Enzyme technology is an integral tool for the brewing, baking and textile industries. In agriculture there is great potential for enzymes too but this is yet to be fully exploited. However, animal nutrition is one area in which the use of feed enzymes is becoming increasingly important.

1. Digital Re-print -
January | February 2013
Feed enzymes in animal nutrition
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2. FEATURE
by Elizabeth Norton, nutritionist, Anpario plc, United Kingdom
E
nzyme technology is an integral can be further divided into beta-glucans, issue was addressed. Now these enzymes
tool for the brewing, baking and celluloses and pentosans. Indeed, many dif- are commonplace, certainly in Europe,
textile industries. In agriculture ferent types of enzymes are secreted within where poultry diets are principally com-
there is great potential for enzymes the digestive tract but there are cases where posed of wheat and barley.
too but this is yet to be fully exploited. the enzymes that are necessary for complete
However, animal nutrition is one area digestion are not produced by the animal Recent enzyme developments
in which the use of feed enzymes is or are only present at very low levels. In More recently, positive effects in animal
becoming increasingly important. monogastric animals it is the enzymes that performance have also been noted with
are required to breakdown the NSP fraction ‘non-viscous’ cereals such as maize and sor-
There are three driving factors in animal of the diet that are missing. ghum (Choct, 2006). The digestive system
production that are leading to the develop- in pigs differs slightly from poultry and the
ment and adoption of feed enzyme technol- Increasing feed value through issue of increased viscosity from wheat and
ogy. First, the world’s growing population enzymes barley is not a problem in these species. The
has meant global demand for food and in The NSP fraction of barley and oats con- addition of feed enzymes in pig diets has
particular meat and meat products have tains beta-glucans which can hold significant also demonstrated positive effects (Dierick
increased substantially. In addition, produc- amounts of water causing high gut viscosity. and Decuypere, 1994) and it is recognised
ers are also continually looking for novel Young pigs and poultry lack the required that beta-glucanases and xylanases are able
methods of increasing their efficiency and beta-glucanase enzyme to break the link- to degrade plant cell wall which leads to a
productivity and the cost and availability of ages of the molecule and this is a problem release of nutrients from grain endosperm
raw materials for animal feed is the second because it has an anti-nutritional
factor continuing price rises are a major con- effect by blocking the absorption
straint to meeting demand. The third factor of nutrients. Increased viscosity also Table 1: Optimal temperature and pH properties
from some fungal endoxylanases (adapted from
is concern over the environmental fragility of reduces the rate of passage thus
Corral and Villanseñor-Ortega, 2006)
the planet and the pressure on agricultural lowering feed intake with the end
industries to reduce their reliance on vital result being reduced growth rates, Optimum
Optimum
resources. feed conversion and the appar- SOURCE Temperature
Ph
ent metabolisable energy of the (Oc)
Major ingredients in monogastric diet. Increased viscosity additionally
feeds results in wet litter which in poultry Apergillus kawachii
The major ingredients used in most leads to conditions such as necrotic A 60 5.5
B 55 4.5
monogastric feeds are of vegetable origin enteritis, hock burns and breast
C 50 2.0
including ground cereals such as maize, blisters.
Aspergillus niger
wheat and barley or vegetable by-products Similarly in wheat, a common
XynA I 50 5.0
such as wheat middlings and rice bran. It cereal choice in temperate climates, XyanA II 45-50 4.5
also includes processed protein ingredients the NSP fraction contains a high
Penicillium Capsulatum
such as soybean, or rapeseed extractions level of arabinoxylans. Xylanase is XynA 48 4.0
and unprocessed materials such as peas or the enzyme that pigs and poultry XynB 48 4.0
beans. All these materials have a complex require in order to break these Talaromyces emersonii
structure of carbohydrates, protein and oil compounds down but they are Xyn I 75 4.7
and the carbohydrates are further described also deficient in them and, it was Xyn II 77 4.3
as sugars, starch and non-starch polysac- not until the development of beta- XynIII 73 4.2
charides (NSP). glucanase and xylanase enzymes for Xyn IV 77 4.3
Digging deeper, the NSP components animal feed in the 1980s, that this Xyn V 80 4.2
18 | January - february 2013 Grain &feed millinG technoloGy

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for applications where light is likely to be are handled or FEATURE
visible. Upon detection this system provides stored must be
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• An electrical signal generated by and protected.
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the sensor activates control circuits Employers
However, it has
typically used to operate an automatic must carry out
Reducing pathogenic bacteria in
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• An automated shut down of the prevent or
enzymes is through the release of oligosac- phytate has the
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charides (Choct and Cadogan, 2001). These
combustible material.
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Asia’s foremost exhibition and
can be formed during the degradation of
• Alarm and control systems can be
other important
It is important conferences for the ingredients
storage and cell wall carbohydrates by sup-
activated upon the detection of hot
plemental enzymes and are able to resist
minerals
to include in
such
as calcium, zinc,
and additives used in the
particles for other control devices such
further degradation by digestive enzymes
as diverter valves.
the assessment
manganese, iron
foreseeable inci-
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from detectors to remote mounted control taken in these
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to the status of the equipment. In the event ATEX is the
reducing pathogenic bacteria in the colon inclusion of phytase
of an alarm condition, the operator can see name com-
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sion ratio in pigs and poultry. ileal amino acid
based monitoring system, which allows plant Directive 94/9/ FIAAP Asia 2014 is the only dedicated trade show and conference organised specifically for feed ingredients,
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fact that it occurs is of significant importance et al 2001). Phytate The exhibition will be supported VICTAM Asia 2014
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isolation system isolates an explosion and cedures before The Thai Feed Conference 2014 www.fiaap.com
which are traditionally of lower nutritive ent and an anti-
prevents it from affecting interconnected placing equip-
value, can be utilised in the formulation. This nutrient and inter-
can result in significant savings in feed costs estingly, in the last
Grain&feed millinG technoloGy
for producers where, for example, some of decade, research January - february 2013 | 11
the wheat-based portion of the diet can be has demonstrated
replaced with cheaper barley, providing a that administering
M
N t ec
LA
ow h
suitable blend beta-glucanase and xylanase unconvention- Performance,
w olo
ith g
enzymes are incorporated into the diet. ally high doses or
flexibility and stability
n
by ‘superdosing’
y
Phytase development phytase in diets that
The 1990s saw the development of the animal perform-
next enzyme of significant importance in ani- ance can be sub-
mal nutrition, phytase. Phosphorous is a very stantially improved
important and valuable mineral element in all (Cowieson et al
species as it is crucial for bone development 2011).
and metabolic processes.
In plants, the majority of phosphorous is Challenges
stored in the form of phytate. Monogastrics associated
are unable to utilise the phosphorous in with
phytate so it is a major source of an enzymes use Raise your standards of performance with
important nutrient that is normally wasted. One of the Econase ® XT and Mixer Liquid Application.
Instead, producers have to supplement diets major challenges Looking for improved profitability in uncertain times?
with inorganic phosphorous supplements with the cur- Econase ® XT Mixer Liquid Application technology optimises
although dependence on inorganic phos- rent use of feed production and feed efficiency, offering you significant
phorous supplements is a challenge because enzymes is that cost savings.
global reserves of rock phosphate are not producers face dif-
The only liquid NSP enzyme stable enough to add prior to pelleting.
renewable and the price has escalated. ficult decisions on
Furthermore, producers have a tendency which varieties to • Improved FCR
• Consistent in-feed homogeneity
to over-supplement with inorganic phos- use and at what
• Can reduce power consumption when pelleting
phorous with the result that most of it is inclusion rates.
excreted by the animal and becomes a Aside from the Econase ® XT from AB Vista – the leaders in enzyme innovation.
major environmental pollutant. diet formulation Find out more: E: econasext@abvista.com
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Phytase benefits ents used, there
When the development of phytase are a number of
enzymes began it was largely to reduce factors that can
RAISING STANDARDS
the requirements for inorganic phospho- affect the efficacy
rous thus saving money for producers and of feed enzymes.
Grain &feed millinG technoloGy January - february 2013 | 19

5. FEATURE
Commercially enzymes are produced by sub- enzymes. It continues to be the fastest References
merged culture fermentation using micro- growing animal food-producing sector and Choct, M. (2006) Enzymes for the feed industry:
organisms grown on substrate. Individual is set to outpace human population growth. past, present and future. World’s Poultry
enzymes which are produced by the same Omnivorous fish species such as tilapia and Science Journal 62, 5–16.
microorganisms can be completely different carp can utilise plant-based diets and are Choct, M. and Cadogan, D.J. (2001) How effective
and even those produced by the same micro- of increasing importance, therefore fibre- are supplemental enzymes in pig diets? In:
organism, but on different substrates, may have degrading enzymes such as xylanase and Cranwell, P.D. (ed.) Manipulating Pig Production VIII.
different actions engendering their specificity. It beta-glucanase may be beneficial. University of South Australia,
is the optimal temperature and pH at which The reliance of fishmeal for carnivorous Adelaide, Australia, pp. 240–247.
these enzymes are most active that is most fish species is having a negative impact on Corral, O.L. and Villanseñor-Ortega, F. 2006
affected by the different sources (Table 1). the environment and is also highly expensive, Xylanases. In: Guevara-González, R.G. and Torres-
This clearly has implications on how effec- so identifying alternative protein sources for Pacheco, eds. Advances in Agricultural and Food
tively enzymes will function in the digestive tract. these species is of vital importance. At present Biotechnology Research Signpost 305-322.
Generally the digestive tract of monogastric very little research on feed enzymes in aqua- Cowieson, A.J., Wilcock, P. and Bedford, M.R. (2011)
species such as pigs and poultry is amenable to culture has been documented although some Super-dosing effects of phytase in poultry and other
exogenous enzymes but the reasons for this initial studies have reported improvements in monogastrics. World Poultry Science 67, 225- 235
can differ depending on the species. In pigs, for phosphorous availability in diets through the Dierick, N.A. and Decuypere, J.A. (1994) Enzymes
example, the stomach can store a large quantity addition of phytase in fish feeds (Jackson et and growth in pigs. In: Cole, D.J.S.,
of feed increasing the pH and the feed is also al, 1996; Hughes and Soares, 1998) and the Wiseman, J. and Varley, M.J. (eds) Principles of Pig
retained in the small intestine longer which development of enzymes that can withstand Science. Nottingham University
is favourable for optimal exogenous enzyme processing pressure during fish feed manufac- Press, Nottingham, UK, pp. 169–195.
activity. However, superior and more consistent ture is clearly an important factor too. Hughes, K.P. and Soares, Jr (1998) Efficacy of phytase
results are often seen in poultry which may be on phosphorous utilization in practical diets fed
due to the lower moisture content in poultry Enzymes and energy production to striped bass Morone saxatilis. Aquaculture
digesta (Svihus 2010) and also, certain ingredi- Finally, the need to reduce reliance on Nutrition, 4, 133-140.
ents used in diets may affect the pH in the tract fossil fuels and utilise renewable fuel sources Jackson, L.S., Li, M.H. and Robinson, E.H. 1996. Use of
and the natural variations in nutritional value of such as bioethanol presents further opportu- microbial phytase in Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus
cereal grains can render enzymes ineffective. nities for the use of feed enzymes in animal diets to improve utilization of phytate phosphorous.
The current enzymes available have taken nutrition. Production of ethanol by the enzy- Journal of World Aquaculture 27, 3, 309-313.
years to develop and have proven effi- matic breakdown of starch and sugars, fol- Morgavi, D.P., Beauchemin, K.A., Nsereko, V.L., Rode,
cacy in pigs and poultry as demonstrated by lowed by yeast-driven fermentation creates L.M., McAllister, T.A. and Wang, Y.
numerous in vivo trials. Nonetheless, greater a number of waste-products that could be (2004) Trichoderma enzymes promote Fibrobacter
understanding of the sources of variation that utilised as animal feed ingredients. The main succinogenes S85 adhesion to, and
contribute to mitigating or accentuating the waste-product available is distillers’ dried degradation of, complex substrates but not pure
effect of feed enzymes will enable nutritionists grains with solubles (DDGS). There is some cellulose. Journal of the Science of Food
and producers to figure out optimal inclusions current debate over the nutritional value of and Agriculture 84, 1083–1090.
for specific enzymes in diet formulations. DDGS as this can be affected by the initial Péron, A. and Partridge, P.P., 2010. Other enzyme
Another area that has been a major grain used for the bioethanol production. applications relevant to the animal feed industry In:
focus of research is the development of Arabinoxlans and phytate content has also Bedford, M.R. and Partridge, G.G eds. Enzymes in
types of enzyme that can withstand the reported to be higher in DDGS than those farm animal nutrition. CAB International, 231-248.
extreme conditions during feed manufacture. found in feedstock cereals grains (Zijlstra and Ravindran, V., Selle, P.H., Ravindran, G., Morel, P.C.H.,
Thermostability is of particular importance Beltranena, 2009) and the quality of protein Kies, A.K. and Bryden, W.L. (2001)
and this can be achieved through either and amino acid availability in DDGS is also Microbial phytase improves performance, apparent
genetic manipulation or protective coatings questionable (Péron and Partridge, 2010). metabolizable energy and ileal amino
and these products are now widely available. However, due to the apparent availability acid digestibility of broilers fed a lysine-defi cient diet.
of this as a feed source used in conjunction Poultry Science 80, 338–344.
Enzymes and ruminants with exogenous enzymes, DDGS has poten- Svihus, B. 2010 Effect of digestive tract conditions, feed
Research has also demonstrated that feed tial and research in this area is increasing. processing and ingredients on response to NSP enzymes.
enzymes can be very effective for improv- In: Bedford, M.R. and Partridge, G.G eds. Enzymes in farm
ing performance in ruminant species too, The growing importance of animal nutrition. CAB International, 129-159.
although there are many challenges that enzymes Zijlstra, R.T. and Beltranena, E. (2009) Variability of
need to be addressed before they are made In conclusion, feed enzymes are an increas- quality in biofuel co-products. In:
commercially available. The complexity of the ingly important tool in animal nutrition. This Garnsworthy, P.C. and Wiseman, J. (eds) Recent
rumen microbial ecosystem and the proc- article has attempted to demonstrate how Advances in Animal Nutrition
ess of fibre digestion means that the mode enzymes can alleviate pressures relating to the 2008. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK,
of action of ruminant enzymes is not well increase in demand for global meat produc- pp. 313–326
understood. Further information regarding tion, constraints on raw material availability and
the synergy between feed enzyme additives calls for reducing the environmental impact of About the author:
and the rumen enzymes produced by the animal production. The application of fibre- Elizabeth Norton is a nutritionist at Anpario
existing microflora is also needed. Some degrading and phytase enzymes in pig and providing technical support across the com-
research has however found evidence of poultry diets is widely available and has proven pany’s brands. She is responsible for providing
cooperation between the two but it has also beneficial effects. Feed enzyme manufacturers nutritional advice and diet formulations for cus-
been noted that feed enzymes compete with continue to improve existing enzymes building tomers. Elizabeth has a First Class BSc (Hons)
fibrolytic bacteria in the rumen for available on the knowledge that has been developed Animal Science at the University of Plymouth.
binding sites on feed (Morgavi et al., 2004). over the last two decades. Developing varieties
for other species such as cattle and fish and
Enzymes and aquaculture new feed ingredients like DDGS offer further More InforMatIon:
Aquaculture is another industry that potential for the use of feed enzymes in animal Website: www.anpario.com
could benefit from the application of feed nutrition in the years ahead.
20 | January - february 2013 Grain &feed millinG technoloGy

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