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Ps slides wk 2
- 1. “I’ll pay
more for a
person’s
ability
to speak
and express
himself than
for any
other quality
he might
possess”
- Charles M. Schwab
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
- 2. Why Study Public Speaking?
Empowerment
•Achieves desired
goals
•Is “advantage” over
competition
•Shows confidence
•Shows conviction
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
- 3. Why Study Public Speaking?
Employment
Corporations want skilled speakers
•To adapt information
•To be organized
•To keep listeners interested
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- 4. The Communication Process
Communication as Action
• Linear: one-way messages
• Source: encodes message
• Message: what is said & how it
is said
• Channel: how message is
transmitted
• Receiver: decodes message
• Noise: interferes with message
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- 5. The Action Model of
Communication
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- 6. Communication as Interaction
• As message is sent, feedback to sender is
provided by receiver
• Communication happens within a context or the
environment/situation in which speech occurs
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- 7. Communication as Transaction
•Communication happens
simultaneously
•Sender also receives message
•Receiver also sends message
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- 8. Improving Your Confidence
• Nervousness is normal
• Public speaking number one in highest
anxiety
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- 9. Nervousness
• Audience cannot see nervousness
• Use anxiety to your advantage
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- 10. Build Your Confidence
Before your speech
• Don’t procrastinate
• Know your audience
• Select an appropriate topic
• Prepare
• Be organized
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- 11. Build Your Confidence
• Be familiar with introduction and
conclusion
• Simulate actual speech conditions
• Breathe deeply
• Think and act calmly
• Picture positive outcomes
• Reassure yourself mentally
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- 12. Build Your Confidence
During the speech: After the speech:
• Focus on content, not • Reflect on positives
fears • Seek other speaking
• Look for supportive opportunities
audience members
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- 13. Public Speaking Differs from
Conversation
Public Speaking
is Planned
• More formal
• More preparation
• Clearly defined roles
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- 14. Public Speaking Differs from
Conversation
Public Speaking is Formal
•Less slang and casual language
•More physical distance between speaker and
audience
•More controlled gestures and movements
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
- 15. Select & Narrow Your Topic
• Who will be hearing your speech?
• What is the occasion (event)?
• What are your interests, talents &
experiences?
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- 16. Determine Your Purpose
• General Purpose: overarching goal of your
speech
• To inform: teach, define or clarify
• To persuade: change or strengthen thoughts
or behaviors
• To entertain: amuse with stories, illustrations
and humor
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- 17. Specific Purpose
• Exact response you want from audience
• Concise statement indicating what you want
the audience to
• Do
• Think
• Feel
• Remember
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- 18. Develop Your Central Idea
• Overview of speech
• One-sentence summary of speech
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon Inc.
- 19. An example:
• Topic: The South
Beach Diet.
• General Purpose: To inform.
• Specific Purpose: At the end of
my speech, the
audience will be able
to identify the three key
elements in the South
Beach diet.
• Central Idea: The South Beach
diet is based upon
reducing the
amount of© 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Copyright
carbohydrates
you eat, drinking more
- 20. Generate Main Ideas
• Identify how speech will logically divide
• How central idea logically divides will
determine main ideas
• Reasons why central idea is true can be
main ideas.
• Series of steps to illustrate central idea can
be main ideas
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- 21. Gather Supporting Material
• Material that “backs up”
ideas
• Can be personal &
concrete
• Should appeal to
listeners
• Research your
supporting material
• Can be verbal, visual, or
both
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- 22. Organize Your Speech
• Start with body
• Arrange ideas to make most sense
• Prepare introduction & conclusion AFTER
body
• Follow effective outlining techniques
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- 23. Rehearse Your Speech
• Prepare early
• Practice out loud
• Observe your behaviors
• Make adjustments
• Rehearse in front of others
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- 24. Deliver Your Speech
• Walk calmly
• Walk confidently
• Remember rehearsals
• Maintain eye contact
• Speak loudly
• Vary your pitch
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- 25. Free speech
not only lives,
it rocks!
—OPRAH
WINFREY
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- 26. Ethics
• Values, beliefs and moral
principles by which
we determine what
is right or wrong
• For public speaking,
responsibly balance
right to free speech
with needs of audience
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- 27. Speaking Freely
• First Amendment guarantees free
speech.
• ACLU: helps protect free speech.
• Supreme Court: flag burning
protected
under free speech.
• Patriot Act sparks controversy
between
national2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Copyright ©
security & free speech.
- 28. Speaking Ethically
Have a Clear, Responsible
Goal
• Give listeners choices
• Do not keep your
agenda hidden from
your listeners
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- 29. Use Sound Evidence and Reasoning
• Do not make false claims
• Do not substitute emotions for
logic
• Keep quality of evidence high
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- 30. Be Sensitive and Tolerant of
Differences
• Be willing to listen to opposing
sides (accommodation)
• This shows respect for others
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- 31. Be Honest
• Offering false or misleading
information is unethical
• Give credit for ideas and
types of information that are
not your own
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- 32. Do Not Plagiarize
• Plagiarizing: presenting
someone else’s ideas or
words as though they were
yours
• Plagiaphrasing: failure to give
credit for compelling phrases
taken from another source
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- 33. Do Your Own Work
• Think of an original approach
• Avoid articles that can be
converted into speeches
• Edit your own work
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- 34. Acknowledge Your Sources
• Direct quotes, no matter how
short
• Opinions or ideas of others, even
if paraphrased
• Statistics
• Non-original visual materials
(graphs, pictures & tables)
• Give oral and written citations
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- 35. Becoming an
Audience-Centered Speaker
Gather information about your
audience
•Informally
• Demographics: information about
age, gender, sexual orientation,
education & religious views
•Formally
• Open-ended questions (unrestricted
answers)
• Closed-ended questions rights reserved
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(limited
- 36. Becoming an
Audience-Centered Speaker
Analyze information about
your audience
•Audience analysis: examining
information about listeners
•Ask
1. How are they similar?
2. How are they different?
3. How can I establish
common ground?
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- 37. Becoming an
Audience-Centered Speaker
Adapting to your audience
• Ethically using audience
information, to adapt messages for
clarity and your objective
• Modifying messages for better
clarity
• Helps achieve ethical goal(s)
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- 38. Analyzing your audience
before you speak
Demographic audience
analysis
Analyzing an audience by examining
demographic information to develop
clear and effective messages
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- 40. Types of Demographics
•Group •Socioeconomic
Membership Status
Religious Income
Political Occupation
Work Education
Social
Service
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- 41. Adapting to Diverse Listeners
• Look at differences
beyond cultural
• Focus on a target
audience
• Use variety of
supporting
materials
• Tell stories
• Balance logic with
emotions
•Show ideas visually
•Identify common values of audience
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- 42. Psychological Audience
Analysis
•Attitudes: likes and/or dislikes
•Beliefs: perceptions of what is true or
false
•Values: enduring concept of good/bad,
right/wrong
•Audiences can be
• Interested or uninterested
• Favorable or unfavorable
• Voluntary or captive
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- 43. Situational Audience Analysis
• Time (when, how long)
• Audience size
• Location (type of room,
arrangement of chairs)
• Occasion (event)
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- 44. Adapting as you speak
Identify nonverbal cues from
•listeners
Eye-contact
•Facial expression
•Movement
•Nonverbal
responsiveness
•Verbal
responsiveness
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- 45. Adapting as you speak
If audience If audience
If audience
seems seems to
seems
bored confused disagree
Tell a Use Provide more
story redundancy evidence
Consider Phrase Remind them
humor ideas of your
differently credibility
Increase Ask Give more
rate of audience to facts & fewer
speech summarize stories
Give Use a Give
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personal visual aid information
- 46. Customizing Your Message To
Your Audience
•Refer to
• Names of listeners
• Place of speech
• Historical events
•Mention recent news related to topic
•Give positive references to groups or
organizations in audience
•Discuss topic’s relevance for listeners
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- 47. Analyzing Your Audience After
You Speak
• Observe nonverbal responses
• Listen for verbal comments
• Survey audience
• Check for desired behavioral
responses
from audience
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