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Results of “Digital Diplomatics” for the research with medieval documents
- 1. Results of “Digital Diplomatics” for the research with medieval documents Georg Vogeler (Lecce / Munich)
- 2. IMC - Leeds 8.7.2008 Georg Vogeler 2 Charters Online Good Examples: • Codice Diplomatico della Lombardia Medievale (http://cdlm.unipv.it) • Anglo Saxon Charters (http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/chartwww/charthome.html and http://www.aschart.kcl.ac.uk/) • Monasterium.net (http://www.monasterium.net) • … (further references at http://www.vl-ghw.lmu.de/chartularia_en.html) • => ca. 350.000 charters represented online, still growing • … heading towards the complete Corpus of charters
- 3. IMC - Leeds 8.7.2008 Georg Vogeler 3 Online Corpus abolishes borders … • between repositories • between forms of representation and
- 4. IMC - Leeds 8.7.2008 Georg Vogeler 4 P.H. Sawyer: A.-S. Charters Regesta Regum Anglorum Provisional texts of unpublished charters Database Digital Images of A.-S. charters Translations of A.-S. charters A.-S. charters on single sheets Working aids W.H. Stevenson: The A.-S. Chancery Anglo- Saxon Charters Online Corpus integrates … • archives – Images • references – Calendar with dates, issuers, abstracts … • text – Transcriptions, critical editions • interpretation Edition in ASChart with links to PASE
- 5. IMC - Leeds 8.7.2008 Georg Vogeler 5 Images & Collaborative Work
- 6. IMC - Leeds 8.7.2008 Georg Vogeler 6 First Summary The "digital diplomatist" works – in a digital environment – on a global corpus of charters, – where he can select and arrange items by his interest of study – contributing his work directly to the corpus.
- 7. IMC - Leeds 8.7.2008 Georg Vogeler 7 Changes in Diplomatics? • “Visual Turn”? • Pattern analysis: – Textual patterns – “Charter patterns” instead of “chanceries”?
- 8. IMC - Leeds 8.7.2008 Georg Vogeler 8 Digital Diplomatic studies • France: forgery identification with simple word statistics (Parisse, Tock, Brousseau) • Kuenringer: Scribal groups with type- token-relation, punctuation and graphematic encoding (Fiebig) • England: dating with word patterns; scribal identity with Cumulative Sum Charts, Entropy for Markov Chains of Letters (Gervers, Margolin)
- 9. IMC - Leeds 8.7.2008 Georg Vogeler 9 Fits into … • redefinition of the roles of issuer and recipient (Problem der “Empfängerausfertigung”: – Pitz, Kortüm, Huschner • geographical patterns (“Urkundenlandschaften”) – Fichtenau, Härtel, Erhart • need for methods to analyse the growing amount of high and late medieval ‚private‘ charters – Hlavaček
- 10. IMC - Leeds 8.7.2008 Georg Vogeler 10 Diplomatic Scholars! 1. The digital publications of charters have to be considered and planned to fit into the Online Charter Corpus. 1. The technologies necessary for diplomatic work won't develop as long as the diplomatists don't show demand for these technologies.
- 11. IMC - Leeds 8.7.2008 Georg Vogeler 11 e.g. Digital Edition • Edition as part of the process of digital representation in the corpus (images->transcriptions->editions) • Diplomatic text encoding for data interchange (Charters Encoding Initiative http://www.cei.lmu.de)
- 12. IMC - Leeds 8.7.2008 Georg Vogeler 12 • base on assumptions confirmed by recent diplomatic studies. • Diplomatists should test existing computational methods with charters • and develop their own. e.g. Computational Linguistics:
- 13. IMC - Leeds 8.7.2008 Georg Vogeler 13 BFW 687 total text text without formal parts in the beginning and the end BFW 692 82,49% 70,65% BFW 709 51,71% 24,31% BFW 713 79,81% 97,19% BFW 739 66,89% 55,11% BFW 793 74,67% 48,01% BFW 796 25,06% 12,56% BFW 843 78,20% 53,29% BFW 863 87,59% 92,09% BFW 867 51,02% 15,52% BFW 890 67,45% 50,97% BFW 891 78,79% 44,89% BFW 892 64,22% 45,25% BFW 897 93,40% 90,81% BFW 910 91,82% 55,18% BZ 146 93,11% 85,00% BFW 664 99,05% 59,21% BZ 85 40,46% 38,83% Entropy of Markov Chains of Letters (by tools of DEEDS) Tested on documents of Frederic II attributed to Ulrich von Bollingen (first column, second column gives probability of same author as of BFW 687)
- 14. IMC - Leeds 8.7.2008 Georg Vogeler 14 An Online Corpus of Charters is coming into existence.
- 15. IMC - Leeds 8.7.2008 Georg Vogeler 15 Computational methods are applied successfully to charters. An Online Corpus of Charters is coming into existence.
- 16. Computational methods are applied successfully to charters. IMC - Leeds 8.7.2008 Georg Vogeler 16 Diplomatic Scholars should … 1. consider and plan their calendar or edition as a part of the developing online charter corpus and 2. show demand for computational methods necessary for their work. An Online Corpus of Charters is coming into existence.
- 18. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Namensnennung 4.0 Internation . All works of other author cited here are their intellectual property and are used for academic teaching purpose only.
Hinweis der Redaktion
- I don't see anybody who attended the congress of the CID in Bonn, if I'm mistaken, I have to apologize if she/he will recognize some of the things I'm talking about today. But he might find new insights: the things are developing althoug slowly: The scholarly comunity started to talk about Computers and Diplomatics already in the 1970s, names as Michel Parisse and afterwards Ingo Kropac, Manfred Thaller (although he talked less on diplomatics in specific), Benoit Michel Tock and recently Michele Ansani are forerunners of me. I will try to make little survey on the state of the art of the use of computers in diplomatics to identify the possibilities and the main tasks of future research. Thus I will present 1. the charters in the „Digital Library“ (maybe „Virtual archive“ would be better …) and 2. the computational methods applied to charters Asking 3. which consequences we can to draw for the diplomatic community. I will summarize, certainly, but I won't summarize the work of the before named scholars, because things change. What happened during the last 30 years in the use of computers for diplomatic studies?
- Lot's of material is put on the web: And I don't mean Google books, where you can find lot's of printed scholarly editions and works. Let me I'm talking of projects like the CDLM putting new digital critical edition on the web (at the moment about 4700 charters). The "new" thing in it is the fine markup: you can identify abbreviations, the (diplomatic discourse)commonform. Identification of persons are inserted into the text itself etc. and that does not effect the presentation. I'm talking of the Anglo-Saxon-Charters in two projectes: the digital edition at Kings-College following a similar model (although you cannot access the XML-files in behind) extending the identification of persons by links to the Database of Anglo-Saxon prosopography. And the online Kemble, a website linking to several projects concerning Anglo Saxon Charters, esp. the Sawyer Databases and others. I will talk about it later This project shows the general idea: integrate electronic representations of physically distributed material. An approach taken by other like the monasterium-project integration the monastic charter repositories of central Europe: at the moment you can find the majority of the archives in Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Bavaria, some Swiss and Hungarian monasteries. If everything develops as proposed there will be 100.000 charters with at least short abstracts on the web and the vast majority with as well with images. (other project alike: pergamopuglia, archives administration trento) I could continue: french ChaGall-Project with at the moment 3800 charter descriptions, or the scandinavian projects heading towards a the virtual representation of the total of their survived charters (ca. 40.000), or the state archives of Rome and Florence putting in total about 100.000 charters on the web… Number estimation: (compared to about 45.000 five years ago) Building an Online Corpus in which you can find every charter
- The monasterium-project thus gives an insight into the possibilities of a Virtual European Charter Archive: The charters are just one corpus and you will find the documents in the Archives of the Archbishop of Salzburg although the Habsburgs transferred them all to Vienna, you will find all documents dealing with the dioceses of Passau that incorporated the capital of Austria before 1469. You will find documents concerning Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia from the times it was Capital of Hungary … Borders between forms: let me explain by the Online Kemble:
- The Kemble shows somehow the way: on the site here are links to a database of Sawyers reference list integrated with the REGESTA REGUM ANGLORUM in an updated version from 2001, new editions (and here I miss the link to the ASChart, as they continue the work started here), digital images and as "working aids" texts and references (atlas, prosopography) drawn from this and other material. This website tries (technically not up to date) to integrate all the presentations we know from the "analog" world, i.e. the world outside the WWW: archival identifications, facsimilia, calendars and references, editions, literature on the charters. => The ASCharts at KCL show that the integration could be more than just a „Link-List“: real links from document to identification (and back) Working aids for the study of Anglo-Saxon charters: An Atlas of Attestations in Anglo-Saxon Charters, c. 670-1066 (S. D. Keynes). Further information on a set of tables Archives containing Anglo-Saxon charters (under construction). A listing of Anglo-Saxon charters, archive by archive Anglo-Saxon diplomatic (under construction). A register of recurrent formulas used in Anglo-Saxon royal diplomas, Formulas in Anglo-Saxon royal diplomas (not yet available). Analytical lists of formulas in royal diplomas, compiled by V Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England (PASE). A project established in 1999, and funded by the AHRB for VI Anglo-Saxon bishops and abbots Church councils convened in the seventh, eighth and ninth centuries. Revised version of list originally published in the Archbishops and Bishops (under construction). Notes on episcopal lists. Revised and amplified versions of lists of the Episcopal professions (calendar of extant texts, in 'Sawyer' form). Heads of Religious Houses in Anglo-Saxon England (under construction). Lists of abbots and abbesses, arranged by VII England and the continent. England and Rome (under construction). A provisional list of papal letters and privileges for religious houses in Anglo-VIII W. H. Stevenson and Richard Drögereit on Anglo-Saxon charters.
- The monasterium project shows a bit of the consequences of the integration of the forms of representation It will change workflow: Traditionally: the cheapest way to publish informations on a charter in the archives was to give a short description. The diplomatic scholars afterwards made high level critical editions and from very some charters we printed images, as teaching material or if they were of special interest. And when the scholarly edition detected a forgery, the printed calender remained as it was. The experience in the monasterium project changes that: The experience is that You don’t have to pay more than 1 € per image to put make it and to put it on the web. we can improve the previous work: developed a collaborative online editor (called EditMOM) that allows everybody to submit changes directly in the text - submit them to a moderator to keep some quality control.
- The "digital diplomatist" will work in a digital environment (like the searching and editing tools of monasterium.net) on a global corpus of charters, (with at moment 350.000 charters but still growing) where he can select and arrange items by his interest of study (as there a now borders by physical repository and by form of representation) contributing his work directly to the corpus. (as the digital environment allow him to insert a new edition/identification etc. directly)
- Well that would mean, he can do all the things he does at the moment somehow faster and more easily. Will that change diplomatics? Certainly not in matters of the object, diplomatists are dealing with: It will remain the document in its physical and textual appearance giving us information on the making, using and keeping of it. But it might affect research interest and research methods: Visual turn New focus on paleographical evidence, work with illuminated charters, interpretation of symbols and layout of the charters (as already started: with the more ancient material: ottonian and carolingian royal diplomas for example. It might easily be understood that research on the visual communication with charters is made easier with the new tools as there are lot more images available for comparison. There aren't famous examples as the existing interpretation of the visual elements of the documents are more interpretations of small collections like carolingian royal documents. But Benoît-Michel Tock reported from the french ARTEM project (currently not online) that their database provides reliable information on the introduction of the seal into the french private instruments as the text itself doesn't give notice of them, thus they are only traceable in the original or an image of the original. I remain curious what will happen in the future when the possibilities of the image collections of charters already on the web are recognized by the scholarly community. Pattern analysis: I will try to explain in the following slides…
- Textual analysis of charter corpora relying heavily on computers has already started. The oldest attempts where made in the context of the french ARTEM project, which started in the 1970s under the direction of Michel Parisse. He published some studies based on the material of this collection of all French charters prior to 1121. He argues that with word lists the researcher can find anachronistics words that makes charters suspicious for forgery. Recently Nicolas Brousseau and Benoît-Michel Tock have tested his argument putting the simple word statistic in it's right place: elder documents used as models make the attribution of single word to specific times fraud with risk and "anachronisms" have to have a semantic value to be an indication of forgery. But both agree with the general tendency that word statistics can provide new perspectives on the material. The identification of forgeries is somehow the essential criterion to establish a method as a "diplomatic" method: Thus Annegret Fiebig tried with her primarily linguistic study of a collection of austrian private charters in the 13th century to identify forgeries too. With application of type-token-relations - a well established method of computational linguistics - and frequencies of punctuation she is able to group her documents accordingly to paleographic findings - and to separate a charter that is paleographically doubtfull too. Those studies thus introduced two new methods into the diplomatic tool box, both only possible by analyzing digital texts with computational methods. Those studies haven't made use of methods of statistical linguistics. The eldest studies following consequently the path made possible by large digital text corpora, are published in the context of the DEEDS-Project, led by Michael Gervers and technically managed by Michael Margolin, in Toronto: They built large statistics of text patterns in a dated corpus to distinguish significant "life spans" of patterns, mostly consisting of not more than two or three words although they calculated the total of all possible word chain in every charter. With their method they can date a great amount of the large corpus of undated 12th/13th century English instruments and a Belgian colleague is able to identify a (already known) forgery in 12th Ghent with their method. Compared to those findings the correlation between the life span of certain patterns and political events seems to be trivial although that work with set phrases of private instruments hasn't got a rich tradition in diplomatics - due to the severe preparation work of collecting those set phrases (without the help of the computer). => Pattern analysis: Are all exmples for textual patterns, the first two with a somehow traditional aim, the third changes a bit: The dating method does try to reconstruct the production of the charters (“chancery” “notary”) Radl: geographic distribution of merovingian charters with google maps: “Charter patterns” instead of “chanceries”?
- Integrate the coprus situation and the pattern analysis tools: We can more easily establish connections between charters from different issuers: „Empfängerausfertigung“ We can establish connections by geographical, social vicinity (as yesterday Wendy Davis showed in her paper on Iberian early medieval charters) We can analyse large amounts. Well, I do hope, I have convinced you, that Digital Diplomatics are worth the effort, because now starts the third section of my paper: …
- What can be done, that the outlined possibilities can become reality? It’s not a technical problem but a social: The traditional diplomatic scholars have to be involved in the development of the Charter Corpus and the development of Computer Assisted Methods
- = make your work usable by the comunity before it has it‘s „final“ formand make it controllable. Build a part of the corpus not a single ressource (TEI to CEI, OAI)
- Assumptions for EMCL is distribution of letter pairs : Kortüm has done something similar: the „degredation“ of the Latin that supports his assumption to deal with contribution to the charter text by the recipient is observable in vowel changes, #consonant shifts – i.e. a more „vernacular“ latin text has a distribution of letter pairs clearly distinguishable from a more „correct“ latin text. DEEDS-Example of usage: Tool on the web, that‘s great. QSUM shouldn‘t be used as is statistically not sufficiently reliable. EMCL: test with Ulrich von Bollingen: BFW 687: 1213 ian. 25 apud Haginaugia; schenkt und bestätigt dem kloster Neuburg (bei Hagenau) auf bitte Cunrads bischofs von Metz und Speier hofcanzlers, Dietrichs erwählten erzbischofs von Trier, Wolframs abts von Weissenburg und Werners von Boland truchsess des königl. hofes das allodialgut Harthusen. Compared to others Koch: BFW 687 Die Wendung presentium certitudine in der Publicatio zog der Notar einige Male heran (BFW 692, 739 und 843). Evidentia in der Corroboratio mit Präpositionalausdruck gebrauchte Ulrich von Bollingen des öfteren im Rahmen einer dreigliedrigen Formel mit robur als zweitem Glied in BFW 692, 739, 793, 867 (), 891 und 892. Zu seinen Stilelementen gehört auch das Verb indulgere in der Siegelankündigung und zwar in einer sehr charakteristischen, wenn auch im Detail modifizierten Wendung wie etwa: scriptum ... indulsimus sigillo maiestatis nostre communitum (roboratum). Vgl. BFW 709, 713, 739, 796, 863, 890, 891, 892, 897, 910 und BZ 146 () The uncomforting result is, that for one of the documents in the control group the EMCL calculated a very high probability of authorial identity while almost every second document compared showed a statistical irrelevant similarity. When cutting the formal parts in the beginning and the end of the document the similarities were even less. The encouraging result is, that the attributed authorship in the second case was - when at all statistically significant - obvious. And it didn't correlate to the content of the document. The computer is not the only solution – although Annegret Fiebig and the dating methods of the DEEDS project show: it can be one tool. So we have to develop it for our purposes!
- Assumptions for EMCL is distribution of letter pairs : Kortüm has done something similar: the „degredation“ of the Latin that supports his assumption to deal with contribution to the charter text by the recipient is observable in vowel changes, #consonant shifts – i.e. a more „vernacular“ latin text has a distribution of letter pairs clearly distinguishable from a more „correct“ latin text. DEEDS-Example of usage: Tool on the web, that‘s great. QSUM shouldn‘t be used as is statistically not sufficiently reliable. EMCL: test with Ulrich von Bollingen: BFW 687: 1213 ian. 25 apud Haginaugia; schenkt und bestätigt dem kloster Neuburg (bei Hagenau) auf bitte Cunrads bischofs von Metz und Speier hofcanzlers, Dietrichs erwählten erzbischofs von Trier, Wolframs abts von Weissenburg und Werners von Boland truchsess des königl. hofes das allodialgut Harthusen. Compared to others Koch: BFW 687 Die Wendung presentium certitudine in der Publicatio zog der Notar einige Male heran (BFW 692, 739 und 843). Evidentia in der Corroboratio mit Präpositionalausdruck gebrauchte Ulrich von Bollingen des öfteren im Rahmen einer dreigliedrigen Formel mit robur als zweitem Glied in BFW 692, 739, 793, 867 (), 891 und 892. Zu seinen Stilelementen gehört auch das Verb indulgere in der Siegelankündigung und zwar in einer sehr charakteristischen, wenn auch im Detail modifizierten Wendung wie etwa: scriptum ... indulsimus sigillo maiestatis nostre communitum (roboratum). Vgl. BFW 709, 713, 739, 796, 863, 890, 891, 892, 897, 910 und BZ 146 () The uncomforting result is, that for one of the documents in the control group the EMCL calculated a very high probability of authorial identity while almost every second document compared showed a statistical irrelevant similarity. When cutting the formal parts in the beginning and the end of the document the similarities were even less. The encouraging result is, that the attributed authorship in the second case was - when at all statistically significant - obvious. And it didn't correlate to the content of the document. The computer is not the only solution – although Annegret Fiebig and the dating methods of the DEEDS project show: it can be one tool. So we have to develop it for our purposes!
- To conclude: What are the Results of “Digital Diplomatics” for the research with medieval documents? My paper in a nutshell …
- To conclude: What are the Results of “Digital Diplomatics” for the research with medieval documents? My paper in a nutshell …
- To conclude: What are the Results of “Digital Diplomatics” for the research with medieval documents? My paper in a nutshell …