GEOtop2010

Geotop2010 as a Gold
Mine for the CHyMP

R. Rigon, M. Dall’Amico, S. Endrizzi, E. Cordano,
A. Antonello, S. Franceschi

-> What is now
GEOtop2010

The GEOtop project
1. GEOtop is a distributed hydrological model, which integrates water and
energy budget in complex terrain [Rigon et al. 2006].
2. It performs energy balance and water balance, computing energy fluxes
between soil and atmosphere, subsurface and surface flows [ Bertoldi et al.,
2006].

Rigon et al., JHM, 2006, Bertoldi et al., JHM, 2006, Simoni, 2007, Endrizzi, 2007
http://www.geotop.org 2

Riccardo Rigon, Matteo Dall’Amico, Stefano Endrizzi, Emanuele Cordano

GEOtop2010

What for?

rainfall-runoff and soil
measured simulated
moisture

heterogeneity in soil
hydraulic properties,
landscape structural
properties, soil moisture
proﬁle, surface–subsurface
interaction, interception by
plants, snowpack, rainfall
distribution

3


GEOtop2010

The GEOtop project
1. GEOtop is a distributed hydrological model, which integrates water and energy
budget in complex terrain [Rigon et al. 2006].

2. It performs energy balance and mass balance, computing energy fluxes
between soil and atmosphere, subsurface and surface flows [ Bertoldi et al., 2006].

3. Soil moisture and soil water pressure are dynamically computed
at each location (x, y, z) [Cordano et al., 2007].

4


GEOtop2010

What for?

shallow landslides and debris flow
triggering

Initial and boundary conditions,
heterogeneity in soil hydraulic and
geotechnical properties,
landscape structural and
geological
properties, soil moisture profile

[Simoni et al, 2007]
5


GEOtop2010

The GEOtop project
1. GEOtop is a distributed hydrological model, which integrates water and energy
budget in complex terrain [Rigon et al. 2006].

2. It performs energy balance and mass balance, computing energy fluxes
between soil and atmosphere, subsurface and surface flows [ Bertoldi et al., 2006].

3. Soil moisture and soil water pressure are dynamically computed
at each location (x, y, z) [Cordano et al., 2007].

4. Slope stability is assessed through the probabilistic and dynamic
module GEOtop-FS [Simoni et al, 2007].

6


GEOtop2010

What for?

Snow mantle evolution and
ablation topography, metamorphism,
avalanches, albedo, insulation...

[Zanotti et al., 2004; Endrizzi, 2007].
7


GEOtop2010

The GEOtop project

8


GEOtop2010

The GEOtop project
5. Snow and ice melt are accounted for [Zanotti et al., 2004; Endrizzi, 2007].

8


GEOtop2010

What for?

Soil freezing and permafrost unfrozen liquid content, water flow in
freezing soil, inertia and initial
conditions

courtesy of Stephan Gruber (University of Zurich)

work in progress [Dall’Amico et al]
9


GEOtop2010

The GEOtop project

10


GEOtop2010

The GEOtop project
6. Freezing soil => work in progress [Dall’Amico].

10


GEOtop2010 -> GEOFRAME: a system for doing hydrology by Computer

The GEOFRAME framework

Eclipse RCP
uDig
JGrass
PostGIS
Postgres
GIS engine
J-Console Engine
OpenMI
Web
The Horton
UIBuilder
services
Machine
WMS Models
WFS-T H2 spatial
WPS

GRASS
BeeGIS

www.slideshare.net/GEOFRAMEcafe/geoframe-a-system-for-doing-hydrology-by-computer
11


GEOtop2010

The GEOtop project

12


GEOtop2010

The GEOtop project
7. GEOFRAME => GIS environment integrated with JGrass, data preprocessing,
post-processing, visualization and hydrological tools [HYDROLOGIS].

12


GEOtop2010

www.geotop.org

13


GEOtop2010

The GEOtop project

14


GEOtop2010

The GEOtop project
8. Documentation and Wikipage => www.geotop.org

14


GEOtop2010

Input data (N: necessary, O: optional)
Topography and site specific Meteo data (dynamic)
•
parameters (static) Precipitation intensity (mm/h) (N)
• Wind speed (m/s) (N)
• DTM (N) • Direction from which wind comes from
• land use map (N) (˚N clockwise) (O if Micromet is Off)
•
• hydraulic parameters (N): Relative humidity (%) (N)
hydraulic conductivity, Van • Air temperature (˚C) (N)
Genuchten alpha and n,
• Lapse rate (˚C/m in upward direction) (O)
porosity, residual water content
• Air pressure (mbar) (O)
• thermal parameters (N): thermal
• Global shortwave radiation (W/m2) (O)
conductivity, thermal capacity,
• Direct shortwave radiation (W/m2) (O)
geothermal heat flux
• Diffuse shortwave radiation (W/m2) (O)
• surface parameters (N): albedo,
• Cloudiness (fraction from 0 to 1) (O)
emissivity
• Incoming shortwave radiation (W/m2) (O)
• vegetation type (O): typology,
•
density, height Incoming longwave radiation (W/m2) (O)
• Outgoing shortwave radiation (W/m2) (O)
• Outgoing longwave radiation (W/m2) (O)
• Sensible heat flux (W/m2) (O)
• Latent heat flux (W/m2) (O) 15


GEOtop2010

Output data

Point values Distributed maps
•
• Temperature profile Temperature profile
•
• water content profile water content profile
•
• ice content profile ice content profile
•
• pore water pressure profile pore water pressure
profile
• snow height, density
• snow height, density
• glacier height, density
• glacier height, density
• surface energy fluxes
•
(G, H, L, TE, Rn) surface energy fluxes
(G, H, L, TE, Rn)
• water discharge at an
outlet

16


GEOtop2010

What’s behind the curtains

snow/glacier
read ABL fluxes
meteo solver BC
soil heat
Jm
equation
water balance
precipitation (Richards
(snow or rain) equation)

Update time Write output

17


GEOtop2010

Integrated structure

+ = GEOframe
www.jgrass.org www.geotop.org
external
users web database

Interfaces
(Java/JGRASS)

Analysis Models
Tools (UNITN/R) (UNITN/OpenMI)

Database
(PostgresSQL/PostGIS/CUAHSI) 18


-> What is now
GEOtop2010

Main Program: GEOtop 0.9375 KMackenzie in a unique piece of code
containing:

•Input data
•Meteo Data Interpolator - MicroMET (Elder & Liston, 2006)

•Separation - Rainfall - Snow
•Energy Budget (optional)
•Water Budget
•Output data

www.slideshare.net/GEOFRAMEcafe/GEOtop
19


-> What is now
GEOtop2010

Meteo Data Interpolator

•Wind: Micromet or uniform values
•Precipitation - Micromet or simple kriging
•Short wave incoming radiation: Micromet or custom
parameterization

•Long wave incoming radiation: Micromet or or custom
parameterization

Micromet from (Elder & Liston, 2006)
20


GEOtop2010

The grid

•Square structured grid based on the DEM

•QUI UN DISEGNO DI UNA GRIGLIA STRUTTURATA

21


-> What is now
GEOtop2010

Energy Budget

•Contains the heat Equation with radiation budget for
•snow (multilayer)
•soil (multilayer)

•Allows for phase changes and soil freezing

•Boundary conditions includes:
•Atmosphere exchange at the surface layer
•Constant flux at the bottom

22


-> What is now
GEOtop2010

Water Budget

•Subsurface Flow

•Richards 3D but solving separately the vertical and
the later flow (e.g. Cordano and Rigon, 2008)

•Surface Flow:

•Kinematic wave equation

•Channel Flow

•Using GIUH style approach
(e.g. D’odorico and Rigon, 2003)

23


GEOtop2010

Comprehensive GEOtop Bibliography

•Simoni, S., F. Zanotti, G. Bertoldi and R. Rigon, Modelling the
probability of occurrence of shallow landslides and channelized
debris flows using GEOtop-FS, accepted for Hydrol. Proc.,
published on-line, Dec 2007

•Rigon R., Bertoldi G e T. M. Over, GEOtop: A distributed
hydrological model with coupled water and energy budgets, Jour.
of Hydromet., Vol. 7, No. 3, pages 371- 388., Vol. 7, No. 3,
pages 371-388.

•Bertoldi, G., R. Rigon & T. M. Over, Impact of watershed
geomorphic characteristics on the energy and water budgets,
Jour. of Hydromet., Vol. 7, No. 3, p. 371- 388. Vol. 7, No. 3,
pages 389 - 394, 2006.

•Lanni C., Tarantino A., Cordano E., Rigon R., 2009: Analysis of
the effect of normal and lateral subsurface water flow on the
triggering of shallow landslides with a distributed
hydrological modelquot; - International Conference quot;Landslides
Processesquot; ,Strasbourg, France
24


GEOtop2010

•Bertoldi G., Dietrich W.E., Miller N. L., Rigon R.. Bedrock and
soil contribution to the formation of sub-surface runoff by
saturation in headwater catchments: observations and
simulation using a distributed hydrological model, Atti del
XXIX Convegno di Idraulica e Costruzioni Idrauliche, Trento,
Settembre 2004.

• Zanotti F, Endrizzi S, Bertoldi G, Rigon R. 2004. The GEOTOP
snow module. Hydrological Processes 18: 3667–3679. DOI:
10/1002/hyp.5794.

• G. Bertoldi, C. Notarnicola, G. Leitinger, M. Zebisch, and U.
Tappeiner (in preparation) Morphological and eco-hydrological
controls on land surface temperature in an Alpine catchment

• G. Bertoldi, G. Wohlfahrt, S. Della Chiesa, U. Tappeiner, S.
Endrizzi (in preparation): Biotic and a-biotic controls on
energy and water partitioning in a mountain grassland

25


GEOtop2010

Next Versions of GEOtop will be components based on GEOFRAME

26



The complete GEOFRAME framework

Eclipse RCP
uDig
JGrass
PostGIS
Postgres
GIS engine
J-Console Engine
OpenMI
Web
The Horton
UIBuilder
services
Machine
WMS Models
WFS-T H2 spatial
WPS

GRASS
BeeGIS

www.slideshare.net/GEOFRAMEcafe/geoframe-a-system-for-doing-hydrology-by-computer
27



JGrass 3

www.jgrass.org
28


-> Next Year (Spring 2010)
GEOtop2010

First Steps into GEOFRAME: Data base

Next year
• Design and implementation of the simulation Data
Base (based on standards derived from CUAHSI, OMS and Earth System
Curator)

• The Data Base (DB) will be built upon Postgresql/
postgis/postgrid which usually will run on a server

• The DB can however run locally

• An internal copy of some of the DB features can be
imported inside the GEOFRAME modeling system through
the GEOFRAME Data Master (already implemented)

• The DB will contain the forcing and the parameters
needed to run GEOtop.

29


GEOtop2010


This year (2009) in progress

J-Hydro

30


GEOtop2010



GEOFRAME DATA MASTER

31


GEOtop2010



JGrass

32


GEOtop2010


33


GEOtop2010


34


GEOtop2010


Next year
•Locally JGrass will contain and manage GEOtop that
will be executed from the J-Console

•Data will be produced according to the internal
formats of JGrass (and possibly these will include
NetCDF)

• Preparation of the input data

•An internal copy of some of the DB features can be
imported inside the GEOFRAME modeling system through
the GEOFRAME Data Master (already implemented)

35


GEOtop2010

First Steps into GEOFRAME: Use case

Next year

DATAMASTER

CLIENTCARTELLA
DATABASE
DATI

JGrass

36


GEOtop2010


Next year

DATAMASTER

CLIENTCARTELLA
DATABASE
DATI

JGrass

37


GEOtop2010


Next year

DATAMASTER

CLIENTCARTELLA
DATABASE
DATI

JGrass

38


GEOtop2010


Next year

DATAMASTER

CLIENTCARTELLA
DATABASE
DATI

JGrass

39


GEOtop2010


Next year

DATAMASTER

CLIENTCARTELLA
DATABASE
DATI

JGrass

40


GEOtop2010


Next year

DATAMASTER

CLIENTCARTELLA
DATABASE
DATI

JGrass

41


GEOtop2010

First Steps into GEOFRAME: First Componentization

Next year

Meteo Energy Water
I/O + +
Forcings Budget Budget

The first version
42


-> Next Year (Summer 2010)
GEOtop2010

First Steps into GEOFRAME: Second Componentization

Next year

Meteo Energy Water
I/O
Forcings Budget Budget

The second version
43


-> Next Year (Fall 2010)
GEOtop2010

Further splitting will follows

Data Subsurface Surface
I/O
Assimilation Flows Flows

Snow
Energy
Vegetation Radiation &
Budget
Cryosphere

44


GEOtop2010

Visualization: JGrass

Next processes - scales

45


GEOtop2010

Visualization: Nasa World Wind

Next processes - scales

46


GEOtop2010

Numerics

•Current Numerics will
Next processes - scales be replaced with new numerical
methods.

•This action has actually started with using Brugnano
and 2008 Casulli, 2008 in rewriting subsurface
and Casulli,
flow equations, beginning with an implementation of:
•Boussinesq equation on unstructured grids with finite
volumes

•And follows with
•Boussinesq equation on unstructured grids with finite
volumes and embedded sub-parameterizations (Casulli, 2008)

•Richards equations with embedded sub-parameterizations
•Substitution of actual surface water equations with
shallow water ones coupled with subsurface waters

47


GEOtop2010

Implementation

•GEOtop is a - scales
Next processes mix of FORTRAN (Micromet) and C codes.
C, in turn, is according to some costume libraries
that are called FluidTurtle libraries.

•These are planned to be replaced in the new
implementation by the ESMF libraries

•This, in turn, could open the possibility to
recompile the entire GEOtop under the ESMF, as an
alternative substituting the OpenMi superstructure
with the ESMF superstructure.

This would allow for natural scalability of the GEOtop code from
desktop computers to supercomputers (we do not really know if it is
possible and we are investigating the possibilities).

48



GEOtop is a collaborative
projects and other are invited
to bring into new components

BTW
if the CHyMP takes some
momentum GEOtop can flow
into it ...

49


GEOtop2010

NewAge (Rigon is a large scale distributed model.
et al., 2009)

Radiation
NewAge Precipitation
GEOtop
Air Temperature
Air humidity
wind

Vegetation

Snow

unsaturated

Saturated storage
Channels Lakes Human
works

It includes the modelling of reservoirs, intakes and human works 50


GEOtop2010

et al., 2009)

•It GEOtop
NewAge implements already much of the informatics
describe above and includes

•Two components for the interpolation of
meteorological data

•h.jami (Just another meteo interpolator) for the
interpolation at hillslope scale of temperature,
atmospheric pressure, wind speed, and others.

•h.kriging Implements simple kriging for rainfall
interpolations

•Some sub-components for calculating the energy
budget lumped at hill-slope scale

51


GEOtop2010

et al., 2009)

•Several components for runoff formation, aggregation
NewAge GEOtop
and routing

•h.adige. A component for the evaluation of the
surface and subsurface fluxes (as a dynamical
model) - Partially based on Cuencas, Mantilla and Gupta,
(2005)

•h.saintgeo. It integrates the 1-D de SainttVenant
Equation.

•Various Ancillary sub-models

52


GEOtop2010

et al., 2009)

•A simplified
NewAge GEOtop snow model

•h.snow ?

•A model for the estimation of evapotranspiration
according to the Penman-Monteith equation.

•h.ET ?

53


GEOtop2010

et al., 2009)

NewAge GEOtop
•These components will be able to interact with
GEOtop componenents after the writing of the
appropriate interconnection modules.

•Especially the modules which regards the channel
flow can, in perspective, substitute the actual
implementation of channel routing.

•NewAge use a sophisticate treatment of channels and
fully exploits the geographic capabilities of the
GEOFRAME system.

54


Geotop KMcKenzie
An inside view

R. Rigon, M. Dall’Amico, S. Endrizzi, E. Cordano

GEOtop2010
PRESENTATION OUTLINE

• Input and output files
• Code structure
• ...

56


GEOtop2010
Necessary input

general files

Parameters files

57


GEOtop2010
Necessary input
GENERAL
strings array representing the keywords for the file
__geotop.init

strings array representing the necessary file names
__geotop.inpts

horizon angles at different azimuth: necessary for 1D simulations
_points_horizon

PARAMETERS
parameters controlling the simulations (integration Dt, duration,
__control_parameters
beginning time, standard time, output time, 1D or 2D simulations...)
coordinates of the points where to print the results, saving points,
__options_point.txt
horizon file name...
parameters file
__parameters.txt

soil depth, Van Genuchten, thermal, hydraulic parameters for each
_soil.txt
soil type given the corresponding map

58


GEOtop2010
Necessary input

Meteo files

59


GEOtop2010
Necessary input
GENERAL
strings array representing the keywords for the file
__geotop.init

strings array representing the necessary file names
__geotop.inpts

horizon angles at different azimuth: necessary for 1D simulations
_points_horizon

PARAMETERS
parameters controlling the simulations (integration Dt, duration,
__control_parameters
beginning time, standard time, output time, 1D or 2D simulations...)
coordinates of the points where to print the results, saving points,
__options_point.txt
horizon file name...
parameters file
__parameters.txt

soil depth, Van Genuchten, thermal, hydraulic parameters for each
_soil.txt
soil type given the corresponding map
METEO
...
_meteo_cloud.txt

horizon angles at different azimuth for the meteo station 0001
_meteo_horizon0001.txt

file of meteo stations data
_meteo0001.txt
60


GEOtop2010
Necessary input

Meteo files

morpho files

61


GEOtop2010
Necessary input

MORPHO
...
_meteo_cloud.txt

horizon angles at different azimuth for the meteo station 0001
_meteo_horizon0001.txt

file of meteo stations data
_meteo0001.txt

to be continued...

62


-> What is now
GEOtop2010

main program

•dynamic allocation of structures (soil, water...)
•Read Input data
•Meteo Data Interpolator - MicroMET (Elder & Liston, 2006)

•Separation - Rainfall - Snow
•Infiltration (Richards 1D)
•Redistribution (Richards 2D)
•Surface runoff
•Channel Routing
•Output data

2


GEOtop2010
structures

/*structs' declarations:*/
TOPO *top; /* topographical characteristics */
SOIL *sl; /* soil characteristics */
LAND *land; /* land characteristics */
WATER *wat; /* water infiltrating */
CHANNEL *cnet; /* channel routing characteristics */
PAR *par; /* various parameters */
ENERGY *egy; /* energy radiation characteristics */
SNOW *snow; /* snow characteristics */
GLACIER *glac; /* glacier characteristics */
METEO *met; /* meteo data characteristics */
TIMES *times; /* time variables */
LISTON *liston; /* structure for Micromet */

64


GEOtop2010
Read input data

read parameters and maps
files=get_filenames_from_keys(WORKING_DIRECTORY,PROGRAM_NAME,PRINT);
/* reads the keywords in __geotoo.init */

read_inpts_par(par, times,files->element[I_CONTROL_PARAMETERS]+1,textfile, quot;1:quot;);
/* reads __control_parameters.txt */

read_parameterfile(files->co[fpar]+1, par, liston, IT);
/* reads the file __parameters.txt */

read_soil_parameters(files->co[fspar]+1, &n_soiltypes, sl);
/* reads the file _soil.txt */

distributed simulation
punctual simulation
read_inputmaps(top, land, sl, par);
read_optionsfile_point(files->co[fopt]+1, par, top,
read_optionsfile_distr(files->co[fopt]+1,
land, sl, IT);
par, times, top->Z0);

65


GEOtop2010
Read input data

read meteo
init_meteo_stations(IT->met, met->st);
/* reads __control_parameters.txt */

ReadMeteoHeader(f, IT->met_col_names, met->st->offset->co[i], &ncols, met->column[i-1]);
met->data[i-1]=read_datameteo(f, met->st->offset->co[i], ncols, UV->V->co[2]);
met->horizon[i-1]=read_horizon(files->co[fhor]+1, i);

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GEOtop2010

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