1. 2nd Scientific Conference UNCCD
中国的荒漠化与风沙灾害
Desertification and Blown Sand Disaster
in China
刘连友（ Liu Lian-You ）
Institute of Drought and Blown Sand Disaster, Academy of Disaster
Reduction and Emergency Management , BNU, China
09-12 April 2013, Bonn, Germany
Beijing Normal

2. 提纲（ Main Points ） :
1. 干旱半干旱区（ The Arid and Semiarid Areas ）
2. 荒漠化过 程（ Desertification Processes ）
3. 风 沙危害（ Blown-sand Disasters ）
4. 防沙治沙（ Control Techniques & Practices ）
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3. 1. 中国的干旱、半干旱区 /The Arid &
Semiarid Areas
风蚀和风沙灾害发生区
（ Wind erosion area ）
水蚀和洪水灾害发生区
（ Water erosion area ）
 Area: 4.5 million Km2
 Percentage: 47% of
China’s total land area
 Population ： 100.7 million
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4. 2. 中国干旱半干旱区的荒漠化过程
Desertification Processes in China
荒漠化过 程的发 生
(Genesis of Desertification Processes)
● 土地干旱与盐碱 化（ Land Desiccation ）
● 盐碱 化 （ Salinization ）
● 植被退化（ Vegetation Degeneration ）
● 风蚀 （ Wind Erosion ）
● 风 沙流、粉尘 流 (Aeolian Sand & Dust Flux ）
● 沙漠化（ Sandification ）
● 沙尘 暴（ Sand and Dust Storms ）
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5. ●地表干旱化（ Land
Dessication ）
Seven Hedin
1903 说 ： “ 当
罗 布荒原的游
移湖彻 底消失
、塔里木河的
尾闾 淹没在高
大沙丘的时 代
最 终 来 临时 ，
风 对 罗 布荒原
的侵 蚀 就 变 得
没有任何限制
了。到了那时
，便会产 生一
个深洼 地，和
一个永无尽头
的干旱中心”
罗 布泊 -1972 年干涸（ Lop Lake ）
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6. Gashun Lake
（嘎顺淖尔 -1962 年干涸） Sorgo Lake （索果
淖尔 -1992 年干涸）
黑河流域
黑 河水系变迁（ The Heihe River System ）
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7. 古 日 乃 干 盐 湖 （ Playa ， Guernai ， Inner Mongolia ，
2000 ）
索果淖尔 湖底龟 裂地（ Sorgo Nor ， 2002 ）
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8. ● 植被退化 (Vegetation Degeneration)
梭梭
大面积 干枯的梭梭 /Dead Bushes due to desiccation
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9. 塔里木河下游枯死的胡杨树（ The dead trees, lower
Tarim River ） Beijing Normal

10. 鬼树 林 /The Ghost Forest, lower Heihe River
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11. 梭梭 胡杨
柽柳 霸王
各种 成因的植被退化 /Plant degeneration due to
dessication, salinizaton and wind erosion
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12. 胡杨 林的未来 ?/A Doom Future for the Poplar Trees?
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13. 陕 西靖边 ---Jingbian, Shaanxi Province
小老头树 /Short old trees-due to deficient moisture
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14. Western Inner Mongolia
放牧导 致的植被退化 /Vegetation degeneration due to
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15. 内蒙古锡 林郭勒 ---Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia
交通引起的草原退化 /Grassland degeneraton due to traffic
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16. ● 风蚀（ Wind Erosion ）
100m 雅丹 / 风蚀 土脊 / 风蚀长 丘 / 白龙
堆
柴达 木盆地雅丹 --- Image of Wind-eroded Yardangs
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17.  风蚀形态 /Features of Wind Erosion
25 m
Yiliping, Qinhai
Streamlined Mega-Yardangs in Tsadam Basin
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18. White Dragon Mound
White Dragon Mound
60km
A Prototype Yardang The Migrating Lake---Lop Nor
Asian Dry Core and Center of Wind Erosion
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19. 丘
库 姆塔格沙漠 状
沙
羽毛 甘肃 疏勒河下游风蚀 影
像
Image of Linear Yardangs in Lower Shuler River
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20. 甘肃 三垄 沙 ---Sanlongsha, Gansu
线 形雅丹 ---Linear Yardangs in Lower Shuler River
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21. 龟 裂地片蚀 天鹅 湖风蚀墩
黑 河主河道 沙尘 暴
The Heihe River System, Today’s “Dust Bowl” in China
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22.  Deflation of Clastic Sediments-Source of Sandy Deserts
Deflated Lacustrine Layer Deflated Fluvial Layer
Spherical weathering & Deflation Sandy Shale Rock Mushroom
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23.  Estimated Rates of Wind Erosion
 铯 Cs-137 Tracing (by Li-Jie Pu & Ping Yan)
---Xinjiang, Kurle ( 草地 ): 3540 t km-2 a-1/~2.2mm a-1
---Qinghai, Gonghe Basin( 草地 ): 1260 t km-2 a-1
/~0.8 mm a-1
 质 地分析 Soil Texture Analysis (by Zhi-Bao Dong)
---Inner Mongolia ( 农 田 ): 1500 t km-2 a-1/~0.9 mm a-1
 风蚀输 送观测 Aeolian transport measurement
---Ordso Plateau ( 沙区 ): 1690 t km-2 a-1 /~1.1 mm a-1
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24.  考古测 量 ---Archaeology
---Western Inner Mongolia （内陆 冲积 平原） : ~ 1 mm a -1
Pagoda age: 700 yrs
69 cm
The First Pagoda
Wind Erosion of Fluvial Sediments
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25.  碳 14 年代学 --Root C-14 Dating
---Western Inner Mongolia （干涸内陆 湖泊） : 1.5 mm a-1
850 yrs B.P.
126 cm
天鹅 湖 ---Swan Lake
Wind Erosion of Terminal Lake Sediments
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26.  实地观测 ---In situ Investigation
---Ordos, Inner Mongolia （ 林地沙土） : 10 mm
a-1
Age of Trees: 20 Yrs
20cm
Ordos Plateau
Wind Erosion of Sandy Soil under Planted Forest
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27. --- Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia : 20 mm a-1（草原土路）
Sand saltation and Track surface break-
dust emission by wind down by wind erosion
Grooves and flutes on Deep trough with isolated
bare hard track surface inter-track ridges
Severe Wind Erosion of Grassland Soil due to Traffic
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28. --- Ordos, Inner Mongolia （沙地） : 50 mm a-1
2m
Age of Trees: 40 Yrs
强 烈风蚀 地表 ---Severe Erosion of Sandy Soil by
Wind
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29. Intensity of Soil Erosion by Wind in China
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30. ● 沙漠化 ---Sandification
 沙漠和沙地 /Sand Deserts and Sandy Lands
 面积 /Area: 710, 000 km2
 比例 /Percentage: 7.4% of China’s total land area
 沙化趋势 /Tendency of Contemporary Sandification
 发 生发 展速率 /2000 前
Rate of Expansion (Before 2000):
Increased by 3000-30, 000 km2 a-1
 发 生发 展速率 /2000 后
Rate of Expansion (Aftere 2000):
Decreased by 5000-8000 km2 a-1
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31. Lahsa
中国沙漠 / 沙地分布图 --- Sand Deserts/Lands in China
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32. 流动 沙丘 ---Taklimakan Sand Desert-337, 600 km2
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33. 古尔 班通古特沙漠 ---Gurban Tunggut Sand Desert
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34. 罗 布泊
2400m asl
80km 800m asl
山金
阿尔
库 姆塔格沙漠
250
m k
库 木塔格沙漠 ---Kumtaq Sand Desert
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35. 流动 沙丘 ---Sand dune in Kumtak Sand Desert
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36. 柴达 木盆地流动 沙丘 --- Sand Dunes in Qaidam Basin
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37. 黑河流域
>300m
巴丹吉林沙漠
乌兰布和沙漠
腾格里沙漠
民勤绿洲
高大沙山 ---Sand Mounts in Badaim Jaran Desert
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38. 腾 格里沙漠 -Tengger Sand Desert
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39. Ulan Buh
Desert
乌兰 布和沙漠 Ulan Buh Sand Desert
97' image
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40. 库布齐沙漠 --Kubqi Sand Desert along the Yellow River
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41. Active Sandy Land
1990’s Fixed Sandy Land
Farmland
Lakes
Yulin
Dynamics of Sandification
in Mu Us Sandy Land
1960’S
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42. Mu Us Sandy Land
Loess
Plateau
毛乌 素沙地 ---Mu Us Sandy Land
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43. 浑善达克沙地 ---Hunsandag Sandy Land
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44. Dynamics of
Sandification in
Horqin Sandy
Land
1997
Tongliao City
科尔沁沙地
1990
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45. 科尔 沁沙地 ---Horqin Sandy Land
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46. 呼伦贝尔 沙地 ---Hulun Beir Sandy Land
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47. 西藏雅江河谷沙丘 Bird View, Zedang Coundy
Sand Dunes in Brahmaputra Valley
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48. 西藏雅江河谷沙丘 Barchan Dunes in Valley
Sand Dunes in Tibet
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49. 敦煌鸣 沙山
The Singing Sand Mount near Dunhuang
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50. 敦煌月牙泉
The Crescent Spring near Dunhuang
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51. ● Gobi- Pebblization--- 戈壁砾质化
黑 戈壁上的风 影沙丘 ---Shadow Dunes on the Black Gobi
Surface
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52. 砾 浪 ---Gravel Waves to the west of Yumen Pass
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53. 3. 风沙危害 ---Blown-sand hazards
沙害类型 ---
Main Categories of Blown-sand Disasters
● Abrasion by Blown Sand （风 沙流打磨）
● Sand Burying by Sand Deposition ( 沙埋）
● Texture Coarsening and Infertility of Farmland
（农 田粗化和贫 瘠化）
● Air Pollution by Dust Emission, Transportation and
Sedimentation （大气污 染）
● Human Casualties by Strong Dust Storms
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54. Wheat
作物沙割 ---Crop Cutted by Blown Sand
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55. 沙化耕地 ---Sandified Cropland
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56. 农田风蚀沙害 ---Farmland Buried by Shifting Sand
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57. 40 km2
Linze
临泽县
County
绿洲沙害 ---Oasis Buried by Shifting Sand
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58. 统万城
Ancient Tongwan City Ruined in the Mu Us Sandy Land
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59. The Black City (800 a B.P.)
湮没在流沙中的黑城 ---The Black City Ruined in the
Shifting Dunes
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60. 长城风沙危害 ---The Great Wall abraded by blown
sand
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61. Yulin, Shaanxi Province
公路沙害 --Road Blocked by Dune Encroachment
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62. 沙埋铁 路 ---Shifting sand covers railway
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63. Shaanxi Shaanxi
Houses Wrecked
by Shifting Sand,
沙埋房屋 --- 陕西、内
蒙 Inner Mongolia
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64. 玉门关、莫高窟 -Famous historical heritages
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65. 通讯线 路沙害
Communication Line Endangered by Shift Dunes
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66. 荒漠龙 卷
A Desert Devil in Badam Jaran Desert, in 2000
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67. 16:50, 20 June, 2000
北京就地起尘 ---Local Dust Emission in Beijing
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68. Inner Mongolia
Cold Front
太
行
山
Loess Plateau
尘 云 ---Dust Pall
沙尘暴 ---A Dust Storm on April 16, 1998, China
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69. Annually Mean
(1951-2000)
中国沙尘 暴分布 ---Distribution of Dust-storm Days in China
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70. 25
23
20
15 14
13
10
8
) sya d yc ne uqer F
5
5
0
1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s
(
Decade
强 沙尘 暴分布 ---Strong Dust-storm Days in Northern China
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71. More than 100 Person died in the storm1993 年 /5.5 沙尘暴 -- 甘肃金昌
A dust storm encroached Jinchang, on May 5, 1993
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72. S K
China 东
山
江 Japan
苏
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73. Dust 云区 陆地 海面 Dust 陆地 裸地 薄云 厚云
NOAA/AVHRR 2002-04-06-13 FY-1C 2002-04-06-08
Enhanced Image of Dust Storms
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74. 500
500
450
400
400
350
300
300
250
200
200
150
100
100
xe dn not ul o Pri A
50
00
1月1日
2月1日
3月1日
4月1日
5月1日
6月1日
7月1日
8月1日
9月1日
10月1日
11月1日
12月1日
I i l
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Month
Air Pollution Index Affected by Dust Storms in Beijing, 2002
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75. 4. 防沙治沙 ---Control Techniques and Practices
● Mechanical dune fixation （机械固沙）
● Chemical dune fixation ( 化学固沙 )
● Plantation sand fixation （植物固沙）
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76. 尼龙 方格
Plastic Checkerboards in Tengger Sand Desert
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77. 草方格
Straw Checkerboards along the Bao-Lan Railway
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78. 沙柳方格
Checkerboards in Kubqi Sand Desert
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79. 化学固沙剂
Chemical dune fixation on highway slope
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80. 植物固沙
Plantation in Taklimakan Sand Desert
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81. 植物固沙
Shrub dune fixation system
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82. 沙地造林
Artifical forest along Jing-Tong railway in
Horqin Sandy Land
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83. 沙地造林
Evergreen trees in Mu Us Sandy Land
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84. 农 田林网
Agricultural shelterbelts system
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85. 保护 性耕作
Stubble mulch---Conservation tillage techniques
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86. Wind tunnel built by BNU
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Sand and Dust Storm Days in northern China (1954-2007)
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88. Thank You
for Your attention!
Beijing Normal University
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