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Karakter dan String
1.
1
Materi 7 – Karakter dan string Outline 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Fundamentals of Strings and Characters 8.3 Character Handling Library 8.4 String Conversion Functions 8.5 Standard Input/Output Library Functions 8.6 String Manipulation Functions of the String Handling Library 8.7 Comparison Functions of the String Handling Library 8.8 Search Functions of the String Handling Library 8.9 Memory Functions of the String Handling Library 8.10 Other Functions of the String Handling Library © 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
2.
2
8.1 Introduction • Introduce some standard library functions – Easy string and character processing – Programs can process characters, strings, lines of text, and blocks of memory • These techniques used to make – Word processors – Page layout software – Typesetting programs © 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
3.
3
8.2 Fundamentals of Strings and Characters • Characters – Building blocks of programs • Every program is a sequence of meaningfully grouped characters – Character constant • An int value represented as a character in single quotes • 'z' represents the integer value of z • Strings – Series of characters treated as a single unit • Can include letters, digits and special characters (*, /, $) – String literal (string constant) - written in double quotes • "Hello" – Strings are arrays of characters • String a pointer to first character • Value of string is the address of first character © 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
4.
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8.2 Fundamentals of Strings and Characters • String declarations – Declare as a character array or a variable of type char * char color[] = "blue"; char *colorPtr = "blue"; – Remember that strings represented as character arrays end with '0' • color has 5 elements • Inputting strings – Use scanf scanf("%s", word); • Copies input into word[] • Do not need & (because a string is a pointer) – Remember to leave room in the array for '0' © 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
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8.3 Character Handling Library • Character handling library – Includes functions to perform useful tests and manipulations of character data – Each function receives a character (an int) or EOF as an argument • The following slide contains a table of all the functions in <ctype.h> © 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
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8.3 Character Handling Library Prototype Description int isdigit( int c ) Returns true if c is a digit and false otherwise. int isalpha( int c ) Returns true if c is a letter and false otherwise. int isalnum( int c ) Returns true if c is a digit or a letter and false otherwise. int isxdigit( int c ) Returns true if c is a hexadecimal digit character and false otherwise. int islower( int c ) Returns true if c is a lowercase letter and false otherwise. int isupper( int c ) Returns true if c is an uppercase letter; false otherwise. int tolower( int c ) If c is an uppercase letter, tolower returns c as a lowercase letter. Otherwise, tolower returns the argument unchanged. int toupper( int c ) If c is a lowercase letter, toupper returns c as an uppercase letter. Otherwise, toupper returns the argument unchanged. int isspace( int c ) Returns true if c is a white-space character—newline ('n'), space (' '), form feed ('f'), carriage return ('r'), horizontal tab ('t'), or vertical tab ('v')—and false otherwise int iscntrl( int c ) Returns true if c is a control character and false otherwise. int ispunct( int c ) Returns true if c is a printing character other than a space, a digit, or a letter and false otherwise. int isprint( int c ) Returns true value if c is a printing character including space (' ') and false otherwise. int isgraph( int c ) Returns true if c is a printing character other than space (' ') and false otherwise. © 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
7.
1
/* Fig. 8.2: fig08_02.c 7 2 Using functions isdigit, isalpha, isalnum, and isxdigit */ Outline 3 #include <stdio.h> 4 #include <ctype.h> 5 1. Load header 6 int main() 7 { 2. Perform tests 8 printf( "%sn%s%sn%s%snn", "According to isdigit: ", 9 isdigit( '8' ) ? "8 is a " : "8 is not a ", "digit", 10 isdigit( '#' ) ? "# is a " : 3. Print 11 "# is not a ", "digit" ); 12 printf( "%sn%s%sn%s%sn%s%sn%s%snn", 13 "According to isalpha:", 14 isalpha( 'A' ) ? "A is a " : "A is not a ", "letter", 15 isalpha( 'b' ) ? "b is a " : "b is not a ", "letter", 16 isalpha( '&' ) ? "& is a " : "& is not a ", "letter", 17 isalpha( '4' ) ? "4 is a " : 18 "4 is not a ", "letter" ); 19 printf( "%sn%s%sn%s%sn%s%snn", 20 "According to isalnum:", 21 isalnum( 'A' ) ? "A is a " : "A is not a ", 22 "digit or a letter", 23 isalnum( '8' ) ? "8 is a " : "8 is not a ", 24 "digit or a letter", 25 isalnum( '#' ) ? "# is a " : "# is not a ", 26 "digit or a letter" ); 27 printf( "%sn%s%sn%s%sn%s%sn%s%sn%s%sn", 28 "According to isxdigit:", 29 isxdigit( 'F' ) ? "F is a " : "F is not a ", 30 "hexadecimal digit", 31 isxdigit( 'J' ) ? "J is a " : "J is not a ", © 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. 32 "hexadecimal digit", All rights reserved.
8.
33
isxdigit( '7' ) ? "7 is a " : "7 is not a ", 8 34 "hexadecimal digit", Outline 35 isxdigit( '$' ) ? "$ is a " : "$ is not a ", 36 "hexadecimal digit", 3. Print 37 isxdigit( 'f' ) ? "f is a " : "f is not a ", 38 "hexadecimal digit" ); 39 return 0; 40 } According to isdigit: 8 is a digit Program Output # is not a digit According to isalpha: A is a letter b is a letter & is not a letter 4 is not a letter According to isalnum: A is a digit or a letter 8 is a digit or a letter # is not a digit or a letter According to isxdigit: F is a hexadecimal digit J is not a hexadecimal digit 7 is a hexadecimal digit $ is not a hexadecimal digit f is a hexadecimal digit © 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
9.
9
8.4 String Conversion Functions • Conversion functions – In <stdlib.h> (general utilities library) • Convert strings of digits to integer and floating- point values Prototype Description double atof( const char *nPtr ) Converts the string nPtr to double. int atoi( const char *nPtr ) Converts the string nPtr to int. long atol( const char *nPtr ) Converts the string nPtr to long int. double strtod( const char *nPtr, Converts the string nPtr to double. char **endPtr ) long strtol( const char *nPtr, Converts the string nPtr to long. char **endPtr, int base ) unsigned long strtoul( const char Converts the string nPtr to unsigned *nPtr, char **endPtr, int base ) long. © 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
10.
1
/* Fig. 8.6: fig08_06.c 10 2 Using atof */ Outline 3 #include <stdio.h> 4 #include <stdlib.h> 1. Initialize variable 5 6 int main() 2. Convert string 7 { 8 double d; 9 2.1 Assign to variable 10 d = atof( "99.0" ); 11 printf( "%s%.3fn%s%.3fn", 3. Print 12 "The string "99.0" converted to double is ", d, 13 "The converted value divided by 2 is ", 14 d / 2.0 ); 15 return 0; 16 } The string "99.0" converted to double is 99.000 Program Output The converted value divided by 2 is 49.500 © 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
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8.5Standard Input/Output Library Functions • Functions in <stdio.h> – Used to manipulate character and string data Function prototype Function description int getchar( void ); Inputs the next character from the standard input and returns it as an integer. char *gets( char *s ); Inputs characters from the standard input into the array s until a newline or end-of-file character is encountered. A terminating null character is appended to the array. int putchar( int c ); Prints the character stored in c. int puts( const char *s ); Prints the string s followed by a newline character. int sprintf( char *s, Equivalent to printf, except the output is stored in const char *format, ... ); the array s instead of printing it on the screen. int sscanf( char *s, const Equivalent to scanf, except the input is read from the char *format, ... ); array s instead of reading it from the keyboard. © 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
12.
1 /* Fig.
8.13: fig08_13.c 12 2 Using gets and putchar */ Outline 3 #include <stdio.h> 4 5 int main() 1. Initialize variables 6 { 7 char sentence[ 80 ]; 8 void reverse( const char * const ); 2. Input 9 10 printf( "Enter a line of text:n" ); 11 gets( sentence ); 3. Print 12 13 printf( "nThe line printed backwards is:n" ); 3.1 Function definition 14 reverse( sentence ); 15 (note recursion) 16 return 0; 17 } 18 19 void reverse( const char * const sPtr ) 20 { 21 if ( sPtr[ 0 ] == '0' ) 22 return; reverse calls itself using substrings of the 23 else { original string. When it reaches the '0' 24 reverse( &sPtr[ 1 ] ); character it prints using putchar 25 putchar( sPtr[ 0 ] ); 26 } 27 } Enter a line of text: Characters and Strings Program Output The line printed backwards is: sgnirtS dna sretcarahC © 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
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8.6 String Manipulation Functions of the String Handling Library • String handling library has functions to – Manipulate string data – Search strings – Tokenize strings – Determine string length Function prototype Function description char *strcpy( char *s1, Copies string s2 into array s1. The value of s1 is const char *s2 ) returned. char *strncpy( char *s1, Copies at most n characters of string s2 into array s1. const char *s2, size_t n ) The value of s1 is returned. char *strcat( char *s1, Appends string s2 to array s1. The first character of const char *s2 ) s2 overwrites the terminating null character of s1. The value of s1 is returned. char *strncat( char *s1, Appends at most n characters of string s2 to array s1. const char *s2, size_t n ) The first character of s2 overwrites the terminating null character of s1. The value of s1 is returned. © 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
14.
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/* Fig. 8.19: fig08_19.c 14 2 Using strcat and strncat */ Outline 3 #include <stdio.h> 4 #include <string.h> 1. Initialize variables 5 6 int main() 2. Function calls 7 { 8 char s1[ 20 ] = "Happy "; 9 char s2[] = "New Year "; 3. Print 10 char s3[ 40 ] = ""; 11 12 printf( "s1 = %sns2 = %sn", s1, s2 ); 13 printf( "strcat( s1, s2 ) = %sn", strcat( s1, s2 ) ); 14 printf( "strncat( s3, s1, 6 ) = %sn", strncat( s3, s1, 6 ) ); 15 printf( "strcat( s3, s1 ) = %sn", strcat( s3, s1 ) ); 16 return 0; 17 } s1 = Happy Program Output s2 = New Year strcat( s1, s2 ) = Happy New Year strncat( s3, s1, 6 ) = Happy strcat( s3, s1 ) = Happy Happy New Year © 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
15.
15 8.7
Comparison Functions of the String Handling Library • Comparing strings – Computer compares numeric ASCII codes of characters in string – Appendix D has a list of character codes int strcmp( const char *s1, const char *s2 ); – Compares string s1 to s2 – Returns a negative number if s1 < s2, zero if s1 == s2 or a positive number if s1 > s2 int strncmp( const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n ); – Compares up to n characters of string s1 to s2 – Returns values as above © 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
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8.8 Search Functions of the String Handling Library Function prototype Function description char *strchr( const char *s, Locates the first occurrence of character c in string s. If c is found, a pointer to c in int c ); s is returned. Otherwise, a NULL pointer is returned. size_t strcspn( const char Determines and returns the length of the initial segment of string s1 consisting of *s1, const char *s2 ); characters not contained in string s2. size_t strspn( const char Determines and returns the length of the initial segment of string s1 consisting only *s1, const char *s2 ); of characters contained in string s2. char *strpbrk( const char Locates the first occurrence in string s1 of any character in string s2. If a character *s1, const char *s2 ); from string s2 is found, a pointer to the character in string s1 is returned. Other- wise, a NULL pointer is returned. char *strrchr( const char *s, Locates the last occurrence of c in string s. If c is found, a pointer to c in string s is int c ); returned. Otherwise, a NULL pointer is returned. char *strstr( const char *s1, Locates the first occurrence in string s1 of string s2. If the string is found, a pointer const char *s2 ); to the string in s1 is returned. Otherwise, a NULL pointer is returned. char *strtok( char *s1, const A sequence of calls to strtok breaks string s1 into “tokens”—logical pieces such char *s2 ); as words in a line of text—separated by characters contained in string s2. The first call contains s1 as the first argument, and subsequent calls to continue tokenizing the same string contain NULL as the first argument. A pointer to the current token is returned by each call. If there are no more tokens when the function is called, NULL is returned. © 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
17.
1
/* Fig. 8.27: fig08_27.c 17 2 Using strspn */ Outline 3 #include <stdio.h> 4 #include <string.h> 1. Initialize variables 5 6 int main() 2. Function calls 7 { 8 const char *string1 = "The value is 3.14159"; 9 const char *string2 = "aehi lsTuv"; 3. Print 10 11 printf( "%s%sn%s%snn%sn%s%un", 12 "string1 = ", string1, "string2 = ", string2, 13 "The length of the initial segment of string1", 14 "containing only characters from string2 = ", 15 strspn( string1, string2 ) ); 16 return 0; 17 } string1 = The value is 3.14159 Program Output string2 = aehi lsTuv The length of the initial segment of string1 containing only characters from string2 = 13 © 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
18.
1 /* Fig.
8.29: fig08_29.c 18 2 Using strtok */ Outline 3 #include <stdio.h> 4 #include <string.h> 5 1. Initialize variables 6 int main() 7 { 8 char string[] = "This is a sentence with 7 tokens"; 2. Function calls 9 char *tokenPtr; 10 11 printf( "%sn%snn%sn", 3. Print 12 "The string to be tokenized is:", string, 13 "The tokens are:" ); 14 15 tokenPtr = strtok( string, " " ); 16 17 while ( tokenPtr != NULL ) { 18 printf( "%sn", tokenPtr ); 19 tokenPtr = strtok( NULL, " " ); 20 } 21 22 return 0; 23 } The string to be tokenized is: Program Output This is a sentence with 7 tokens The tokens are: This is a sentence with 7 tokens © 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
19.
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8.9 Memory Functions of the String- handling Library • Memory Functions – In <stdlib.h> – Manipulate, compare, and search blocks of memory – Can manipulate any block of data • Pointer parameters are void * – Any pointer can be assigned to void *, and vice versa – void * cannot be dereferenced • Each function receives a size argument specifying the number of bytes (characters) to process © 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
20.
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8.9 Memory Functions of the String- handling Library Prototype Description void *memcpy( void *s1, Copies n characters from the object pointed to by s2 into the const void *s2, object pointed to by s1. A pointer to the resulting object is size_t n ) returned. void *memmove( void *s1, Copies n characters from the object pointed to by s2 into the const void *s2, object pointed to by s1. The copy is performed as if the size_t n ) characters are first copied from the object pointed to by s2 into a temporary array, and then copied from the temporary array into the object pointed to by s1. A pointer to the resulting object is returned. int memcmp( const void *s1, Compares the first n characters of the objects pointed to by const void *s2, s1 and s2. The function returns 0, less than 0, or greater size_t n ) than 0 if s1 is equal to, less than or greater than s2, respectively. void *memchr(const void *s, Locates the first occurrence of c (converted to unsigned int c, size_t n ) char) in the first n characters of the object pointed to by s. If c is found, a pointer to c in the object is returned. Otherwise, 0 is returned. void *memset( void *s, Copies c (converted to unsigned char) into the first n int c, size_t n ) characters of the object pointed to by s. A pointer to the result is returned. © 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
21.
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/* Fig. 8.32: fig08_32.c 21 2 Using memmove */ Outline 3 #include <stdio.h> 4 #include <string.h> 1. Initialize variables 5 6 int main() 7 { 2. Function calls 8 char x[] = "Home Sweet Home"; 9 3. Print 10 printf( "%s%sn", 11 "The string in array x before memmove is: ", x ); 12 printf( "%s%sn", 13 "The string in array x after memmove is: ", 14 memmove( x, &x[ 5 ], 10 ) ); 15 16 return 0; 17 } The string in array x before memmove is: Home Sweet Home Program Output The string in array x after memmove is: Sweet Home Home © 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
22.
22 8.10 Other
Functions of the String Handling Library • char *strerror( int errornum ); – Creates a system-dependent error message based on errornum – Returns a pointer to the string • size_t strlen( const char *s ); – Returns the number of characters (before NULL) in string s © 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
23.
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/* Fig. 8.37: fig08_37.c 23 2 Using strerror */ Outline 3 #include <stdio.h> 1. Function call 4 #include <string.h> 5 2. Print 6 int main() 7 { 8 printf( "%sn", strerror( 2 ) ); 9 return 0; 10 } No such file or directory Program Output © 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
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