLuhan) Digitale Rechnungseditionen: Reine Bilder z.B. hier (BLO) <http://www.bayerische-landesbibliothek-online.de/abrechnung> Bethlehem Accounts <http://bdhp.moravian.edu/community_records/business/ledgers/ledger.html> castellanie.net
  4. Les comptes de châtellenie savoyards, bearb. v. Christian Guilleré, Jean-Louis Gaulin u.a.
  5. Examples für relativ weit entwickelte Digitale Edition von Rechnungsschriftgut: Steierisches Marchfutterurbar, Deutscher Orden, Alcalá account book.
  6. (Ordensfoliant 153a von 13 99, Rechnungen der Marienburger Großschäfferei : http://www.schuredo.uni-hamburg.de/receive/SchuReDo_buch_00000011: Synopsen; Umfangreiches Schlagwort- (Klassifikation), Personen- und Ortsregister
  7. Einzige mir bekannte zahlenorientierte digitale Rechnungseditionen!
  8. Ad 2.: editing archival objects a pure "transcription" problem => Selten. Dabei liegt doch "Zahlenorientierte Edition" nahe? Ad 1.: Varianz, genetic edition, Text-Bild-Bezug => Rechnungen sind Einzelstücke ohne Kopiale Überlieferung => Rechnung wäre dann documentary editing: => viele Präsentationen rein als Bilder, oder eben Paradigma philologische Edition wie ad. 2.: 1. Bild als schnellster und billigster Zugangsweg zu unikalen/seltenen Textquellen („Digitalisierung“ als Synonym für „Scan“) 2. Diskussion der 80er Jahre (DB vs Thallers quellennahe Datenverarbeitung, der die Interpretationsschichten hinzugefügt werden) => Historical Railroad Employees Database Search: Payrolls in Datenbank <http://railroads.unl.edu/> ist dann keine Edition 3. Arbeitsmodell: vollständiges Sammeln der Textzeugen im stillen Kämmerlein => alle Anforderungen befriedigende Transkription/Texterstellung => Historiker, die den Text auswerten
  9. Traditionelle Edition: Textzeugensammlung -> Transkription -> Kollation/Stemma -> Anfügen von Sachanmerkungen; Bei Rechungen: Riesige Überlieferung (Rekenkammer Staatsarchief Belgie), repetitive Informationen: Schreckt Vollständigkeitsanspruch ab; Lassen wir den Transkriptionsschritt einfach aus?
  10. Ein weiterer Grund für die Behinderung ist eine „wissenschaftspolitische“: die TEI hat sich als de facto Standard entwickelt. Ist ein Modellierungsvorschlag, der zunächst stark linguistisch und literaturwissenschaftlich geprägt war, sich dann der quellennahen Dokumentation gewidmet hat – Und ganz konkrete Probleme mit der Repräsentation von essentiellen Rechnungsfakten hat:
  11. OFX/IFX: technischer Datenaustausch ebXML: Geschäftsprozesse, ISO-Norm 2004/2005; applying the principles of Core Components Technical Specification to typical supply chain transactions such as invoice, purchase order, ship notice and so on. Konkurrenz zu RosettaNet. XBRL: Datenaustausch im Interesse staatlicher Finanzverwaltung (und Konzernen) Auch moderne Verwaltung interessiert sich primär – wie der Historiker – nicht für die Richtigkeit der niedergeschriebenen Zahl und der korrekten Kontenzuweisung, sondern für die effiziente Auswertung von aggregierten Aktionen (Übersicht statt Korrektheit) => Datenklassifikation im Vordergrund.
  12. Transact:quantity/reason könnten ausführlich beschrieben werden, z.B. mit einer verschachtelten reason/price(price(ware, Betrag, default), ware, Betrag) Syd Baumann.odd erwähnen Preis: gl-bus:measurable><gl-bus:measurableDescription contextRef="now">MK II Widgets with improved spatulas</gl-bus:measurableDescription><gl-bus:measurableQuantity contextRef="now" decimals="2" unitRef="NotUsed">10</gl-bus:measurableQuantity><gl-bus:measurableUnitOfMeasure contextRef="now">EACH</gl-bus:measurableUnitOfMeasure><gl-bus:measurableCostPerUnit contextRef="now" decimals="2" unitRef="AUD">22</gl-bus:measurableCostPerUnit></gl-bus:measurable>
  13. Ich habe also eine TEI-Datei, die in etwa so aussieht: