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Saffron Flowers
and Sunken
Gardens
Inspiring Initiatives Reversing Dryland
Degradation and Strengthening Livelihoods
Saffron Flowers and Sunken Gardens: Inspiring Initiatives Reversing Dryland Degradation and Strengthening Livelihoods
Saffron Flowers
and Sunken Gardens
Saffron Flowers and Sunken Gardens: Inspiring Initiatives Reversing Dryland Degradation and Strengthening Livelihoods
CONTENT




Introduction           4
Notes for the reader   6
Land degradation       7
1 	 Brazil             8
2 	 Turkey             10
3 	 Niger              12
4 	 Drynet             14
5 	 Bolivia            16
6 	 Iran               18
7 	 India              20
8 	 South Africa       22
9 	 Uzbekistan         24
10 	 Iran              26
11 	 Chile             28
12 	 Pakistan          30
13 Senegal             32
14 Mauritania          34
15 Madagascar          36
16 Chile               38
17 Turkey              40
18 Mauritania          42
Story                  44
Epilogue               45 - 47
Introduction




The Importance
of Local Initiatives:
Drynet’s Vision
Peoples’ perceptions about drylands are often dominated                Lastly, if development efforts are to be sustainable, it is
by stories of doom and gloom. Although some areas do                   essential that dryland communities are centrally involved
face serious problems there is also reason for optimism as             in their design and implementation. Policy processes for
grassroots initiatives in many regions have positively trans-          fostering sustainable development in drylands need to be
formed the environment and living conditions with people               based on dialogue with all relevant stakeholders and should
finding ways to earn their living that do not cause degrada-           adopt a genuine participatory approach. This is the only way
tion. Drynet partners around the world have been involved              for developing policies that will work for and be supported
in, and are documenting all sorts of inspiring initiatives from        by local communities, the people responsible for sustain-
around the world, this publication highlights just a small             ing them in the long term. This is the only way to integrate
selection of them. These examples show that positive                   local socio-economic conditions and preferences alongside
change is possible and they will hopefully inspire the many            ecological or technical aspects of policies or programmes
people working in or for drylands. Yet they are also an im-            and the only way of finding solutions that will be supported
portant advocacy tool, as they show the policies and actions           by the people whose lives are affected by them. This vision
that need to be adapted to reverse dryland degradation.                is illustrated well by the case on participatory afforestation
                                                                       in Birjand, Iran.
Local grassroots initiatives often fall under the radar of poli-
cy makers and it is one of Drynet’s objectives to make these           All the initiatives in this report reflect these three ele-
initiatives more visible. Such initiatives vary enormously in          ments of Drynet’s vision. This publication is intended to
their content, approach, scale and focus. Equally, they are            inspire readers with the wealth of diverse initiatives that are
initiated and supported by a wide variety of organisations             happening all over the world. It is also meant to expose a
and groups. Despite this variety, all the cases in this report         wider audience to the work that Drynet and its partners are
reflect the vision of Drynet and its partners. What are the key        doing, to share Drynet’s drive and vision, its commitment
elements of this vision?                                               to drylands and their communities and the benefits of col-
                                                                       laborative work. These ‘stories from the field’ are backed up
Firstly, we believe that it is worth investing in drylands             by testimonies from a number of individuals from organi-
because they have intrinsic value. Drylands harbour unique             sations which have collaborated with Drynet partners in
biodiversity, which provides unique products and valuable              recent years.
ecosystem services. They provide a valuable gene pool of
many species and varieties that are well-adapted to dry
conditions. Many of the initiatives in this report reflect this
reality. The story of Turkish Saffron is a good example.

Secondly, we are convinced that grassroots initiatives
provide innovative alternatives to present-day mainstream
development efforts in drylands. Such initiatives are either
taken by a local community itself or by organisations which
support the local community in shaping, implementing and
‘owning’ the initiative. The case of the fog nets in Chile is a
good example of this.
The world’s dryland systems (from: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment,
                                                                     2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Desertification Synthesis. World
                                                                     Resources Institute, Washington, DC.)




Drylands: facts and figures                                          Land degradation and desertification reduce the biologi-
Some 40% of the earth’s land surface is covered by semi-arid         cal and productive potential of the land. The causes can be
and arid ecosystems, otherwise known as drylands. More               natural, man-made or a combination of the two. Dryland eco-
than two thirds of Africa and virtually all of the Middle East       systems have a specific and well-evolved balance between
are classified as drylands. The majority of people who live in       plants, animals, soils, water and people, but it is a fragile bal-
these regions are highly dependent on rearing livestock and          ance that is more easily disturbed than in other ecosystems.
on cultivation, activities which rely on the quality of (and         Once disturbed, the balance is hard to restore, which is why it
continued access to) natural resources, especially land and          is so important to try to prevent degradation and desertifica-
water. In most dryland countries these activities account            tion before they occur.
for 30–50% of Gross Domestic Product and an even higher
proportion of people’s livelihoods. At the present time some         Drylands are susceptible to droughts and to climatic varia-
70% of the world’s drylands are affected by degradation.             tions, which in recent years have become more frequent and
                                                                     extreme with climate change. Increasingly dryland com-
The first Millennium Development Goal focuses on reducing            munities are having to find ways to adapt to these climatic
poverty and enhancing food security by 2015. Today, 70%              changes. More localised causes of degradation, such as the
of people suffering from serious and permanent under-                overexploitation of resources, frequently occur but these can
nourishment (an estimated 1 billion people) live in semi-            often be addressed, sometimes quite easily. Sometimes they
arid and arid zones, especially in Africa. This highlights the       are driven by short-term financial gain (for example large-
importance of investing in the ability of the people living in       scale mono-cropping, or mining). At other times more com-
these areas to restore the productive capacity of the dryland        plex socio-economic circumstances drive people to overuse
ecosystems on which they depend.                                     the land and its resources. For example, nomadic cattle
The world’s dryland systems (from: Millennium Ecosystem              herders are often forced to graze their cattle on ever smaller
Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being:                   patches of land, when others lay claim to the land that they
Desertification Synthesis. World Resources Institute, Wash-          once used. This leads to overgrazing and land degradation.
ington, DC.)                                                         Issues of tenure, user rights and protective laws all strongly
                                                                     influence the opportunities that people have to use the land
                                                                     and its resources sustainably.
Notes for the reader


Drylands harbour a unique, well-adapted biodiversity and
                                                                     This publication describes just a few
are very rich in endemic species. Equally, the people who
live in these environments have also adapted to them in
                                                                     of the many initiatives that Drynet and
inventive and creative ways. Many drylands are marginal-             its partners are involved in, or have
ised, rural, areas which attract little attention from central       documented and catalogued.
decision-makers and donors. As such, it is often down
                                                                     The case studies focus on the unique
to the communities themselves to draw on their own
resources and ingenuity to find their own solutions to               or innovative aspects of each example.
land degradation and drought. Many of these solutions                Fuller descriptions of these studies and
are innovative and inspiring and deserve more attention.
                                                                     other inspiring initiatives can be found at
Most investments in drylands come from within dryland
communities.
                                                                     www.dry-net.org. From the site you can
Farmers have the most interest in investing in their own             link back to the Drynet partner who
fields, provided that they have tenure rights (see, for ex-          knows most about each case and find
ample, the case from Niger). Communities often draw up
                                                                     further information and contacts. The
their own management and delivery systems with rela-
tively low costs, contributing labour, materials and skills          website also gives details on all the
(see for example the case from Brazil). Such solutions are           activities in which Drynet’s partners are
usually well-adapted to the local context and possibili-
                                                                     involved in and their achievements. It
ties, answer local needs and show innovativeness in their
use of local materials or in adapting technologies. With
                                                                     provides access to Drynet newsletters in
limited means these communities tackle the problems                  14 languages, dryland-related news from
threatening their survival in ways that no policy-maker              all over the world, and Drynet’s position
could design behind a desk.
                                                                     on a number of topics such as adaptation
Looking Forward                                                      to climate change or biofuel production
Drynet started in 2007 and currently receives financial              in drylands.
support from the European Union, the Global Mechanism,
IUCN NL and PSO, a Dutch capacity-building organisation.
Drynet’s partners have embarked on building dialogue,
                                                                     Land degradation takes different forms,
networks and cooperative structures within their coun-               and has different causes, in different
tries. Drynet has established civil society platforms in             areas, countries and regions.
some of the countries most affected by desertification
                                                                     The WOCAT publication “Where the Land
and land degradation. These have now established their
own momentum and are expected to continue to thrive                  is Greener” (2007, editors: Hanspeter
beyond the term of the current project. Faced with ac-               Liniger and William Critchley) provides a
celerating climatic change, governments are increasingly
                                                                     useful definition of land degradation, and
recognising the need to take action, to respond to major
crises or prevent them from happening. They can only do
                                                                     the different forms it takes, as shown in
so effectively with the help and support of the people for           the box at the right.
whom they are working. The strong platforms consisting
of civil society organisations (CSOs) that Drynet has build
will provide a crucial tool to promote collaboration be-
tween civil society and policy makers, scientists and the
private sector. They will provide a unique access point to
local sources of knowledge on drylands and the unique
resources that they harbour. They lay the foundation for
national cooperation, which is the basis for any meaning-
ful representation in policy processes at the international
level.
Land degradation


Degraded land is defined as land that, due to natural processes or human activity,
is no longer able to sustain properly an economic function and/or the original
ecological function. There are a number of inter-related land degradation
components, all of which may contribute to a decline in agricultural production and
other ecosystem services. The most important are:




Soil degradation - decline in the productive capacity                 Climate deterioration - changes in the micro- and
of the soil as a result of soil erosion and changes in the            macro-climatic conditions that increase the risk of crop
hydrological, biological, chemical and physical functions             failure.
of the soil. The major types include water erosion (such as
inter-rill erosion, gully erosion, mass movement, off-site
sedimentation), wind erosion, chemical deterioration (such            Losses to urban/industrial development -
as fertility decline, reduced organic matter, acidification,          decline in the total area of land used, or with potential for
salinisation, soil pollution) and physical deterioration (such        agricultural production as a result of arable land being
as soil compaction, surface sealing and crusting, water               converted to urban, industrial and infrastructure uses.
logging).                                                             It needs to be stressed that there are many interactions
                                                                      and interdependencies between these components,
                                                                      and measures to combat land degradation and promote
Vegetation degradation - decline in the quantity and/                 sustainable land management will commonly address more
or quality (species composition, diversity, etc) of the natural       than one at a time.
biomass and decrease in the vegetative ground cover.



Water degradation - decline in the quantity and/or                       Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
quality of both surface and groundwater resources (such as               Nations, WOCAT, Where the Land is Greener (2007, editors: Liniger
                                                                          Critchley)
aridification and soil moisture problem).
Basic Case Info



          1

   Inspiring Initiative: Harvesting
   Drinking Water in North East Brazil
   Land: Brazil
   Land degradation: Water degradation
   Initiative by: Articulação do Semi-Árido Brasileiro
   Initiative supported by: Instituto Sertão




Building One Million Water
Cisterns




photo: Eduardo Queiroga.
A Simple and Effective Technology


   The system was originally designed by a local mason in the 1960s.
   Underground cisterns, which are constructed in situ by local
   artisans, are built to store the water that falls on rooftops during
   the rainy season. The cisterns consist of curved cement plates,
   made using simple wooden frames and then sunk about 2/3rds
   of their height into the ground. After the walls have set a
   cement plaster floor is laid, the protruding walls are protected
   with rammed earth and plaster and the tank is crowned with a
   cement roof. On average the tanks store 16,000 litres - enough to
   ensure cooking and drinking water for a family of five for up to
   eight months.

                                                                                                                   drawing: Carlos Machado.




Setting the Initiative
Some 11% of Brazil (almost 900,000 sq. km) - mostly in the
North East of the country - is semi arid. These areas, with a
rainfall of between 600-1200mm p.a., are home to some 12
million rural dwellers who have no means of storing this rainfall
to meet their domestic water needs. During the dry season - or
when the rains fail - these families must rely on either trucked-
in water or on stagnant, poor quality water dredged from the            Making the Difference
bottom of dams. Diarrhoea, caused by drinking contaminated              The simplicity of the design, and the participatory approach, in
water is responsible for one in four child mortalities in the           which local craftsmen are trained in building the cisterns and
region.Ten years ago at the 3rd Conference of the Parties of the        families trained in their maintenance, are key elements in the
Convention to Combat Desertification (held in Recife, Brazil) a         success of the project. To date around 5,000 local builders have
group of civil society organisations came together to form the          been trained in cistern-construction, thereby adding to the
Articulação do Semi-Árido Brasileiro ASA (the Coalition of the          local skills base and earning capacity. But perhaps the major
Semi-Arid Regions of Brazil) and adopted the goal of guaran-            key to the success of the project has been the involvement of a
teeing access to safe water for rural households. Based on the          wide range of stakeholders. The ASA is an umbrella organisation
experience of some member organizations ASA began a pilot               involving some 800 CSOs (ranging from faith-based groups to
project of building cement water cisterns.                              trade unions and rural workers associations) and as such has a
                                                                        large outreach. In addition the ASA has built strong links with
Between 2001 and 2003 the programme grew from a pilot                   national government, which has made a ten year commitment
scheme to one that is now mainstreamed. At the last count (July         to funding the scheme; with local authorities, which manage
2009) nearly a quarter of a million water cisterns had been con-        the training aspects and select beneficiaries; and with the
structed in north-eastern Brazil, at an average cost of $900 per        private sector, with the Brazilian Federation of Banks providing
unit. These cisterns have improved the health of more than a            financial and administrative assistance. Such extensive co-
million people and reduced the labour burden of women - who             operation has created the necessary political conditions,
previously had to trek long distances in search of water. In ad-        particularly transparency and efficiency, to enable its continued
dition they have reduced the dependence of these families on            implementation- a factor that is equally as important as the
local landowners and politicians, who use access to water as a          simplicity of the technology and the continued flow of funds for
means of securing patronage, and the cost of trucking in water.         raw materials, training and administration.
Basic Case Info



        2


Inspiring Initiative: The Çütlük Saffron Project
Land: Turkey
Land degradation: Soil and Water degradation
by mono-cropping
Initiative by: TEMA, Harran University




Using a Flower to Combat
Desertification




Credits: Elias Pirasteh



                                                   10
“Saffron only requires 10% of the
                water that cotton needs and offers a
                potential for local value-adding”




                                                                           Making the Difference
                                                                           The project initiators thought that the Harran Plateau was
                                                                           a potentially interesting place to experiment with saffron
                                                                           production, as it has the right combination of climate and soil
                                                                           conditions and a pool of natural cultivars, which they hoped to
                                                                           tap into. They carried out soil tests before discussing the idea
                                                                           with villagers and offering them a package of training on saf-
Setting the Initiative                                                     fron production, access to bulbs, and the facilities to store and
Çütlük lies in a semi-arid upland region on the southern edge              protect them.
of Turkey, close to the Syrian and Iraqi borders. Local agriculture
is dominated by cotton mono-cropping, which accounts for                   Farmers who took up saffron cultivation found that they
70% of agricultural production, but requires frequent irrigation           doubled or tripled their incomes. The project has also led to
(seven to eight times a year). This leads to increased salinity and        women taking a larger role in cultivation and harvesting (both
the loss of nutrients in an already water-scarce area.                     types of work are quite intricate and demand much patience
                                                                           and dexterity, attributes locally ascribed to women). As a result
Against this background, TEMA (The Turkish Foundation for                  the social status of women has improved. Far less irrigation wa-
Combating Soil Erosion, for Reforestation and the Construction             ter is now used in the village and the soils are showing signs of
of Natural Habitats) joined forces with experts at Harran Univer-          recovery. This has led villagers to develop a better relationship
sity to explore the viability of re-introducing commercial saffron         with the landowners from whom they rent their land.
cultivation into the area. Saffron is one of the most expensive
spices in the world. It takes 500 kilograms of bulbs to produce            Other communities in the region have become aware of the
just 200 grams of flower stamens. The plant grows in the wild in           benefits of saffron production and a number of similar projects
the area, which is thought to be a valuable pool of saffron gene           have been established, some externally funded (for example by
resources. Saffron only requires 10% of the water that cotton              the EU) and others internally (by farmers’ associations or the
needs and offers a potential for local value-adding.                       local municipality). This, in turn, is creating new markets for
                                                                           selling bulbs as well as the opportunity to develop a more
The project had both local and more strategic objectives. At the           effective marketing structure for the spice.
local level it aimed to make local agriculture more sustainable
by encouraging saffron cultivation, and to use this as a basis             Though small in scope, this project has received national and
for building small enterprises and improving social, economic,             international acclaim and has raised the profile of saffron
employment and educational opportunities in the village. On                production both within Turkey and further afield. It has been
a more strategic level it aimed to improve the conservation of             awarded prizes by several international associations, includ-
saffron cultivars by drawing on the local gene pool, to encour-            ing the United Nations and the International Public Relations
age the Ministry of Agriculture to consider supporting saffron             Association. The project shows how replacing an imported crop
producers, to stimulate more research into saffron agriculture,            (cotton) with a locally adapted variety can have very positive
and to attract potential buyers and contribute to Turkey becom-            economic and ecological benefits, and highlights the value of
ing a net exporter.                                                        local sources of dryland biodiversity.


                                                                      11
Basic Case Info



        3


Inspiring Initiative: Building on a Green Revolution
in the Sahel
Land: Niger
Land degradation: Vegetation degradation
Initiative by: CIS/VU University




The Largest Reforestation
Effort in Africa Goes
Unnoticed




Galma, Niger, 1975                                 Galma, Niger, 2003




                                                                 12
“Estimates suggest that some 5 million hectares have more
   vegetative cover than before as a result of an estimated 4
   million farmers protecting trees. This makes it the largest
   reforestation initiative ever to have occurred in Africa.”




Setting the Initiative                                                      improving the incomes of participating farmers. Moreover it
A recent study by the Centre for International Cooperation of               reduces vulnerability to drought. Following the drought of
the Free University of Amsterdam shows that vast areas of land              2005, farmers with more trees on their land had better harvests
in Niger and parts of Burkina Faso now have more vegetative                 and were able to support themselves through the hungry
cover than 20 years ago. The researchers discovered that this is            season by selling firewood to buy food. Research in one village
due to farmers in densely populated regions of these countries              in the Maradi region shows that villagers protect 37 different
protecting and managing trees that naturally seed themselves                tree species, suggesting that complex ecosystems are
on their farms. The research showed that this practice has been             re-emerging.
taken up in neighbouring parts.

The scale of this re-greening is quite remarkable. Estimates                Making the Difference
suggest that some 5 million hectares have more vegetative                   Three factors seem to have led farmers to recognise the ben-
cover than before as a result of an estimated 4 million farmers             efits of protecting trees. Firstly, the drought years of the 1970s
protecting trees. At an average density of 40 trees per                     and 1980s convinced farmers of the need for protection against
hectare the study estimates that some 20 million trees have                 dust and sand storms, land degradation and decreasing crop
been nurtured and protected from grazing cattle. This makes                 yields. Secondly, there has been a shift in perceptions about the
it the largest reforestation initiative ever to have occurred in            ownership of trees - while they remain the property of the state
Africa - and one carried out largely through farmers’ own initia-           farmers now have de facto usufruct rights over them and are
tives; in fact, the government and international agencies were              prepared to invest in protecting them. Finally, farmers recog-
hardly aware that it was happening.                                         nised the need to intensify production systems in reaction to
                                                                            strong demographic growth. A series of informal farmer-
While conventional wisdom holds that population pressure                    to-farmer exchanges slowly led to a spread in the practice that
has a negative effect on the natural resource base of drylands,             provides farmers with a capital asset for use in times of hard-
this initiative suggests otherwise. It seems that farmers are               ship, and a regular stream of benefits.
adjusting their farming practices to accommodate an increas-
ing population. For example, they manage their livestock more               Clearly many lessons can be learnt from this movement, not
intensively by controlling their grazing, so they do not damage             least because of its sheer size and the spontaneous manner
young saplings. When mature the trees can provide additional                in which it has been taken up. It shows potential for address-
fodder for the livestock, which in turn produce more manure                 ing the food crisis, continued degradation of dryland areas
which can be used to increase the fertility of the fields. The trees        and climate change (trees sequester carbon). Farmers can be
also help protect crops particularly in their early growth stages,          supported in taking up these initiatives by changes in user
from desert winds, fix nitrogen, stabilise the soil, raise the water        rights, by including farmer-led regeneration approaches within
table and provide a source of wood. Their proximity to people’s             existing and new projects, by promoting farmer exchange visits
homes means that women spend much less time gathering                       and publicising this success story through the mass media and
wood.                                                                       extension services.

Studies show that protecting trees increases the efficiency of
both the cropping and husbandry systems, considerably


                                                                       13
Basic Case Info



     4
Inspiring Initiative: Drynet: Building Platforms
and Fostering Dialogues
Land: The Netherlands, France, Germany, Turkey, Bolivia,
Chile, Brazil, Senegal, Mauritania, South Africa, Iran,
Pakistan, India, Kazachstan
Initiative by: Both ENDS, OLCA, PROBIOMA, IS, ENDA, TENMIYA,
EMG, CAREC, CENESTA LPPS, LPP, CARI, SCOPE, TEMA




Drynet: a Global Initiative,
Giving Future to Drylands




                                                          14
Making the Difference
                                                                          Drynet brings together organisations working on issues such as
                                                                          soil remediation, rights for pastoral peoples and climate adapta-
                                                                          tion. The organisations come from different cultural and geo-
Setting the Initiative                                                    graphic backgrounds: from Chile and Uzbekistan to Mauritania
Initiatives to develop and rehabilitate drylands face many                and Iran. Yet they defy these cultural and language barriers in
challenges. In part, this is because these objectives have been           an effort to develop a stronger civil society, to raise public and
poorly integrated into overall development strategies and aid             political attention for drylands and to ensure more participa-
agreements. In addition, there are poor links between the policy          tory approaches to policy making and project implementation.
community and the communities working at a grassroots level.
Policy makers are often unaware of what is happening at the               Drynet’s members share a common vision and have developed
grassroots level and fail to recognise and ensure the mastery,            a way of working that allows them to build platforms within
management and, even ownership of local natural resources by              their own countries and also link with partners around the
local communities. The process of including these communi-                world. Together they have designed a methodology for build-
ties in the decision making structure is very weak, even though           ing the capacity of CSOs involved in drylands. This follows a
most of these processes will be made in their name and for                four-step process 1) identification of all relevant stakehold-
their benefits. Equally community organisations, particularly             ers and interests, 2) analysis of current policy, development
CSOs, have limited access to knowledge and information on                 and aid processes, 3) bringing stakeholders together to share
best practices and relevant scientific research on drylands.              knowledge and identify priorities for improving participation in
                                                                          relevant policy processes, 4) identification of gaps in knowledge
Yet grassroots CSOs can provide a crucial link between local              and skills of CSOs are then addressed by training and other
land users and national and international decision makers. They           forms of capacity building. Positive examples are highlighted to
are the eyes and the ears of the local population, implementing           provide inspiration and there is attention for the possibilities for
activities at a grassroots level, conserving, documenting and             up scaling. This methodology has been consistently followed.
spreading traditional knowledge and monitoring change. They               It has led to improved contact among stakeholders, awareness
are well placed to voice the concerns and needs of local com-             of stakeholders on the various local issues, and to dialogue
munities to policy makers, although they often lack the organi-           between stakeholders. It also led to changes in the authorities’
sational capacity to take up the role of translating local needs,         attitudes towards participatory approaches.
realities and solutions into viable policy recommendations. This
gap was recognised by a group of 14 CSOs who came together                The three European members play a role in monitoring inter-
to form Drynet, a network which aims to strengthen civil soci-            national policies and programmes likely to effect development
ety at national levels and to provide them with access to the             efforts in dryland environments and provide a conduit between
information and skills needed to enhance their knowledge and              grassroots organisations and the international policy commu-
visibility so they can positively influence policies. A second aim        nity. At the international level, Drynet has been able to express
of Drynet has been to build international links between CSOs              common positions and influence decision-making, and this in
so that they can learn from each others’ experiences and share            turn has given southern partners more visibility and leverage
knowledge.                                                                within their own countries.


                                                                     15
Basic Case Info



     5

Inspiring Initiative: Responsible Soy Bean
Management
Land: Bolivia	
Land degradation: Soil degradation by chemical
contamination and monocropping
Initiative by: PROBIOMA and farmers associations




A Greener Approach to
Cultivating the ‘Golden Grain’




                                                   16
Farmers’ Testimonies


        “Our objective is to produce at the lowest
        costs and to use less toxins”
        Juan Patzi (sugar cain farmer)

        “We want to raise consciousness about
        taking care of our health and that of our
        people” (soy farmer)



Setting the Initiative                                                      Making the Difference
In the past 15 years soy has become Bolivia’s major export crop.            At the farm level these changes involve establishing standards
Almost one million hectares of land, mostly in the Department               for ecological cultivation on small plots which incorporate
of Santa Cruz, is now dedicated to soy production, which has                windbreaks, encourage crop rotation and diversification,
grown exponentially in recent years. Some 70% of this land was              discourage the use of artificial agrochemicals and avoid the use
previously virgin forest. According to the National Soil Usage              of genetically modified varieties. This has been backed up by
Plan (based on FAO criteria and adopted by law in 1996) 30%                 developing a training programme on organic and low exter-
of this land was unsuitable for conversion to agriculture. In               nal input soy production, establishing demonstration plots,
2005 alone more than 100,000 hectares of land was deforested                distributing biological control agents and providing technical
for soy cultivation. But while more land is being brought into              assistance for participating farmers.
production, large tracts of land - some 300,000 hectares - have
been abandoned in an advanced state of desertification, as soy              At the policy level the programme works to establish policy
cultivation has rapidly depleted the fertility and structure of             standards which respect designated natural areas, indigenous
these fragile forest soils Worryingly, this destructive production          territories and the recommendations of the National Soil Usage
model continues to advance on virgin lands, threatening to                  Plan. At the organisational level it involves building the capacity
leave even larger tracts of desertified land in its wake.                   of agricultural cooperatives and syndicates, so they can exert
                                                                            more influence on decision making, and building a multi-stake-
The majority of farmers in this region are smallholders with less           holder alliance to increase transparency and improve govern-
than 50 hectares and their livelihoods are as fragile as the soils          ance. Other aspects of the programme include establishing a
they work. Soy, and particularly genetically modified varieties, is         broadcasting and advocacy campaign to raise awareness about
a capital-intensive crop, requiring farmers to buy seed and agro-           agricultural issues and developing a certification and marketing
chemicals. -Yet most farmers have limited financial reserves and            system that rewards responsible soy production.
can only finance each year’s planting by using their machinery,
land or homes as collateral. If the crop fails the farmers face los-        Within three and half years the programme has attracted
ing their assets and their livelihoods and being bought out by              almost 1,500 individual farmers and ten farmers’ associations
bigger players.                                                             and has led to almost 60,000 hectares of land being farmed in a
                                                                            more ecological manner. Many farmers now realise the benefits
In response to this situation PROBIOMA established a multi-                 of responsible soy production and farmers’ experiences demon-
stakeholder forum to identify ways to control the environ-                  strate that one of the biological micro-organisms used to treat
mental impacts of soybean production and to strengthen the                  seeds also shows signs of improving the soils degraded by the
position of small-scale farmers. This forum led to the launch of            use of agrochemicals.
the Programme for the Responsible Management of Soybeans
in 2005. The programme involves changing farming practices                  The programme shows that it is possible to engage with a form
and the social and economic environment in which farming is                 of agriculture that causes widespread environmental and social
carried out. This two-pronged approach is helping small-scale               damage and to ‘reform it from within’. Aspects of this model, in
farmers step off the treadmill of mono-cropping, to reduce their            particular the development of social and environmental criteria,
dependency on external inputs and reverse environmental                     are now being adapted by Quinoa farmers’ associations in the
degradation.                                                                Bolivian highlands.


                                                                       17
Basic Case Info



      6
Inspiring Initiative: Participatory Afforestation,
Ecological Restoration and Carbon Sequestration in Birjand
Land: Iran
Land degradation: Vegetation degradation by
overgrazing and fuel wood gathering
Initiative by: Iranian Ministry of Agriculture, UNDP, Global
Environment Facility / Initiative supported by: CENESTA




Villages and the Iranian
Government Aligning their
Interests




                                                               18
“Over five years (2004-2008) the
      groups have rehabilitated some
      12,000 hectares of degraded
      rangelands”




                                                                        Making the Difference
                                                                        This programme, which was set up in 2004, is unusual in that
                                                                        it was initiated by a national government working closely with
                                                                        the local community. Village Development Groups (VDGs)
                                                                        have been set up in almost every village and almost 50% of
                                                                        the members are women, an unusual feature in a male-domi-
                                                                        nated culture. The VDGs have been involved in all aspects of the
                                                                        programme, from site and species selection, to planting and
                                                                        protecting the areas and then gathering seeds from these areas
                                                                        for planting in the following year.

                                                                        Over five years (2004-2008) the groups have rehabilitated some
Setting the Initiative                                                  12,000 hectares of degraded rangelands, leading to a significant
The Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the countries most af-           increase in vegetative cover which has increased the availability
fected by desertification and, consequently, has made the               of fodder and reduced the need to take the animals elsewhere
rehabilitation of degraded lands a top priority. The government         to graze. The programme is recognized as the most successful
has established an innovative community afforestation project           intervention that the UNDP has supported in Iran so far.
in Birjand, a heavily degraded and sparsely populated area near
the Afghan border. The project area covers some 148,000                 As well as improving the resilience of the local ecology, the
hectares, most of it hilly and rocky land. It supports a small          project also seeks to reduce pressure on local resources, par-
population of 164 families spread across almost 30 villages.            ticularly the demand for fuel wood. Most villages have received
                                                                        a gas oven suitable for baking Nan bread (a staple in the local
Animal herding is the main occupation, although the land is             diet). In one of the larger villages a solar-powered bathhouse
so degraded that local herders are often forced to graze their          has been established.
flocks in other areas for long periods of time. Land degradation
is due to overgrazing and excessive fuel wood gathering which,          Other spin-offs from the scheme, and particularly the mobilisa-
for a while, was exacerbated by the temporary presence of refu-         tion of the VDGs, have included the establishment of micro-
gees from neighbouring Afghanistan. As a result the area has            credit and village savings schemes, which are mostly used to
been left with hardly any woody biomass; the only remaining             establish and develop micro-enterprises including artisanal ac-
wood was a shrub that the livestock find unpalatable. The short-        tivities such as carpet weaving. Local artisans have also received
age of vegetation increases the damage caused by the strong             their first opportunity for national exposure and for accessing
sand-laden winds, which are prevalent in the region, causing            wider markets by exhibiting in a national crafts fair in Tehran.
erosion and damaging crops.
                                                                        The Iranian government plans to scale up this approach in other
The project seeks to restore these rangelands through partici-          parts of the country facing problems of desertification and
patory planting and seeding, combating desertification, improv-         vegetation loss and has declared an interest in approaching
ing the welfare of local communities and also contributing              neighbouring countries to explore adopting these methods. It
to carbon sequestration - thereby aligning local, national and          is hoped that at least some of the money needed to finance this
global political objectives.                                            expansion will be provided by the Global Climate Fund.


                                                                   19
Basic Case Info



     7



Inspiring Initiative: Promoting Camel Products
as a Specialty and Health Food
Land: India
Initiative by: LPPS




From Heirloom to Unique
Selling Point




                                                 20
Convincing the Chief Minister



        The Chief Minister of Rajasthan, India,
        committed her government to saving the
        camel and its potential for supporting
        livelihoods in the Thar Desert, after reading
        about the situation in the local Drynet
        Newsletter.




Setting the Initiative
The camel is part and parcel of Rajasthan’s culture and tradi-
tion. They were once the lifeline of the rural population, provid-
ing transportation, doing heavy agricultural work and providing
a bulwark against droughts. Traditional camel husbandry is an                Making the Difference
ingenious way of converting the scattered and seasonally                     LPPS is adapting a two-pronged approach toward valorising
varying vegetation of the Thar Desert into protein and energy.               camel products, raising public awareness about camel products
Camels roam freely throughout most of the year, foraging where               and working with camel breeders to help them tap into these
they can and are only supervised during the breeding season                  new niche markets. Only a few years ago, most
and when crops are growing during the monsoon months.                        Indians would have been disgusted by the idea of drinking
But with the growth of irrigated agriculture and the increased               camel milk. LPPS has successfully worked with the media to
availability of motorised transport, rural dwellers have come                make its medicinal value known. It organised an international
to see camels as outmoded, and even a threat to farmers. As a                workshop in Jaipur, the state capital, in which camel experts and
consequence the camel population of Rajasthan has dwindled                   medical researchers participated, and which was well covered
by almost 50% in the past decade, to about 400,000.                          in the national media. It has also promoted camel milk and ice
                                                                             cream (“a low calorie desert dessert”) in the regional media,
A local NGO, Lokhit Pashu-Palak Sansthan (LPPS) is involved in               receiving much attention for these products.
finding new ways for villagers to benefit from keeping camels.
Camel milk is one product that has a potential to transform the              At the same time LPPS is working with camel breeders to
way local people view camels. Their milk is increasingly recog-              make them aware of new opportunities. It began by organis-
nised as having many medicinal effects, including anti-bacterial             ing community outreach meetings which led to the forma-
and anti-viral properties that help people fight diseases; it also           tion of six clusters of self-help groups of camel breeders. LPPS
contains an insulin-like substance that reduces blood sugar lev-             is now training camel breeders in hygienic milk production
els in diabetes patients. In nutritional terms, it has three times as        and is working on building a supply chain and a recognizable
much Vitamin C as cow milk, is low in calories and is suitable for           branding for camel milk. It has also built up a client base of 35
people who are lactose intolerant. There is growing demand for               diabetes patients in the nearby city of Jaisalmer who receive
camel milk (and female camels) in the Gulf States, and the Food              regular deliveries of camel milk, which helps them to reduce
and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations estimates                their dependency on medicines. Most recently they have been
that the global market potential for camel milk could be worth               working with a renowned artisanal paper maker in using camel
billions of dollars. But this is not the only camel product with             dung to make paper which is then fashioned into diaries and
potential. Camels also provide a range of other products (hair,              cards. These products were launched at the Pushkar camel fair
skin and bones for traditional crafts), and camel safaris offer              in November 2008 to much acclaim. These initial achievements
opportunities for pastoralists to participate in India’s booming             now need backing up by appropriate government policies and
tourist economy.                                                             targeted research efforts.


                                                                        21
Basic Case Info



     8
Inspiring Initiative: Partnership for Sustainable
Agriculture
Land: South Africa
Land degradation: Soil degradation by poor landuse
practices and overcrowding
Initiative by: University of Kwazulu-Natal, Farmer
Support Group / Initiative supported by: EMG




Working the Fields for
Healthy Soils




                                                     22
Participatory Learning


   The approach was highly participatory, unlike the rather top-down
   and prescriptive approach that has previously dominated extension
   work in the region. Most sessions took place in the farmers’ own fields,
   with an emphasis on practical learning - (e.g. building compost heaps,
   run-on ditches, trench beds, or on the use of mulches and cover crops).
   Several visits were also organised to see and evaluate innovations (e.g.
   approaches to vegetable gardening and water harvesting techniques)
   implemented by farmers elsewhere. Participatory monitoring and
   evaluation by the farmers themselves was also a key aspect of the
   learning process. Photography was used as a central element in building
   and sharing knowledge.




Setting the Initiative
Potshini lies at the foothills of the Drakenburg Mountains, close
to the border with Lesotho. Subsistence agriculture is widely
practised - although most people rely more on external sources
of income, such as social grants or remittances for their liveli-
hoods. Crops are grown in the summer - when the cattle range
on communal lands - and in winter the cattle graze the crop
residues in the fields. Decades of overcrowding (the legacy
of apartheid) and poor land-use practices are taking their toll
on the landscape, which is suffering from erosion, soil loss and
nutrient depletion.                                                      Making the Difference
                                                                         The project was well accepted in the community, primarily
The Smallholder Systems Innovations Project was established              because it was designed and carried out in a participative
by two departments at the University of KwaZulu-Natal: the               fashion and was shaped by the farmers’ needs and priorities.
Farmer Support Group (FSG, the community development and                 Interactions between stakeholders were not institutionalized
outreach division of the Centre for the Environment, Agriculture         but remained informal and led to improved knowledge about
and Development) and the School of Bioresources Engineer-                soil and water management and other aspects of agriculture
ing and Environmental Hydrology. The FSG had worked in the               and rural livelihoods. Participants said that the programme
area before and had good links with the local community. They            improved their knowledge about water conservation, making
built on two existing farmers’ groups to establish two Farmer            gardens, seeds, soil fertility, pest control and organic farming.
Learner Groups, each with about thirty participating members.
These groups shared and experimented with new technolo-                  The project contributed significantly to a decrease in water
gies in farming, using Farmer Life Schools, an innovative way of         run-off and soil erosion and an increase in tree planting. Better
working with groups, that uses participatory action research,            management also saw participants increase their maize yields
and cross visits. The main aim of these schools was to involve           (by an average of 168%), household food security and incomes
farmers in seeking and adopting appropriate soil and water               (through marketing vegetables). People were clearly better
management innovations, drawing on their own experience                  able to meet household expenses - with many able to improve
and knowledge. Discussions between farmers and facilitators              or repair their homes or other buildings in their compound
led to the development of a curriculum covering subjects such            or being able to send their children to school. The process
as soil and water management, seedling production, tree plant-           also strengthened communications between members of the
ing, food processing, nutrition, marketing and the challenges of         groups and with neighbours and family members who had not
HIV/AIDS.                                                                been able to participate.


                                                                    23
Basic Case Info



     9
Inspiring Initiative: Media Tour Uzbekistan -
Raising Environmental Awareness
Land: Uzbekistan
Land degradation: Salinisation, water degradation
(quantity), vegetation degradation
Initiative by: Tashkent Environment Information
Centre / Initiative supported by: CAREC




NGO’s and Journalists
Making Land Degradation
Public




                                                    24
On a Media Tour




   A media tour to Verkhnechirchiksky hydro station in March                management system in Ferghana Valley, desertification in
   of 2003 had been organized in partnership with the Basin                 the Aral Sea area. Then the bus headed for Charvak water
   Water Organization “Syrdarya” which is responsible for
                                   ,                                        reservoir. Journalists were getting information on the way
   this waterworks facility. After the journalists inspected the            there, too. The “open microphone” provided the opportunity
   waterworks facility, which controls the supply of water into a           for most of the participants to express their opinions
   channel, there was a discussion of the topic “How to manage              regarding the subject of the media tour and the “round table”
                                                                                                                                        ,
   water resources?” Experts were talking about automation
                      .                                                     as well as to touch upon other urgent issues related to the
   of the water management industry in Uzbekistan and                       environment of Uzbekistan.
   Central Asia, introduction of the integrated water resources




                                                                            Making the Difference
                                                                            Environmentalists are aware that generating publicity about
                                                                            environmental issues is an essential part of their work, yet
Setting the Initiative                                                      they often lack the training in effective communication with
Uzbekistan is a landlocked country in the Asian steppes. The                a broader lay-audience. Printed press releases may attract
country is experiencing considerable land degradation and                   passing interest, but they need to be short to capture and
desertification. Water resources are declining and subject to               hold a journalist’s attention. However press releases often do
increased pressure and competition, while waste disposal and                not properly describe the complexity of many environmental
loss of biodiversity pose other environmental challenges.                   issues. Environmental groups and journalists therefore have
                                                                            sought new mechanisms for disseminating information about
Despite a large media presence in the country, environmental                environmental issues. Initially these started off as roundtables
issues receive little national publicity. The main sources of infor-        where experts handed out reports to the journalists, informed
mation, an environmental bulletin and a government newslet-                 them about existing problems and answered their questions.
ter, are very little read outside government circles. Against this          This rather formal format was later augmented by media tours,
background a group of journalists and environmentalists came                which allowed the media to ‘see’ the issues at first hand, a
together in 2002 to form the Tashkent Environment Information               particular important aspect for TV broadcasters who look for
Centre. Its aim is to build links between the media and environ-            visual cues to back up the facts. The tours also provide opportu-
mental professionals from NGOs and the government, in order                 nities for more interaction between the two groups. An ‘open-
to raise public and political awareness about environmental                 microphone’ on the tour bus allows participants to discuss the
problems. The idea is to give professional environmentalists                issues in more depth and the tours also provide opportunities
more access to media channels and to provide journalists with               for informal networking.
the information to communicate about the often complex
intertwining of natural and social forces that shape contempo-              Through giving broadcasters and journalists first-hand expo-
rary environmental problems.                                                sure to some of the key sites where land degradation issues are
                                                                            being played out, there has been a significant increase in media
Since its founding, the Centre has produced a number of envi-               coverage. The tours and roundtables were followed by TV pro-
ronmental almanacs that provide reference material for journal-             grammes, radio broadcasts and newspaper articles dedicated to
ists and broadcasters. It has also organised fifteen round tables           the problems of water apportioning, land degradation,
for environmental professionals and the media and arranged                  desertification, conserving wildlife and climate change. The
five tours to key environmental sites, including a hydro-power              tours have enabled journalists to better understand the issues
station, research institutes and national parks. Between thirty             and to communicate them with greater clarity. Environmental
and forty journalists or broadcasters participated in each of               organisations are keen to participate in these events as they
these tours. More recently, the Centre has established a website            realise they create publicity and give them more political lever-
as a source for breaking environmental stories and background               age. Ongoing dialogues have arisen about how to improve
material. In 2008 the Centre won a state-run competition for                two-way information flows, as environmentalists sometimes
supporting NGOs, which has enabled it to consolidate its work               feel that the issues are not reported with sufficient accuracy or
and shows official support for its groundbreaking efforts.                  detail.


                                                                       25
Basic Case Info



    10

Inspiring Initiative: Conserving the Sunken Fruit
Gardens of Southern Iran
Land: Iran
Land degradation: Soil degradation by water
erosion, losses to urban development
Initiative by: CENESTA




A Living Example of
Traditional Knowledge




                                                    26
“In the past grape vines were widespread here. In
                       our village there used to be some 150 underground
                       gardens. I used to have seven myself! My forefather
                       Gholam Reza planted them five generations ago.”




Setting the Initiative
Bushire, a province in southern Iran, has an extremely hot
and arid climate where temperatures can reach more than
50 degrees. Rainfall is very low (between 200 and 250mm per
year) and usually occurs in flash floods with most of the water           Making the Difference
running off. Despite these harsh conditions the area has been             This traditional method of harvesting rainwater from flash
settled for more than 5,000 years. There is some agriculture,             floods involves digging a pit some 2-3 metres wide and 5-6
though its spread is limited to within close proximity of wells,          metres deep until a layer of greasy soil, locally known as shol is
often 20-30m deep, from which water is still raised using animal          reached. The pits are dug in slightly lower areas of land where
traction.                                                                 the flash flood water is most likely to gather, and the surround-
                                                                          ing areas are landscaped to maximise the flow of water. The pits
Despite its harshness this environment has given rise to ingen-           also provide a moist and cool environment.The bottom of the
ious techniques for harvesting precious rainwater and using it            chamber is then lined with branches and the chamber half filled
to grow high-value fruit crops. One method, of building sunken            with top soil and young vines or fruit tree saplings are planted
fruit gardens, dates back 4,000 years. It appears very simple, yet        in them. For the first year the saplings require watering by hand,
it shows a deep understanding of the climate and geology of               but afterward the sunken gardens are recharged with water
the area. These methods have endured for generations, with the            from underground sources.
garden pits and the knowledge needed to manage them being
passed on from father to son. One local farmer recounts: “In the          Above the ground the pits are protected from grazing animals
past grape vines were widespread here. In our village there used          by fences which are surrounded by thorn bushes. As the fruit
to be some 150 underground gardens. I used to have seven                  trees grow they are trained out over a series of stone stands
myself! My forefather Gholam Reza planted them five genera-               or pillars (see photo) that provide a lattice framework. This
tions ago”.                                                               keeps the fruit off of the ground and makes harvesting easier.
                                                                          The sunken gardens are known to produce yields of up to two
Whereas there were once several thousand sunken fruit gar-                tons of fruit each year, providing high-value cash crops for local
dens in the province, their continued existence has come under            farmers. This method produces plants that are not only highly
threat. Urban development and the construction of a military              productive but also very long-lasting: some vines are thought
complex in the heart of the area where these sunken gardens               to be more than five hundred years old. Despite the harsh
have existed for generations have reduced the number to less              climate, the region has much agro-biological diversity. Seven
than ten. Following a lobbying campaign from the Iranian NGO              distinct varieties of grapes were found in these sunken gardens,
CENESTA the government has decided to declare these few                   all adapted to this climate. Now that the conservation of the
remaining gardens as sites of cultural heritage. It is hoped that         garden beds and methods has been achieved, the task is to
the traditional knowledge embodied in these gardens can also              conserve these fruit varieties and to keep alive the knowledge
be brought back to life.                                                  that made this remarkable regeneration possible.


                                                                     27
Basic Case Info



    11
Inspiring Initiative: Fog Collectors in the Coastal
Border of the Atacama Desert
Land: Chile
Land degradation: Water degradation (quality) by mining
Initiative by: Fishermen of the Caletas community,
Chañaral Municipality, Pontificia Universidad Católica de
Chile / Initiative reported by: OLCA




Fishermen Catching Clouds
for an Alternative Livelihood




                                                            28
A low cost, low maintenance technology




   The fog catchers are constructed from polypropylene netting (widely used
   in Chile as a wind break) strung between eucalyptus trees or poles so that
   the nets face into the wind and ‘catch’ the clouds of fog. The fog condenses
   on the surface of the netting and the water drips down into a basin dug
   underneath the net, from where it can be canalized or piped downhill into
   storage. They are extremely simple and cheap to construct and rely on
   gravity to do most of the work. Their initial vulnerability to occasional high
   wind speeds has been corrected, and now the nets can be taken down
   during storms.




Setting the Initiative                                                     Making the Difference
The Atacama Desert, in the north of Chile, is one of the most              The fishermen initially experimented with six fog collectors,
arid regions of the world. Communities living by the sea used to           with a surface area of 264 square metres which were positioned
rely on subsistence fishing for their livelihoods - but waste from         six hundred metres above the plots intended to be used for
local mining operations decimated local fish stocks and threat-            agriculture. They found that these nets captured more than
ened their livelihoods forcing them to look for alternatives.              1,000 litres of water per day enough to establish plastic green-
                                                                           houses where they grow tomatoes and aloe vera. Since this first
Throughout the year heavy mists blow off the sea, shrouding                experiment they have built a further eight fog collectors, more
the high local cliffs and mountains. The fishermen wondered                than doubling their water harvesting capacity. As the project
if there was some way to capture the water in the mist and use             was initiated by the fishing community itself they have a vested
it for irrigation, thereby creating an alternative livelihood. They        interest in sustaining it and in building new alliances with dif-
enlisted the help of the Geography Department at the Catholic              ferent donors and other support organisations. The nets now
University to set up a study to explore if fog nets (atrapanieblas)        also provide water to tourists visiting the nearby Pan de Azúcar
would provide sufficient water to sustain viable agricultural              National Park and there are possibilities for developing
businesses.                                                                eco-tourism related enterprises.

Other similar projects had been tried elsewhere in Chile and               The potential of fog nets has been recognized again and is
had proved technically feasible. However the economics of                  being discussed with other communities in Chile with similar
them depended on the local topography (which dictated the                  topographic conditions. One of the researchers involved in the
amount of piping needed). In addition there was insufficient               project has been involved in establishing fog nets technology
local social support to maintain the fog nets, so they quickly fell        in other Latin American countries as well as in Namibia, South
into disrepair. In this case the topography was favourable and             Africa and Nepal. This simple technology is replicable in other
the project was initiated by the beneficiaries so there seemed a           arid areas with dramatic altitude differences and the right
better chance of sustaining the project.                                   weather conditions.


                                                                      29
Basic Case Info



    12
Inspiring Initiative: Combating Desertification
Through Agro-Pastoralism
Land: Pakistan
Land degradation: Vegetation degradation by
overgrazing and over-exploitation of timber resources
Initiative by: Society for Conservation and Protection of
Environment (SCOPE), Arid Zone Research Institute (AZRI)




Adapting to Climate Change:
a Multi-Functional Response




                                                            30
“Fifteen agro-pastoral farms have been set up in the
   district, each covering 2-3 hectares. These farms combine
   food crops, agro-forestry and managed grazing. They are
   set up both as productive units and also as demonstration
   farms which other farmers can visit and learn new
   techniques.”




Setting the Initiative                                                    One key aspect of these farms is the use they make of natural
Tharparkar, in Sindh Province, Southeast Pakistan, is a semi-             fencing using trees and shrubs. This provides valuable sources
arid zone, containing much of the Pakistani portion of the Thar           of food, gum, fodder, shelter and nutrients, and protects the
Desert. Rainfall is very low (200-250mm a year in good years)             crops and saplings from grazing animals. The system allows
and seasonal; it rains for just 60-75 days per year. The inhabit-         the animals to be kept within the compound for much of the
ants - who mostly combine semi-nomadic livestock keeping                  year where they are fed on cuttings from the planted trees. This
with small-scale agriculture, are highly dependent on these               in turn allows farmers to make better use of their manure and
rains for the regeneration of grassland and woody vegeta-                 so build up soil fertility. Working with national and regional
tion for their grazing animals, the recharging of ground water            governments and the Arid Zone Research Institute (AZRI), the
supplies and for subsistence agriculture. The district is rich in         project has identified suitable drought-resistant crops (millet
biodiversity - it has more than 700 varieties of grasses, shrubs          and pulses) and water conservation techniques that are being
and trees - but is also the most food insecure area in Pakistan.          adopted by the communities. Education about the importance
Families are locked into a vicious circle of poor nutrition, poor         of local shrubs and trees is also an important part of the project.
health, seasonal migration, indebtedness and illiteracy. This             The communities are responsible for the management of the
spiral is often triggered by droughts, which are increasing in            farms. They have formed co-operative societies and meet once a
frequency and severity, and which reduce food and water                   month to discuss new ideas and technologies.
supplies and available grazing. Overgrazing and over-exploita-
tion of timber resources (for both fuel and construction) are also        The project, which is located in a very remote, inhospitable and
undermining the productivity of the rangelands and leading to             poor area, is seeking to improve resource use among farmers by
desertification.                                                          showing them the benefits of adopting an agro-pastoral system
                                                                          and improving water management. Through such methods it is
                                                                          hoped that local farmers can adapt to climate change, improve
Making the Difference                                                     their food production and reverse environmental degradation.
SCOPE is a local non-governmental organisation working
to meet the objectives of the United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification. It has established a pastoral livelihood
support programme to help local communities improve food
security and to combat drought and desertification. Fifteen
agro-pastoral farms have been set up in the district, each cover-
ing 2-3 hectares. These farms combine food crops, agro-forestry
and managed grazing. They are set up both as productive units
and also as demonstration farms which other farmers can
visit to learn new techniques. The main crops grown are millet,
wheat, sorghum, pulses and vegetables. These are combined
with tree and bush species that provide fodder for the livestock
and the cultivation of saplings that can be used for reforesting
the surrounding area. Planting of Prosipus Cineraria is encour-
aged as this is a hardy tree species that provides fodder during
times of drought.

                                                                     31
Basic Case Info



    13
Inspiring Initiative: Peasant Farming Schools
in Senegal
Land: Senegal
Land degradation: Water degradation by
agrochemicals, vegetation degradation by deforestation
Initiative by: ENDA PRONAT
Initiative supported by: ENDA Senegal




Fine-Tuning Farming
Techniques through Farmer
Schools




                                                         32
“The farmers began to form their own
           Integrated Farmer Schools where they
           could continue their experiments with
           ways of combating desertification.”




                                                                         Making the Difference
Setting the Initiative                                                   The farmers began to form their own Integrated Farmer Schools
Farmers in the central part of the Senegal Valley face many              (IFS) where they could continue their experiments with ways of
threats to their livelihoods.                                            combating desertification, adapting to visible climatic changes
Several droughts have weakened the Sahelian ecosystem and                and improving productivity through agroecological farming.
this, combined with overexploitation of natural resources, has           Together they have continued to learn about seed selection
reduced the natural productivity of the region. The construction         and propagation, pest control and water harvesting and
of a dam on the Senegal River placed further pressure on tradi-          management, fine-tuning the techniques that they learnt
tional farming methods, leading to changes in farming practices          before and adapting them to the local situation. Working collec-
and a widespread uptake of irrigated farming, which required             tively they are also able to address larger issues that affect the
the use of external inputs such as fertilisers and pesticides.           farming community: problems which range from maintaining
                                                                         communal resources (e. water pumps or wells) to working out
Pronat is a branch of the international NGO ENDA. It has been            viable strategies for commercialising their products, to posing
working with farmers in the Guédé area for more than twenty              a united front against land developments that harm their inter-
years, sensitising them to the problems of climate change,               ests. By using agroecological techniques such as composting,
desertification and modern input-intensive farming methods               companion planting, and natural pest control these farms have
and encouraging them to adopt agroecological farming meth-               been able to substantially reduce their input costs. On modern-
ods. To popularise these approaches Pronat introduced Peasant            ising farms these costs represent some two thirds of revenue
Farming Schools (Champs École Paysan- CEP), an approach that             generated - but on the application farms these costs are less
has proved highly effective in other parts of the world, par-            than 20%.
ticularly Asia. This is an informal system of education where a
limited number of voluntary farmers (up to about twenty) meet            A local federation of peasants associations (Ngatamaare Tooro)
on a small piece of land for discussions, research, experimenta-         has been created to enable these IFSs to continue to expand.
tion, capacity building and learning new techniques.                     The federation provides a valuable point of contact with the
The schools give farmers an opportunity to test new methods              outside world (for example for finding the expertise that farm-
and techniques before applying them on their farms. The farms            ers want tap into). In addition a network of twelve eco-schools
are also working farms (‘farms of application’), which generate          has been created, wherein children are involved in kitchen
an income by selling the produce they grow, and are thus self            gardening, learning ecological farming techniques and growing
supporting. When the initial project funding ran out, the farmers        food which can be used for school meals with any surplus being
decided to continue with running the schools themselves.                 sold. The organisation is looking for ways to tap into the bounti-
They saw that the schools and the peasants’ associations that            ful supplies of natural energy, particularly solar and wind, a
had sprung up around them gave them a structure for working              currently unused resource. ENDA Pronat continues to work with
and learning together.                                                   Ngatamaare Tooro, helping it grow in confidence and capacity.


                                                                    33
Basic Case Info



    14

Inspiring Initiative: Planning for Urban Market
Gardens in Nouakchott
Land: Mauritania
Land degradation: Water degradation (quantity),
urban development
Initiative by: TENMIYA




Reviving the Green Lungs
of the City




                                                  34
“Farmers are now more aware of their role in the urban
                  ecosystem and are committed to farming in a more
                  sustainable way. In turn, the local authority has developed
                  a plan to encourage urban farming.”




                                                                          Making the Difference
                                                                          TENMIYA, a local NGO and research centre, became involved
                                                                          in resolving these conflicts by facilitating a strategic research
                                                                          action plan involving the Urban community of Nouakchott,
                                                                          the local municipalities, departments in the Ministry of Agri-
Setting the Initiative                                                    culture, the National Institute of Public Health, the local offices
Nouakchott is the capital of Mauritania, one of the countries in          of some international organisations (WHO and UNDP) and the
the Sahel most affected by drought and desertification. Rainfall          market gardeners of Nouakchott. Its first task was to evaluate
is low, with less than 300 mm per year. The country experienced           the importance of market gardening in terms of socio-econom-
prolonged droughts in the 1970s and 1980s. These contributed              ics, the environment, health and food security and how market
to a massive exodus of rural dwellers to Nouakchott and led to            gardening fitted with the existing local municipal plans. This
the establishment of numerous urban market gardens, some                  highlighted the importance of market gardening and the issues
close to the centre of the city, but mostly in Dar Naim, a munici-        it was giving rise to, which in turn led to the development of a
pality on the edge of the capital. Some of these new migrants             local plan to support and maintain these market gardens and
established market gardens which provided an important                    resolve the problems. Water management was the key issue,
source of livelihood for people whose main experience and                 and the report highlighted the need to improve the efficiency
skills lay in agriculture. Some 6,000 people now work in produc-          of water use and the potential of drip irrigation systems in
tion and distribution. They also provide an important supply of           achieving this.Finance was found to install drip irrigation
fresh vegetables for the city as well as helping to stabilise the         systems, considerably reducing the burden that the gardeners
sand dunes surrounding the city and providing green oases in              put on local water resources and the need to recycle potentially
the urban environment.                                                    polluted waste water.

Yet in recent years, competition for two scarce resources, water          As a result of this collaboration, farmers are now more aware of
and land, have threatened the successful continuation of these            their role in the urban ecosystem and are committed to farming
market gardens. There were concerns that the gardens were                 in a more sustainable way, improving water management and
drawing too much water from local aquifers, a precious and                maintaining the city’s ‘green lungs’. In turn, the local authority
finite resource, and the alternative of reusing urban wastewater          has developed a plan to encourage urban farming, has taken
clearly posed major health risks. At the same time, the expan-            development pressure off of the plots run by farmers and is
sion of the city put increasing pressure on land resources,               supportive of grant applications by farmers to develop their
with more land being bought up for development. As the city               skills and resources. The result has been a fruitful partnership
expanded, the market gardens, once located on the outskirts               between the market gardeners and the municipality of Dar
of the city, became surrounded by built-up areas and became               Naim. The market gardens look set to provide a continued sup-
attractive sites for future development. In one area the local            ply of local fresh vegetables, thereby helping to maintain the
municipality went as far as to ban market gardening.                      food supply and nutritional security of Nouakchott.


                                                                     35
Basic Case Info



    15

Inspiring Initiative: Windbreak Hedges
Land: Madagascar
Land degradation: Soil degradation by wind erosion
Initiative by: Groupe de Recherches et d’Échanges
Technologique (GRET)
Initiative supported by: ENDA Madagascar




Fighting the Tiokatimo Winds:
Farmers Experiment




                                                     36
“The farmers who have participated
    in the initiative see the windbreak
    hedges as a way of protecting their
    plots against wind erosion and
    drifting sands, thereby increasing
    their income.”




                                                                         Making the Difference
                                                                         FASARA set up an initiative with several interested farmers to
                                                                         explore the possibility of using wind break hedges to mitigate
                                                                         the erosive effects of the strong south easterly winds. At the
                                                                         same time these wind breaks could also protect the plots from
                                                                         roaming cattle and wildlife and be a source of fruit, fodder and
                                                                         fuel. FASARA worked with farmer groups, discussing the suit-
                                                                         ability of different species and identified several with a poten-
                                                                         tial for success. Choosing the best species was often complex,
                                                                         and different groups and families had different preferences.

                                                                         Two women’s associations initially supported by the project
                                                                         took on responsibility for establishing nurseries and growing
                                                                         the seedlings. However, some plants were difficult to cultivate
                                                                         in the nursery, others grew too slowly in the field and others
                                                                         did not bear foliage in the windy season. In the early years the
Setting the Initiative                                                   mortality rate of trees was very high (50%). The lines of trees
The south of Madagascar is a semi-arid region with very low              which were planted in staggered rows one metre apart, grew
rainfall and very little ground water. The coastal area in the           quite slowly and villagers and project researchers decided to
Androy region is subject to fierce winds - the Tiokatimo winds           combine the two approaches, planting a line of cactuses on the
- that blow in off the sea. These winds dry out an already arid          windward side of the fences to give them additional protection
area, damage crops, cause soil erosion and shift sandbanks.              in the first year or two.
This increases the problems of small scale farmers, especially in
the areas close to the coast where cultivated plots of land can          The combination of approaches proved successful. In the four
quickly be inundated with sand. In addition, the land closest to         year period between 2005 and 2009 the nursery groups have
the sea was eroded many years ago through ploughing.                     supplied more than 170,000 trees which have led to the plant-
                                                                         ing of around 150 km of living fences by around 200 different
The FASARA project - initiated by the organisations GRET and             farm households. The farmers who have participated in the
ENDA - instigated a series of village meetings and communal              initiative see the windbreak hedges as a way of protecting
workshops in order to explore the agricultural practices, choices        their plots against wind erosion and drifting sands, thereby
and preferences of communities and individual farmers. Issues            increasing their income. However it takes some time to prepare
such as erosion, shifting sandbanks and declining soil fertility         the ground before planting the windbreaks and this probably
were top of the villagers’ concerns. Farmers had already formed          contributed to the high mortality rates of the saplings. Despite
some responses to these problems such as planting prickly                these teething difficulties FASARA has established a good dia-
pear or aloe vera to mark their farm boundaries and to keep              logue with local communities and in the coming years aims to
out grazing cattle; these also provided fruit for livestock. Yet         encourage farmers to plant in slack times during the agricultur-
they also often burned these back after the end of the growing           al calendar, to ensure the provision of replacement seedlings for
season, when the plots are most exposed to the wind.                     those saplings that died, and to encourage more farmers to join.


                                                                    37
Basic Case Info



    16
Inspiring Initiative: Restoring Biodiversity with
Native Plants / Land: Chile
Land degradation: Vegetation degradation by
extensive forestry monoculture, soil and water
degradation by agro-chemical use
Initiative by: Hguallen Pelu Mapu
Initiative reported by: OLCA




Indigenous Communities
Responding to Monoculture
Tree Plantations




                                                    38
People from the surrounding area are invited to participate
   in the development of the tree nursery; to visit places
   where combinations of selected native species are helping
   to protect water sources. The destructive effects of
   monoculture and the ways to restore biodiversity are also
   explained in programmes broadcast on local radio stations.




Setting the Initiative
In the past twenty years or so large areas of Chile have been            Making the Difference
afforested with large plantations of fast growing timber crops,          In response to the challenges, a local community organisation,
such as eucalyptus and pine. While some of these plantations             Hguallen Pelu Mapu, has established a programme entitled
have been established on deforested land, others were planted            “Water and wisdom, dialogues for life.” They began by study-
on lands traditionally used by indigenous peoples, in particular         ing ways of addressing the exhaustion of water sources. They
the Mapuche. Chile now has some 2 million hectares of land               gathered one of the affected communities and established a
planted with fast growing timber species, which make huge                dialogue with an organisation of foresters. This dialogue led to
demands on local water resources. The scale and density of               an experimental project to reforest specific places with native
these operations has played havoc with the local ecology. Rivers         species to protect water sources, with the idea of using the
and streams which the Mapuche used to rely on for domestic               knowledge acquired to replicate the same process in other rural
consumption, for fishing and for their agriculture have dried up         areas affected by lack of water, deforestation and land degrada-
and have become polluted by agrochemicals used in differ-                tion.
ent phases of developing the plantations and aerial spraying.
Many places where the Mapuche used to collect mushrooms                  This programme was established in the rural municipality of
and herbal and medicinal plants have been planted over. New              Keuke, whose river had dried up. The programme had two key
animal species, introduced by the timber companies to control            aims. The first was to sensitise local people about what was
rabbit and hare populations, have disrupted the food chain.              happening and of the possibility of changing the situation. The
                                                                         second, more practical, aspect was to establish a tree nursery
These problems have led to many Mapuche abandoning their                 for local indigenous varieties and then to start replanting these
traditional lands and way of life, often going to live in larger         varieties on lands still owned by the communities close to the
cities, where they end in poverty. In one community, Los Sauces,         river’s sources.
the population declined by 16% between 1992 and 2002. In
some places whole settlements have been abandoned because                The initiative is primarily an educational programme. People
of a lack of water. In other places the Mapuche people have had          from the surrounding area are invited to participate in the
to abandon traditional mixed farming practices and start grow-           development of the tree nursery; to visit places where combi-
ing the same species to sell to wood mills of the timber compa-          nations of selected native species are helping to protect water
nies. Many communities now rely on deliveries of water in order          sources. Workshops are organised for sharing experiences and
to survive. The dense plantations also pose a fire hazard to the         discussing ways of addressing the problems caused by tree
homes and villages of the Mapuche, as they often come right to           plantations. These issues are also explained in programmes
the edge of their settlements. Finally, the size and scale of the        broadcasted on local radio stations. A nursery has been estab-
plantations give rise to a sense of cultural dislocation among           lished with a capacity for producing 6-10,000 local saplings
the native people, who no longer feel at home in the environ-            and it is hoped that the planting programme will help protect
ment - especially when the trees are cut for timber, leaving vast        the Keuke basin and bring sufficient clean water back to the
barren swathes of hillside.                                              villagers.


                                                                    39
Basic Case Info



    17



Inspiring Initiative: Civil Society Driven
Conservation Legislation
Land: Turkey
Initiative by: TEMA and other Turkish civil society groups




One Million Signatures for
Soil Conservation




                                                             40
Saffron Flowers and Sunken Gardens: Inspiring Initiatives Reversing Dryland Degradation and Strengthening Livelihoods
Saffron Flowers and Sunken Gardens: Inspiring Initiatives Reversing Dryland Degradation and Strengthening Livelihoods
Saffron Flowers and Sunken Gardens: Inspiring Initiatives Reversing Dryland Degradation and Strengthening Livelihoods
Saffron Flowers and Sunken Gardens: Inspiring Initiatives Reversing Dryland Degradation and Strengthening Livelihoods
Saffron Flowers and Sunken Gardens: Inspiring Initiatives Reversing Dryland Degradation and Strengthening Livelihoods
Saffron Flowers and Sunken Gardens: Inspiring Initiatives Reversing Dryland Degradation and Strengthening Livelihoods
Saffron Flowers and Sunken Gardens: Inspiring Initiatives Reversing Dryland Degradation and Strengthening Livelihoods
Saffron Flowers and Sunken Gardens: Inspiring Initiatives Reversing Dryland Degradation and Strengthening Livelihoods
Saffron Flowers and Sunken Gardens: Inspiring Initiatives Reversing Dryland Degradation and Strengthening Livelihoods
Saffron Flowers and Sunken Gardens: Inspiring Initiatives Reversing Dryland Degradation and Strengthening Livelihoods

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Saffron Flowers and Sunken Gardens: Inspiring Initiatives Reversing Dryland Degradation and Strengthening Livelihoods

  • 1. Saffron Flowers and Sunken Gardens Inspiring Initiatives Reversing Dryland Degradation and Strengthening Livelihoods
  • 5. CONTENT Introduction 4 Notes for the reader 6 Land degradation 7 1 Brazil 8 2 Turkey 10 3 Niger 12 4 Drynet 14 5 Bolivia 16 6 Iran 18 7 India 20 8 South Africa 22 9 Uzbekistan 24 10 Iran 26 11 Chile 28 12 Pakistan 30 13 Senegal 32 14 Mauritania 34 15 Madagascar 36 16 Chile 38 17 Turkey 40 18 Mauritania 42 Story 44 Epilogue 45 - 47
  • 6. Introduction The Importance of Local Initiatives: Drynet’s Vision Peoples’ perceptions about drylands are often dominated Lastly, if development efforts are to be sustainable, it is by stories of doom and gloom. Although some areas do essential that dryland communities are centrally involved face serious problems there is also reason for optimism as in their design and implementation. Policy processes for grassroots initiatives in many regions have positively trans- fostering sustainable development in drylands need to be formed the environment and living conditions with people based on dialogue with all relevant stakeholders and should finding ways to earn their living that do not cause degrada- adopt a genuine participatory approach. This is the only way tion. Drynet partners around the world have been involved for developing policies that will work for and be supported in, and are documenting all sorts of inspiring initiatives from by local communities, the people responsible for sustain- around the world, this publication highlights just a small ing them in the long term. This is the only way to integrate selection of them. These examples show that positive local socio-economic conditions and preferences alongside change is possible and they will hopefully inspire the many ecological or technical aspects of policies or programmes people working in or for drylands. Yet they are also an im- and the only way of finding solutions that will be supported portant advocacy tool, as they show the policies and actions by the people whose lives are affected by them. This vision that need to be adapted to reverse dryland degradation. is illustrated well by the case on participatory afforestation in Birjand, Iran. Local grassroots initiatives often fall under the radar of poli- cy makers and it is one of Drynet’s objectives to make these All the initiatives in this report reflect these three ele- initiatives more visible. Such initiatives vary enormously in ments of Drynet’s vision. This publication is intended to their content, approach, scale and focus. Equally, they are inspire readers with the wealth of diverse initiatives that are initiated and supported by a wide variety of organisations happening all over the world. It is also meant to expose a and groups. Despite this variety, all the cases in this report wider audience to the work that Drynet and its partners are reflect the vision of Drynet and its partners. What are the key doing, to share Drynet’s drive and vision, its commitment elements of this vision? to drylands and their communities and the benefits of col- laborative work. These ‘stories from the field’ are backed up Firstly, we believe that it is worth investing in drylands by testimonies from a number of individuals from organi- because they have intrinsic value. Drylands harbour unique sations which have collaborated with Drynet partners in biodiversity, which provides unique products and valuable recent years. ecosystem services. They provide a valuable gene pool of many species and varieties that are well-adapted to dry conditions. Many of the initiatives in this report reflect this reality. The story of Turkish Saffron is a good example. Secondly, we are convinced that grassroots initiatives provide innovative alternatives to present-day mainstream development efforts in drylands. Such initiatives are either taken by a local community itself or by organisations which support the local community in shaping, implementing and ‘owning’ the initiative. The case of the fog nets in Chile is a good example of this.
  • 7. The world’s dryland systems (from: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Desertification Synthesis. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.) Drylands: facts and figures Land degradation and desertification reduce the biologi- Some 40% of the earth’s land surface is covered by semi-arid cal and productive potential of the land. The causes can be and arid ecosystems, otherwise known as drylands. More natural, man-made or a combination of the two. Dryland eco- than two thirds of Africa and virtually all of the Middle East systems have a specific and well-evolved balance between are classified as drylands. The majority of people who live in plants, animals, soils, water and people, but it is a fragile bal- these regions are highly dependent on rearing livestock and ance that is more easily disturbed than in other ecosystems. on cultivation, activities which rely on the quality of (and Once disturbed, the balance is hard to restore, which is why it continued access to) natural resources, especially land and is so important to try to prevent degradation and desertifica- water. In most dryland countries these activities account tion before they occur. for 30–50% of Gross Domestic Product and an even higher proportion of people’s livelihoods. At the present time some Drylands are susceptible to droughts and to climatic varia- 70% of the world’s drylands are affected by degradation. tions, which in recent years have become more frequent and extreme with climate change. Increasingly dryland com- The first Millennium Development Goal focuses on reducing munities are having to find ways to adapt to these climatic poverty and enhancing food security by 2015. Today, 70% changes. More localised causes of degradation, such as the of people suffering from serious and permanent under- overexploitation of resources, frequently occur but these can nourishment (an estimated 1 billion people) live in semi- often be addressed, sometimes quite easily. Sometimes they arid and arid zones, especially in Africa. This highlights the are driven by short-term financial gain (for example large- importance of investing in the ability of the people living in scale mono-cropping, or mining). At other times more com- these areas to restore the productive capacity of the dryland plex socio-economic circumstances drive people to overuse ecosystems on which they depend. the land and its resources. For example, nomadic cattle The world’s dryland systems (from: Millennium Ecosystem herders are often forced to graze their cattle on ever smaller Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: patches of land, when others lay claim to the land that they Desertification Synthesis. World Resources Institute, Wash- once used. This leads to overgrazing and land degradation. ington, DC.) Issues of tenure, user rights and protective laws all strongly influence the opportunities that people have to use the land and its resources sustainably.
  • 8. Notes for the reader Drylands harbour a unique, well-adapted biodiversity and This publication describes just a few are very rich in endemic species. Equally, the people who live in these environments have also adapted to them in of the many initiatives that Drynet and inventive and creative ways. Many drylands are marginal- its partners are involved in, or have ised, rural, areas which attract little attention from central documented and catalogued. decision-makers and donors. As such, it is often down The case studies focus on the unique to the communities themselves to draw on their own resources and ingenuity to find their own solutions to or innovative aspects of each example. land degradation and drought. Many of these solutions Fuller descriptions of these studies and are innovative and inspiring and deserve more attention. other inspiring initiatives can be found at Most investments in drylands come from within dryland communities. www.dry-net.org. From the site you can Farmers have the most interest in investing in their own link back to the Drynet partner who fields, provided that they have tenure rights (see, for ex- knows most about each case and find ample, the case from Niger). Communities often draw up further information and contacts. The their own management and delivery systems with rela- tively low costs, contributing labour, materials and skills website also gives details on all the (see for example the case from Brazil). Such solutions are activities in which Drynet’s partners are usually well-adapted to the local context and possibili- involved in and their achievements. It ties, answer local needs and show innovativeness in their use of local materials or in adapting technologies. With provides access to Drynet newsletters in limited means these communities tackle the problems 14 languages, dryland-related news from threatening their survival in ways that no policy-maker all over the world, and Drynet’s position could design behind a desk. on a number of topics such as adaptation Looking Forward to climate change or biofuel production Drynet started in 2007 and currently receives financial in drylands. support from the European Union, the Global Mechanism, IUCN NL and PSO, a Dutch capacity-building organisation. Drynet’s partners have embarked on building dialogue, Land degradation takes different forms, networks and cooperative structures within their coun- and has different causes, in different tries. Drynet has established civil society platforms in areas, countries and regions. some of the countries most affected by desertification The WOCAT publication “Where the Land and land degradation. These have now established their own momentum and are expected to continue to thrive is Greener” (2007, editors: Hanspeter beyond the term of the current project. Faced with ac- Liniger and William Critchley) provides a celerating climatic change, governments are increasingly useful definition of land degradation, and recognising the need to take action, to respond to major crises or prevent them from happening. They can only do the different forms it takes, as shown in so effectively with the help and support of the people for the box at the right. whom they are working. The strong platforms consisting of civil society organisations (CSOs) that Drynet has build will provide a crucial tool to promote collaboration be- tween civil society and policy makers, scientists and the private sector. They will provide a unique access point to local sources of knowledge on drylands and the unique resources that they harbour. They lay the foundation for national cooperation, which is the basis for any meaning- ful representation in policy processes at the international level.
  • 9. Land degradation Degraded land is defined as land that, due to natural processes or human activity, is no longer able to sustain properly an economic function and/or the original ecological function. There are a number of inter-related land degradation components, all of which may contribute to a decline in agricultural production and other ecosystem services. The most important are: Soil degradation - decline in the productive capacity Climate deterioration - changes in the micro- and of the soil as a result of soil erosion and changes in the macro-climatic conditions that increase the risk of crop hydrological, biological, chemical and physical functions failure. of the soil. The major types include water erosion (such as inter-rill erosion, gully erosion, mass movement, off-site sedimentation), wind erosion, chemical deterioration (such Losses to urban/industrial development - as fertility decline, reduced organic matter, acidification, decline in the total area of land used, or with potential for salinisation, soil pollution) and physical deterioration (such agricultural production as a result of arable land being as soil compaction, surface sealing and crusting, water converted to urban, industrial and infrastructure uses. logging). It needs to be stressed that there are many interactions and interdependencies between these components, and measures to combat land degradation and promote Vegetation degradation - decline in the quantity and/ sustainable land management will commonly address more or quality (species composition, diversity, etc) of the natural than one at a time. biomass and decrease in the vegetative ground cover. Water degradation - decline in the quantity and/or Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United quality of both surface and groundwater resources (such as Nations, WOCAT, Where the Land is Greener (2007, editors: Liniger Critchley) aridification and soil moisture problem).
  • 10. Basic Case Info 1 Inspiring Initiative: Harvesting Drinking Water in North East Brazil Land: Brazil Land degradation: Water degradation Initiative by: Articulação do Semi-Árido Brasileiro Initiative supported by: Instituto Sertão Building One Million Water Cisterns photo: Eduardo Queiroga.
  • 11. A Simple and Effective Technology The system was originally designed by a local mason in the 1960s. Underground cisterns, which are constructed in situ by local artisans, are built to store the water that falls on rooftops during the rainy season. The cisterns consist of curved cement plates, made using simple wooden frames and then sunk about 2/3rds of their height into the ground. After the walls have set a cement plaster floor is laid, the protruding walls are protected with rammed earth and plaster and the tank is crowned with a cement roof. On average the tanks store 16,000 litres - enough to ensure cooking and drinking water for a family of five for up to eight months. drawing: Carlos Machado. Setting the Initiative Some 11% of Brazil (almost 900,000 sq. km) - mostly in the North East of the country - is semi arid. These areas, with a rainfall of between 600-1200mm p.a., are home to some 12 million rural dwellers who have no means of storing this rainfall to meet their domestic water needs. During the dry season - or when the rains fail - these families must rely on either trucked- in water or on stagnant, poor quality water dredged from the Making the Difference bottom of dams. Diarrhoea, caused by drinking contaminated The simplicity of the design, and the participatory approach, in water is responsible for one in four child mortalities in the which local craftsmen are trained in building the cisterns and region.Ten years ago at the 3rd Conference of the Parties of the families trained in their maintenance, are key elements in the Convention to Combat Desertification (held in Recife, Brazil) a success of the project. To date around 5,000 local builders have group of civil society organisations came together to form the been trained in cistern-construction, thereby adding to the Articulação do Semi-Árido Brasileiro ASA (the Coalition of the local skills base and earning capacity. But perhaps the major Semi-Arid Regions of Brazil) and adopted the goal of guaran- key to the success of the project has been the involvement of a teeing access to safe water for rural households. Based on the wide range of stakeholders. The ASA is an umbrella organisation experience of some member organizations ASA began a pilot involving some 800 CSOs (ranging from faith-based groups to project of building cement water cisterns. trade unions and rural workers associations) and as such has a large outreach. In addition the ASA has built strong links with Between 2001 and 2003 the programme grew from a pilot national government, which has made a ten year commitment scheme to one that is now mainstreamed. At the last count (July to funding the scheme; with local authorities, which manage 2009) nearly a quarter of a million water cisterns had been con- the training aspects and select beneficiaries; and with the structed in north-eastern Brazil, at an average cost of $900 per private sector, with the Brazilian Federation of Banks providing unit. These cisterns have improved the health of more than a financial and administrative assistance. Such extensive co- million people and reduced the labour burden of women - who operation has created the necessary political conditions, previously had to trek long distances in search of water. In ad- particularly transparency and efficiency, to enable its continued dition they have reduced the dependence of these families on implementation- a factor that is equally as important as the local landowners and politicians, who use access to water as a simplicity of the technology and the continued flow of funds for means of securing patronage, and the cost of trucking in water. raw materials, training and administration.
  • 12. Basic Case Info 2 Inspiring Initiative: The Çütlük Saffron Project Land: Turkey Land degradation: Soil and Water degradation by mono-cropping Initiative by: TEMA, Harran University Using a Flower to Combat Desertification Credits: Elias Pirasteh 10
  • 13. “Saffron only requires 10% of the water that cotton needs and offers a potential for local value-adding” Making the Difference The project initiators thought that the Harran Plateau was a potentially interesting place to experiment with saffron production, as it has the right combination of climate and soil conditions and a pool of natural cultivars, which they hoped to tap into. They carried out soil tests before discussing the idea with villagers and offering them a package of training on saf- Setting the Initiative fron production, access to bulbs, and the facilities to store and Çütlük lies in a semi-arid upland region on the southern edge protect them. of Turkey, close to the Syrian and Iraqi borders. Local agriculture is dominated by cotton mono-cropping, which accounts for Farmers who took up saffron cultivation found that they 70% of agricultural production, but requires frequent irrigation doubled or tripled their incomes. The project has also led to (seven to eight times a year). This leads to increased salinity and women taking a larger role in cultivation and harvesting (both the loss of nutrients in an already water-scarce area. types of work are quite intricate and demand much patience and dexterity, attributes locally ascribed to women). As a result Against this background, TEMA (The Turkish Foundation for the social status of women has improved. Far less irrigation wa- Combating Soil Erosion, for Reforestation and the Construction ter is now used in the village and the soils are showing signs of of Natural Habitats) joined forces with experts at Harran Univer- recovery. This has led villagers to develop a better relationship sity to explore the viability of re-introducing commercial saffron with the landowners from whom they rent their land. cultivation into the area. Saffron is one of the most expensive spices in the world. It takes 500 kilograms of bulbs to produce Other communities in the region have become aware of the just 200 grams of flower stamens. The plant grows in the wild in benefits of saffron production and a number of similar projects the area, which is thought to be a valuable pool of saffron gene have been established, some externally funded (for example by resources. Saffron only requires 10% of the water that cotton the EU) and others internally (by farmers’ associations or the needs and offers a potential for local value-adding. local municipality). This, in turn, is creating new markets for selling bulbs as well as the opportunity to develop a more The project had both local and more strategic objectives. At the effective marketing structure for the spice. local level it aimed to make local agriculture more sustainable by encouraging saffron cultivation, and to use this as a basis Though small in scope, this project has received national and for building small enterprises and improving social, economic, international acclaim and has raised the profile of saffron employment and educational opportunities in the village. On production both within Turkey and further afield. It has been a more strategic level it aimed to improve the conservation of awarded prizes by several international associations, includ- saffron cultivars by drawing on the local gene pool, to encour- ing the United Nations and the International Public Relations age the Ministry of Agriculture to consider supporting saffron Association. The project shows how replacing an imported crop producers, to stimulate more research into saffron agriculture, (cotton) with a locally adapted variety can have very positive and to attract potential buyers and contribute to Turkey becom- economic and ecological benefits, and highlights the value of ing a net exporter. local sources of dryland biodiversity. 11
  • 14. Basic Case Info 3 Inspiring Initiative: Building on a Green Revolution in the Sahel Land: Niger Land degradation: Vegetation degradation Initiative by: CIS/VU University The Largest Reforestation Effort in Africa Goes Unnoticed Galma, Niger, 1975 Galma, Niger, 2003 12
  • 15. “Estimates suggest that some 5 million hectares have more vegetative cover than before as a result of an estimated 4 million farmers protecting trees. This makes it the largest reforestation initiative ever to have occurred in Africa.” Setting the Initiative improving the incomes of participating farmers. Moreover it A recent study by the Centre for International Cooperation of reduces vulnerability to drought. Following the drought of the Free University of Amsterdam shows that vast areas of land 2005, farmers with more trees on their land had better harvests in Niger and parts of Burkina Faso now have more vegetative and were able to support themselves through the hungry cover than 20 years ago. The researchers discovered that this is season by selling firewood to buy food. Research in one village due to farmers in densely populated regions of these countries in the Maradi region shows that villagers protect 37 different protecting and managing trees that naturally seed themselves tree species, suggesting that complex ecosystems are on their farms. The research showed that this practice has been re-emerging. taken up in neighbouring parts. The scale of this re-greening is quite remarkable. Estimates Making the Difference suggest that some 5 million hectares have more vegetative Three factors seem to have led farmers to recognise the ben- cover than before as a result of an estimated 4 million farmers efits of protecting trees. Firstly, the drought years of the 1970s protecting trees. At an average density of 40 trees per and 1980s convinced farmers of the need for protection against hectare the study estimates that some 20 million trees have dust and sand storms, land degradation and decreasing crop been nurtured and protected from grazing cattle. This makes yields. Secondly, there has been a shift in perceptions about the it the largest reforestation initiative ever to have occurred in ownership of trees - while they remain the property of the state Africa - and one carried out largely through farmers’ own initia- farmers now have de facto usufruct rights over them and are tives; in fact, the government and international agencies were prepared to invest in protecting them. Finally, farmers recog- hardly aware that it was happening. nised the need to intensify production systems in reaction to strong demographic growth. A series of informal farmer- While conventional wisdom holds that population pressure to-farmer exchanges slowly led to a spread in the practice that has a negative effect on the natural resource base of drylands, provides farmers with a capital asset for use in times of hard- this initiative suggests otherwise. It seems that farmers are ship, and a regular stream of benefits. adjusting their farming practices to accommodate an increas- ing population. For example, they manage their livestock more Clearly many lessons can be learnt from this movement, not intensively by controlling their grazing, so they do not damage least because of its sheer size and the spontaneous manner young saplings. When mature the trees can provide additional in which it has been taken up. It shows potential for address- fodder for the livestock, which in turn produce more manure ing the food crisis, continued degradation of dryland areas which can be used to increase the fertility of the fields. The trees and climate change (trees sequester carbon). Farmers can be also help protect crops particularly in their early growth stages, supported in taking up these initiatives by changes in user from desert winds, fix nitrogen, stabilise the soil, raise the water rights, by including farmer-led regeneration approaches within table and provide a source of wood. Their proximity to people’s existing and new projects, by promoting farmer exchange visits homes means that women spend much less time gathering and publicising this success story through the mass media and wood. extension services. Studies show that protecting trees increases the efficiency of both the cropping and husbandry systems, considerably 13
  • 16. Basic Case Info 4 Inspiring Initiative: Drynet: Building Platforms and Fostering Dialogues Land: The Netherlands, France, Germany, Turkey, Bolivia, Chile, Brazil, Senegal, Mauritania, South Africa, Iran, Pakistan, India, Kazachstan Initiative by: Both ENDS, OLCA, PROBIOMA, IS, ENDA, TENMIYA, EMG, CAREC, CENESTA LPPS, LPP, CARI, SCOPE, TEMA Drynet: a Global Initiative, Giving Future to Drylands 14
  • 17. Making the Difference Drynet brings together organisations working on issues such as soil remediation, rights for pastoral peoples and climate adapta- tion. The organisations come from different cultural and geo- Setting the Initiative graphic backgrounds: from Chile and Uzbekistan to Mauritania Initiatives to develop and rehabilitate drylands face many and Iran. Yet they defy these cultural and language barriers in challenges. In part, this is because these objectives have been an effort to develop a stronger civil society, to raise public and poorly integrated into overall development strategies and aid political attention for drylands and to ensure more participa- agreements. In addition, there are poor links between the policy tory approaches to policy making and project implementation. community and the communities working at a grassroots level. Policy makers are often unaware of what is happening at the Drynet’s members share a common vision and have developed grassroots level and fail to recognise and ensure the mastery, a way of working that allows them to build platforms within management and, even ownership of local natural resources by their own countries and also link with partners around the local communities. The process of including these communi- world. Together they have designed a methodology for build- ties in the decision making structure is very weak, even though ing the capacity of CSOs involved in drylands. This follows a most of these processes will be made in their name and for four-step process 1) identification of all relevant stakehold- their benefits. Equally community organisations, particularly ers and interests, 2) analysis of current policy, development CSOs, have limited access to knowledge and information on and aid processes, 3) bringing stakeholders together to share best practices and relevant scientific research on drylands. knowledge and identify priorities for improving participation in relevant policy processes, 4) identification of gaps in knowledge Yet grassroots CSOs can provide a crucial link between local and skills of CSOs are then addressed by training and other land users and national and international decision makers. They forms of capacity building. Positive examples are highlighted to are the eyes and the ears of the local population, implementing provide inspiration and there is attention for the possibilities for activities at a grassroots level, conserving, documenting and up scaling. This methodology has been consistently followed. spreading traditional knowledge and monitoring change. They It has led to improved contact among stakeholders, awareness are well placed to voice the concerns and needs of local com- of stakeholders on the various local issues, and to dialogue munities to policy makers, although they often lack the organi- between stakeholders. It also led to changes in the authorities’ sational capacity to take up the role of translating local needs, attitudes towards participatory approaches. realities and solutions into viable policy recommendations. This gap was recognised by a group of 14 CSOs who came together The three European members play a role in monitoring inter- to form Drynet, a network which aims to strengthen civil soci- national policies and programmes likely to effect development ety at national levels and to provide them with access to the efforts in dryland environments and provide a conduit between information and skills needed to enhance their knowledge and grassroots organisations and the international policy commu- visibility so they can positively influence policies. A second aim nity. At the international level, Drynet has been able to express of Drynet has been to build international links between CSOs common positions and influence decision-making, and this in so that they can learn from each others’ experiences and share turn has given southern partners more visibility and leverage knowledge. within their own countries. 15
  • 18. Basic Case Info 5 Inspiring Initiative: Responsible Soy Bean Management Land: Bolivia Land degradation: Soil degradation by chemical contamination and monocropping Initiative by: PROBIOMA and farmers associations A Greener Approach to Cultivating the ‘Golden Grain’ 16
  • 19. Farmers’ Testimonies “Our objective is to produce at the lowest costs and to use less toxins” Juan Patzi (sugar cain farmer) “We want to raise consciousness about taking care of our health and that of our people” (soy farmer) Setting the Initiative Making the Difference In the past 15 years soy has become Bolivia’s major export crop. At the farm level these changes involve establishing standards Almost one million hectares of land, mostly in the Department for ecological cultivation on small plots which incorporate of Santa Cruz, is now dedicated to soy production, which has windbreaks, encourage crop rotation and diversification, grown exponentially in recent years. Some 70% of this land was discourage the use of artificial agrochemicals and avoid the use previously virgin forest. According to the National Soil Usage of genetically modified varieties. This has been backed up by Plan (based on FAO criteria and adopted by law in 1996) 30% developing a training programme on organic and low exter- of this land was unsuitable for conversion to agriculture. In nal input soy production, establishing demonstration plots, 2005 alone more than 100,000 hectares of land was deforested distributing biological control agents and providing technical for soy cultivation. But while more land is being brought into assistance for participating farmers. production, large tracts of land - some 300,000 hectares - have been abandoned in an advanced state of desertification, as soy At the policy level the programme works to establish policy cultivation has rapidly depleted the fertility and structure of standards which respect designated natural areas, indigenous these fragile forest soils Worryingly, this destructive production territories and the recommendations of the National Soil Usage model continues to advance on virgin lands, threatening to Plan. At the organisational level it involves building the capacity leave even larger tracts of desertified land in its wake. of agricultural cooperatives and syndicates, so they can exert more influence on decision making, and building a multi-stake- The majority of farmers in this region are smallholders with less holder alliance to increase transparency and improve govern- than 50 hectares and their livelihoods are as fragile as the soils ance. Other aspects of the programme include establishing a they work. Soy, and particularly genetically modified varieties, is broadcasting and advocacy campaign to raise awareness about a capital-intensive crop, requiring farmers to buy seed and agro- agricultural issues and developing a certification and marketing chemicals. -Yet most farmers have limited financial reserves and system that rewards responsible soy production. can only finance each year’s planting by using their machinery, land or homes as collateral. If the crop fails the farmers face los- Within three and half years the programme has attracted ing their assets and their livelihoods and being bought out by almost 1,500 individual farmers and ten farmers’ associations bigger players. and has led to almost 60,000 hectares of land being farmed in a more ecological manner. Many farmers now realise the benefits In response to this situation PROBIOMA established a multi- of responsible soy production and farmers’ experiences demon- stakeholder forum to identify ways to control the environ- strate that one of the biological micro-organisms used to treat mental impacts of soybean production and to strengthen the seeds also shows signs of improving the soils degraded by the position of small-scale farmers. This forum led to the launch of use of agrochemicals. the Programme for the Responsible Management of Soybeans in 2005. The programme involves changing farming practices The programme shows that it is possible to engage with a form and the social and economic environment in which farming is of agriculture that causes widespread environmental and social carried out. This two-pronged approach is helping small-scale damage and to ‘reform it from within’. Aspects of this model, in farmers step off the treadmill of mono-cropping, to reduce their particular the development of social and environmental criteria, dependency on external inputs and reverse environmental are now being adapted by Quinoa farmers’ associations in the degradation. Bolivian highlands. 17
  • 20. Basic Case Info 6 Inspiring Initiative: Participatory Afforestation, Ecological Restoration and Carbon Sequestration in Birjand Land: Iran Land degradation: Vegetation degradation by overgrazing and fuel wood gathering Initiative by: Iranian Ministry of Agriculture, UNDP, Global Environment Facility / Initiative supported by: CENESTA Villages and the Iranian Government Aligning their Interests 18
  • 21. “Over five years (2004-2008) the groups have rehabilitated some 12,000 hectares of degraded rangelands” Making the Difference This programme, which was set up in 2004, is unusual in that it was initiated by a national government working closely with the local community. Village Development Groups (VDGs) have been set up in almost every village and almost 50% of the members are women, an unusual feature in a male-domi- nated culture. The VDGs have been involved in all aspects of the programme, from site and species selection, to planting and protecting the areas and then gathering seeds from these areas for planting in the following year. Over five years (2004-2008) the groups have rehabilitated some Setting the Initiative 12,000 hectares of degraded rangelands, leading to a significant The Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the countries most af- increase in vegetative cover which has increased the availability fected by desertification and, consequently, has made the of fodder and reduced the need to take the animals elsewhere rehabilitation of degraded lands a top priority. The government to graze. The programme is recognized as the most successful has established an innovative community afforestation project intervention that the UNDP has supported in Iran so far. in Birjand, a heavily degraded and sparsely populated area near the Afghan border. The project area covers some 148,000 As well as improving the resilience of the local ecology, the hectares, most of it hilly and rocky land. It supports a small project also seeks to reduce pressure on local resources, par- population of 164 families spread across almost 30 villages. ticularly the demand for fuel wood. Most villages have received a gas oven suitable for baking Nan bread (a staple in the local Animal herding is the main occupation, although the land is diet). In one of the larger villages a solar-powered bathhouse so degraded that local herders are often forced to graze their has been established. flocks in other areas for long periods of time. Land degradation is due to overgrazing and excessive fuel wood gathering which, Other spin-offs from the scheme, and particularly the mobilisa- for a while, was exacerbated by the temporary presence of refu- tion of the VDGs, have included the establishment of micro- gees from neighbouring Afghanistan. As a result the area has credit and village savings schemes, which are mostly used to been left with hardly any woody biomass; the only remaining establish and develop micro-enterprises including artisanal ac- wood was a shrub that the livestock find unpalatable. The short- tivities such as carpet weaving. Local artisans have also received age of vegetation increases the damage caused by the strong their first opportunity for national exposure and for accessing sand-laden winds, which are prevalent in the region, causing wider markets by exhibiting in a national crafts fair in Tehran. erosion and damaging crops. The Iranian government plans to scale up this approach in other The project seeks to restore these rangelands through partici- parts of the country facing problems of desertification and patory planting and seeding, combating desertification, improv- vegetation loss and has declared an interest in approaching ing the welfare of local communities and also contributing neighbouring countries to explore adopting these methods. It to carbon sequestration - thereby aligning local, national and is hoped that at least some of the money needed to finance this global political objectives. expansion will be provided by the Global Climate Fund. 19
  • 22. Basic Case Info 7 Inspiring Initiative: Promoting Camel Products as a Specialty and Health Food Land: India Initiative by: LPPS From Heirloom to Unique Selling Point 20
  • 23. Convincing the Chief Minister The Chief Minister of Rajasthan, India, committed her government to saving the camel and its potential for supporting livelihoods in the Thar Desert, after reading about the situation in the local Drynet Newsletter. Setting the Initiative The camel is part and parcel of Rajasthan’s culture and tradi- tion. They were once the lifeline of the rural population, provid- ing transportation, doing heavy agricultural work and providing a bulwark against droughts. Traditional camel husbandry is an Making the Difference ingenious way of converting the scattered and seasonally LPPS is adapting a two-pronged approach toward valorising varying vegetation of the Thar Desert into protein and energy. camel products, raising public awareness about camel products Camels roam freely throughout most of the year, foraging where and working with camel breeders to help them tap into these they can and are only supervised during the breeding season new niche markets. Only a few years ago, most and when crops are growing during the monsoon months. Indians would have been disgusted by the idea of drinking But with the growth of irrigated agriculture and the increased camel milk. LPPS has successfully worked with the media to availability of motorised transport, rural dwellers have come make its medicinal value known. It organised an international to see camels as outmoded, and even a threat to farmers. As a workshop in Jaipur, the state capital, in which camel experts and consequence the camel population of Rajasthan has dwindled medical researchers participated, and which was well covered by almost 50% in the past decade, to about 400,000. in the national media. It has also promoted camel milk and ice cream (“a low calorie desert dessert”) in the regional media, A local NGO, Lokhit Pashu-Palak Sansthan (LPPS) is involved in receiving much attention for these products. finding new ways for villagers to benefit from keeping camels. Camel milk is one product that has a potential to transform the At the same time LPPS is working with camel breeders to way local people view camels. Their milk is increasingly recog- make them aware of new opportunities. It began by organis- nised as having many medicinal effects, including anti-bacterial ing community outreach meetings which led to the forma- and anti-viral properties that help people fight diseases; it also tion of six clusters of self-help groups of camel breeders. LPPS contains an insulin-like substance that reduces blood sugar lev- is now training camel breeders in hygienic milk production els in diabetes patients. In nutritional terms, it has three times as and is working on building a supply chain and a recognizable much Vitamin C as cow milk, is low in calories and is suitable for branding for camel milk. It has also built up a client base of 35 people who are lactose intolerant. There is growing demand for diabetes patients in the nearby city of Jaisalmer who receive camel milk (and female camels) in the Gulf States, and the Food regular deliveries of camel milk, which helps them to reduce and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations estimates their dependency on medicines. Most recently they have been that the global market potential for camel milk could be worth working with a renowned artisanal paper maker in using camel billions of dollars. But this is not the only camel product with dung to make paper which is then fashioned into diaries and potential. Camels also provide a range of other products (hair, cards. These products were launched at the Pushkar camel fair skin and bones for traditional crafts), and camel safaris offer in November 2008 to much acclaim. These initial achievements opportunities for pastoralists to participate in India’s booming now need backing up by appropriate government policies and tourist economy. targeted research efforts. 21
  • 24. Basic Case Info 8 Inspiring Initiative: Partnership for Sustainable Agriculture Land: South Africa Land degradation: Soil degradation by poor landuse practices and overcrowding Initiative by: University of Kwazulu-Natal, Farmer Support Group / Initiative supported by: EMG Working the Fields for Healthy Soils 22
  • 25. Participatory Learning The approach was highly participatory, unlike the rather top-down and prescriptive approach that has previously dominated extension work in the region. Most sessions took place in the farmers’ own fields, with an emphasis on practical learning - (e.g. building compost heaps, run-on ditches, trench beds, or on the use of mulches and cover crops). Several visits were also organised to see and evaluate innovations (e.g. approaches to vegetable gardening and water harvesting techniques) implemented by farmers elsewhere. Participatory monitoring and evaluation by the farmers themselves was also a key aspect of the learning process. Photography was used as a central element in building and sharing knowledge. Setting the Initiative Potshini lies at the foothills of the Drakenburg Mountains, close to the border with Lesotho. Subsistence agriculture is widely practised - although most people rely more on external sources of income, such as social grants or remittances for their liveli- hoods. Crops are grown in the summer - when the cattle range on communal lands - and in winter the cattle graze the crop residues in the fields. Decades of overcrowding (the legacy of apartheid) and poor land-use practices are taking their toll on the landscape, which is suffering from erosion, soil loss and nutrient depletion. Making the Difference The project was well accepted in the community, primarily The Smallholder Systems Innovations Project was established because it was designed and carried out in a participative by two departments at the University of KwaZulu-Natal: the fashion and was shaped by the farmers’ needs and priorities. Farmer Support Group (FSG, the community development and Interactions between stakeholders were not institutionalized outreach division of the Centre for the Environment, Agriculture but remained informal and led to improved knowledge about and Development) and the School of Bioresources Engineer- soil and water management and other aspects of agriculture ing and Environmental Hydrology. The FSG had worked in the and rural livelihoods. Participants said that the programme area before and had good links with the local community. They improved their knowledge about water conservation, making built on two existing farmers’ groups to establish two Farmer gardens, seeds, soil fertility, pest control and organic farming. Learner Groups, each with about thirty participating members. These groups shared and experimented with new technolo- The project contributed significantly to a decrease in water gies in farming, using Farmer Life Schools, an innovative way of run-off and soil erosion and an increase in tree planting. Better working with groups, that uses participatory action research, management also saw participants increase their maize yields and cross visits. The main aim of these schools was to involve (by an average of 168%), household food security and incomes farmers in seeking and adopting appropriate soil and water (through marketing vegetables). People were clearly better management innovations, drawing on their own experience able to meet household expenses - with many able to improve and knowledge. Discussions between farmers and facilitators or repair their homes or other buildings in their compound led to the development of a curriculum covering subjects such or being able to send their children to school. The process as soil and water management, seedling production, tree plant- also strengthened communications between members of the ing, food processing, nutrition, marketing and the challenges of groups and with neighbours and family members who had not HIV/AIDS. been able to participate. 23
  • 26. Basic Case Info 9 Inspiring Initiative: Media Tour Uzbekistan - Raising Environmental Awareness Land: Uzbekistan Land degradation: Salinisation, water degradation (quantity), vegetation degradation Initiative by: Tashkent Environment Information Centre / Initiative supported by: CAREC NGO’s and Journalists Making Land Degradation Public 24
  • 27. On a Media Tour A media tour to Verkhnechirchiksky hydro station in March management system in Ferghana Valley, desertification in of 2003 had been organized in partnership with the Basin the Aral Sea area. Then the bus headed for Charvak water Water Organization “Syrdarya” which is responsible for , reservoir. Journalists were getting information on the way this waterworks facility. After the journalists inspected the there, too. The “open microphone” provided the opportunity waterworks facility, which controls the supply of water into a for most of the participants to express their opinions channel, there was a discussion of the topic “How to manage regarding the subject of the media tour and the “round table” , water resources?” Experts were talking about automation . as well as to touch upon other urgent issues related to the of the water management industry in Uzbekistan and environment of Uzbekistan. Central Asia, introduction of the integrated water resources Making the Difference Environmentalists are aware that generating publicity about environmental issues is an essential part of their work, yet Setting the Initiative they often lack the training in effective communication with Uzbekistan is a landlocked country in the Asian steppes. The a broader lay-audience. Printed press releases may attract country is experiencing considerable land degradation and passing interest, but they need to be short to capture and desertification. Water resources are declining and subject to hold a journalist’s attention. However press releases often do increased pressure and competition, while waste disposal and not properly describe the complexity of many environmental loss of biodiversity pose other environmental challenges. issues. Environmental groups and journalists therefore have sought new mechanisms for disseminating information about Despite a large media presence in the country, environmental environmental issues. Initially these started off as roundtables issues receive little national publicity. The main sources of infor- where experts handed out reports to the journalists, informed mation, an environmental bulletin and a government newslet- them about existing problems and answered their questions. ter, are very little read outside government circles. Against this This rather formal format was later augmented by media tours, background a group of journalists and environmentalists came which allowed the media to ‘see’ the issues at first hand, a together in 2002 to form the Tashkent Environment Information particular important aspect for TV broadcasters who look for Centre. Its aim is to build links between the media and environ- visual cues to back up the facts. The tours also provide opportu- mental professionals from NGOs and the government, in order nities for more interaction between the two groups. An ‘open- to raise public and political awareness about environmental microphone’ on the tour bus allows participants to discuss the problems. The idea is to give professional environmentalists issues in more depth and the tours also provide opportunities more access to media channels and to provide journalists with for informal networking. the information to communicate about the often complex intertwining of natural and social forces that shape contempo- Through giving broadcasters and journalists first-hand expo- rary environmental problems. sure to some of the key sites where land degradation issues are being played out, there has been a significant increase in media Since its founding, the Centre has produced a number of envi- coverage. The tours and roundtables were followed by TV pro- ronmental almanacs that provide reference material for journal- grammes, radio broadcasts and newspaper articles dedicated to ists and broadcasters. It has also organised fifteen round tables the problems of water apportioning, land degradation, for environmental professionals and the media and arranged desertification, conserving wildlife and climate change. The five tours to key environmental sites, including a hydro-power tours have enabled journalists to better understand the issues station, research institutes and national parks. Between thirty and to communicate them with greater clarity. Environmental and forty journalists or broadcasters participated in each of organisations are keen to participate in these events as they these tours. More recently, the Centre has established a website realise they create publicity and give them more political lever- as a source for breaking environmental stories and background age. Ongoing dialogues have arisen about how to improve material. In 2008 the Centre won a state-run competition for two-way information flows, as environmentalists sometimes supporting NGOs, which has enabled it to consolidate its work feel that the issues are not reported with sufficient accuracy or and shows official support for its groundbreaking efforts. detail. 25
  • 28. Basic Case Info 10 Inspiring Initiative: Conserving the Sunken Fruit Gardens of Southern Iran Land: Iran Land degradation: Soil degradation by water erosion, losses to urban development Initiative by: CENESTA A Living Example of Traditional Knowledge 26
  • 29. “In the past grape vines were widespread here. In our village there used to be some 150 underground gardens. I used to have seven myself! My forefather Gholam Reza planted them five generations ago.” Setting the Initiative Bushire, a province in southern Iran, has an extremely hot and arid climate where temperatures can reach more than 50 degrees. Rainfall is very low (between 200 and 250mm per year) and usually occurs in flash floods with most of the water Making the Difference running off. Despite these harsh conditions the area has been This traditional method of harvesting rainwater from flash settled for more than 5,000 years. There is some agriculture, floods involves digging a pit some 2-3 metres wide and 5-6 though its spread is limited to within close proximity of wells, metres deep until a layer of greasy soil, locally known as shol is often 20-30m deep, from which water is still raised using animal reached. The pits are dug in slightly lower areas of land where traction. the flash flood water is most likely to gather, and the surround- ing areas are landscaped to maximise the flow of water. The pits Despite its harshness this environment has given rise to ingen- also provide a moist and cool environment.The bottom of the ious techniques for harvesting precious rainwater and using it chamber is then lined with branches and the chamber half filled to grow high-value fruit crops. One method, of building sunken with top soil and young vines or fruit tree saplings are planted fruit gardens, dates back 4,000 years. It appears very simple, yet in them. For the first year the saplings require watering by hand, it shows a deep understanding of the climate and geology of but afterward the sunken gardens are recharged with water the area. These methods have endured for generations, with the from underground sources. garden pits and the knowledge needed to manage them being passed on from father to son. One local farmer recounts: “In the Above the ground the pits are protected from grazing animals past grape vines were widespread here. In our village there used by fences which are surrounded by thorn bushes. As the fruit to be some 150 underground gardens. I used to have seven trees grow they are trained out over a series of stone stands myself! My forefather Gholam Reza planted them five genera- or pillars (see photo) that provide a lattice framework. This tions ago”. keeps the fruit off of the ground and makes harvesting easier. The sunken gardens are known to produce yields of up to two Whereas there were once several thousand sunken fruit gar- tons of fruit each year, providing high-value cash crops for local dens in the province, their continued existence has come under farmers. This method produces plants that are not only highly threat. Urban development and the construction of a military productive but also very long-lasting: some vines are thought complex in the heart of the area where these sunken gardens to be more than five hundred years old. Despite the harsh have existed for generations have reduced the number to less climate, the region has much agro-biological diversity. Seven than ten. Following a lobbying campaign from the Iranian NGO distinct varieties of grapes were found in these sunken gardens, CENESTA the government has decided to declare these few all adapted to this climate. Now that the conservation of the remaining gardens as sites of cultural heritage. It is hoped that garden beds and methods has been achieved, the task is to the traditional knowledge embodied in these gardens can also conserve these fruit varieties and to keep alive the knowledge be brought back to life. that made this remarkable regeneration possible. 27
  • 30. Basic Case Info 11 Inspiring Initiative: Fog Collectors in the Coastal Border of the Atacama Desert Land: Chile Land degradation: Water degradation (quality) by mining Initiative by: Fishermen of the Caletas community, Chañaral Municipality, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile / Initiative reported by: OLCA Fishermen Catching Clouds for an Alternative Livelihood 28
  • 31. A low cost, low maintenance technology The fog catchers are constructed from polypropylene netting (widely used in Chile as a wind break) strung between eucalyptus trees or poles so that the nets face into the wind and ‘catch’ the clouds of fog. The fog condenses on the surface of the netting and the water drips down into a basin dug underneath the net, from where it can be canalized or piped downhill into storage. They are extremely simple and cheap to construct and rely on gravity to do most of the work. Their initial vulnerability to occasional high wind speeds has been corrected, and now the nets can be taken down during storms. Setting the Initiative Making the Difference The Atacama Desert, in the north of Chile, is one of the most The fishermen initially experimented with six fog collectors, arid regions of the world. Communities living by the sea used to with a surface area of 264 square metres which were positioned rely on subsistence fishing for their livelihoods - but waste from six hundred metres above the plots intended to be used for local mining operations decimated local fish stocks and threat- agriculture. They found that these nets captured more than ened their livelihoods forcing them to look for alternatives. 1,000 litres of water per day enough to establish plastic green- houses where they grow tomatoes and aloe vera. Since this first Throughout the year heavy mists blow off the sea, shrouding experiment they have built a further eight fog collectors, more the high local cliffs and mountains. The fishermen wondered than doubling their water harvesting capacity. As the project if there was some way to capture the water in the mist and use was initiated by the fishing community itself they have a vested it for irrigation, thereby creating an alternative livelihood. They interest in sustaining it and in building new alliances with dif- enlisted the help of the Geography Department at the Catholic ferent donors and other support organisations. The nets now University to set up a study to explore if fog nets (atrapanieblas) also provide water to tourists visiting the nearby Pan de Azúcar would provide sufficient water to sustain viable agricultural National Park and there are possibilities for developing businesses. eco-tourism related enterprises. Other similar projects had been tried elsewhere in Chile and The potential of fog nets has been recognized again and is had proved technically feasible. However the economics of being discussed with other communities in Chile with similar them depended on the local topography (which dictated the topographic conditions. One of the researchers involved in the amount of piping needed). In addition there was insufficient project has been involved in establishing fog nets technology local social support to maintain the fog nets, so they quickly fell in other Latin American countries as well as in Namibia, South into disrepair. In this case the topography was favourable and Africa and Nepal. This simple technology is replicable in other the project was initiated by the beneficiaries so there seemed a arid areas with dramatic altitude differences and the right better chance of sustaining the project. weather conditions. 29
  • 32. Basic Case Info 12 Inspiring Initiative: Combating Desertification Through Agro-Pastoralism Land: Pakistan Land degradation: Vegetation degradation by overgrazing and over-exploitation of timber resources Initiative by: Society for Conservation and Protection of Environment (SCOPE), Arid Zone Research Institute (AZRI) Adapting to Climate Change: a Multi-Functional Response 30
  • 33. “Fifteen agro-pastoral farms have been set up in the district, each covering 2-3 hectares. These farms combine food crops, agro-forestry and managed grazing. They are set up both as productive units and also as demonstration farms which other farmers can visit and learn new techniques.” Setting the Initiative One key aspect of these farms is the use they make of natural Tharparkar, in Sindh Province, Southeast Pakistan, is a semi- fencing using trees and shrubs. This provides valuable sources arid zone, containing much of the Pakistani portion of the Thar of food, gum, fodder, shelter and nutrients, and protects the Desert. Rainfall is very low (200-250mm a year in good years) crops and saplings from grazing animals. The system allows and seasonal; it rains for just 60-75 days per year. The inhabit- the animals to be kept within the compound for much of the ants - who mostly combine semi-nomadic livestock keeping year where they are fed on cuttings from the planted trees. This with small-scale agriculture, are highly dependent on these in turn allows farmers to make better use of their manure and rains for the regeneration of grassland and woody vegeta- so build up soil fertility. Working with national and regional tion for their grazing animals, the recharging of ground water governments and the Arid Zone Research Institute (AZRI), the supplies and for subsistence agriculture. The district is rich in project has identified suitable drought-resistant crops (millet biodiversity - it has more than 700 varieties of grasses, shrubs and pulses) and water conservation techniques that are being and trees - but is also the most food insecure area in Pakistan. adopted by the communities. Education about the importance Families are locked into a vicious circle of poor nutrition, poor of local shrubs and trees is also an important part of the project. health, seasonal migration, indebtedness and illiteracy. This The communities are responsible for the management of the spiral is often triggered by droughts, which are increasing in farms. They have formed co-operative societies and meet once a frequency and severity, and which reduce food and water month to discuss new ideas and technologies. supplies and available grazing. Overgrazing and over-exploita- tion of timber resources (for both fuel and construction) are also The project, which is located in a very remote, inhospitable and undermining the productivity of the rangelands and leading to poor area, is seeking to improve resource use among farmers by desertification. showing them the benefits of adopting an agro-pastoral system and improving water management. Through such methods it is hoped that local farmers can adapt to climate change, improve Making the Difference their food production and reverse environmental degradation. SCOPE is a local non-governmental organisation working to meet the objectives of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. It has established a pastoral livelihood support programme to help local communities improve food security and to combat drought and desertification. Fifteen agro-pastoral farms have been set up in the district, each cover- ing 2-3 hectares. These farms combine food crops, agro-forestry and managed grazing. They are set up both as productive units and also as demonstration farms which other farmers can visit to learn new techniques. The main crops grown are millet, wheat, sorghum, pulses and vegetables. These are combined with tree and bush species that provide fodder for the livestock and the cultivation of saplings that can be used for reforesting the surrounding area. Planting of Prosipus Cineraria is encour- aged as this is a hardy tree species that provides fodder during times of drought. 31
  • 34. Basic Case Info 13 Inspiring Initiative: Peasant Farming Schools in Senegal Land: Senegal Land degradation: Water degradation by agrochemicals, vegetation degradation by deforestation Initiative by: ENDA PRONAT Initiative supported by: ENDA Senegal Fine-Tuning Farming Techniques through Farmer Schools 32
  • 35. “The farmers began to form their own Integrated Farmer Schools where they could continue their experiments with ways of combating desertification.” Making the Difference Setting the Initiative The farmers began to form their own Integrated Farmer Schools Farmers in the central part of the Senegal Valley face many (IFS) where they could continue their experiments with ways of threats to their livelihoods. combating desertification, adapting to visible climatic changes Several droughts have weakened the Sahelian ecosystem and and improving productivity through agroecological farming. this, combined with overexploitation of natural resources, has Together they have continued to learn about seed selection reduced the natural productivity of the region. The construction and propagation, pest control and water harvesting and of a dam on the Senegal River placed further pressure on tradi- management, fine-tuning the techniques that they learnt tional farming methods, leading to changes in farming practices before and adapting them to the local situation. Working collec- and a widespread uptake of irrigated farming, which required tively they are also able to address larger issues that affect the the use of external inputs such as fertilisers and pesticides. farming community: problems which range from maintaining communal resources (e. water pumps or wells) to working out Pronat is a branch of the international NGO ENDA. It has been viable strategies for commercialising their products, to posing working with farmers in the Guédé area for more than twenty a united front against land developments that harm their inter- years, sensitising them to the problems of climate change, ests. By using agroecological techniques such as composting, desertification and modern input-intensive farming methods companion planting, and natural pest control these farms have and encouraging them to adopt agroecological farming meth- been able to substantially reduce their input costs. On modern- ods. To popularise these approaches Pronat introduced Peasant ising farms these costs represent some two thirds of revenue Farming Schools (Champs École Paysan- CEP), an approach that generated - but on the application farms these costs are less has proved highly effective in other parts of the world, par- than 20%. ticularly Asia. This is an informal system of education where a limited number of voluntary farmers (up to about twenty) meet A local federation of peasants associations (Ngatamaare Tooro) on a small piece of land for discussions, research, experimenta- has been created to enable these IFSs to continue to expand. tion, capacity building and learning new techniques. The federation provides a valuable point of contact with the The schools give farmers an opportunity to test new methods outside world (for example for finding the expertise that farm- and techniques before applying them on their farms. The farms ers want tap into). In addition a network of twelve eco-schools are also working farms (‘farms of application’), which generate has been created, wherein children are involved in kitchen an income by selling the produce they grow, and are thus self gardening, learning ecological farming techniques and growing supporting. When the initial project funding ran out, the farmers food which can be used for school meals with any surplus being decided to continue with running the schools themselves. sold. The organisation is looking for ways to tap into the bounti- They saw that the schools and the peasants’ associations that ful supplies of natural energy, particularly solar and wind, a had sprung up around them gave them a structure for working currently unused resource. ENDA Pronat continues to work with and learning together. Ngatamaare Tooro, helping it grow in confidence and capacity. 33
  • 36. Basic Case Info 14 Inspiring Initiative: Planning for Urban Market Gardens in Nouakchott Land: Mauritania Land degradation: Water degradation (quantity), urban development Initiative by: TENMIYA Reviving the Green Lungs of the City 34
  • 37. “Farmers are now more aware of their role in the urban ecosystem and are committed to farming in a more sustainable way. In turn, the local authority has developed a plan to encourage urban farming.” Making the Difference TENMIYA, a local NGO and research centre, became involved in resolving these conflicts by facilitating a strategic research action plan involving the Urban community of Nouakchott, the local municipalities, departments in the Ministry of Agri- Setting the Initiative culture, the National Institute of Public Health, the local offices Nouakchott is the capital of Mauritania, one of the countries in of some international organisations (WHO and UNDP) and the the Sahel most affected by drought and desertification. Rainfall market gardeners of Nouakchott. Its first task was to evaluate is low, with less than 300 mm per year. The country experienced the importance of market gardening in terms of socio-econom- prolonged droughts in the 1970s and 1980s. These contributed ics, the environment, health and food security and how market to a massive exodus of rural dwellers to Nouakchott and led to gardening fitted with the existing local municipal plans. This the establishment of numerous urban market gardens, some highlighted the importance of market gardening and the issues close to the centre of the city, but mostly in Dar Naim, a munici- it was giving rise to, which in turn led to the development of a pality on the edge of the capital. Some of these new migrants local plan to support and maintain these market gardens and established market gardens which provided an important resolve the problems. Water management was the key issue, source of livelihood for people whose main experience and and the report highlighted the need to improve the efficiency skills lay in agriculture. Some 6,000 people now work in produc- of water use and the potential of drip irrigation systems in tion and distribution. They also provide an important supply of achieving this.Finance was found to install drip irrigation fresh vegetables for the city as well as helping to stabilise the systems, considerably reducing the burden that the gardeners sand dunes surrounding the city and providing green oases in put on local water resources and the need to recycle potentially the urban environment. polluted waste water. Yet in recent years, competition for two scarce resources, water As a result of this collaboration, farmers are now more aware of and land, have threatened the successful continuation of these their role in the urban ecosystem and are committed to farming market gardens. There were concerns that the gardens were in a more sustainable way, improving water management and drawing too much water from local aquifers, a precious and maintaining the city’s ‘green lungs’. In turn, the local authority finite resource, and the alternative of reusing urban wastewater has developed a plan to encourage urban farming, has taken clearly posed major health risks. At the same time, the expan- development pressure off of the plots run by farmers and is sion of the city put increasing pressure on land resources, supportive of grant applications by farmers to develop their with more land being bought up for development. As the city skills and resources. The result has been a fruitful partnership expanded, the market gardens, once located on the outskirts between the market gardeners and the municipality of Dar of the city, became surrounded by built-up areas and became Naim. The market gardens look set to provide a continued sup- attractive sites for future development. In one area the local ply of local fresh vegetables, thereby helping to maintain the municipality went as far as to ban market gardening. food supply and nutritional security of Nouakchott. 35
  • 38. Basic Case Info 15 Inspiring Initiative: Windbreak Hedges Land: Madagascar Land degradation: Soil degradation by wind erosion Initiative by: Groupe de Recherches et d’Échanges Technologique (GRET) Initiative supported by: ENDA Madagascar Fighting the Tiokatimo Winds: Farmers Experiment 36
  • 39. “The farmers who have participated in the initiative see the windbreak hedges as a way of protecting their plots against wind erosion and drifting sands, thereby increasing their income.” Making the Difference FASARA set up an initiative with several interested farmers to explore the possibility of using wind break hedges to mitigate the erosive effects of the strong south easterly winds. At the same time these wind breaks could also protect the plots from roaming cattle and wildlife and be a source of fruit, fodder and fuel. FASARA worked with farmer groups, discussing the suit- ability of different species and identified several with a poten- tial for success. Choosing the best species was often complex, and different groups and families had different preferences. Two women’s associations initially supported by the project took on responsibility for establishing nurseries and growing the seedlings. However, some plants were difficult to cultivate in the nursery, others grew too slowly in the field and others did not bear foliage in the windy season. In the early years the Setting the Initiative mortality rate of trees was very high (50%). The lines of trees The south of Madagascar is a semi-arid region with very low which were planted in staggered rows one metre apart, grew rainfall and very little ground water. The coastal area in the quite slowly and villagers and project researchers decided to Androy region is subject to fierce winds - the Tiokatimo winds combine the two approaches, planting a line of cactuses on the - that blow in off the sea. These winds dry out an already arid windward side of the fences to give them additional protection area, damage crops, cause soil erosion and shift sandbanks. in the first year or two. This increases the problems of small scale farmers, especially in the areas close to the coast where cultivated plots of land can The combination of approaches proved successful. In the four quickly be inundated with sand. In addition, the land closest to year period between 2005 and 2009 the nursery groups have the sea was eroded many years ago through ploughing. supplied more than 170,000 trees which have led to the plant- ing of around 150 km of living fences by around 200 different The FASARA project - initiated by the organisations GRET and farm households. The farmers who have participated in the ENDA - instigated a series of village meetings and communal initiative see the windbreak hedges as a way of protecting workshops in order to explore the agricultural practices, choices their plots against wind erosion and drifting sands, thereby and preferences of communities and individual farmers. Issues increasing their income. However it takes some time to prepare such as erosion, shifting sandbanks and declining soil fertility the ground before planting the windbreaks and this probably were top of the villagers’ concerns. Farmers had already formed contributed to the high mortality rates of the saplings. Despite some responses to these problems such as planting prickly these teething difficulties FASARA has established a good dia- pear or aloe vera to mark their farm boundaries and to keep logue with local communities and in the coming years aims to out grazing cattle; these also provided fruit for livestock. Yet encourage farmers to plant in slack times during the agricultur- they also often burned these back after the end of the growing al calendar, to ensure the provision of replacement seedlings for season, when the plots are most exposed to the wind. those saplings that died, and to encourage more farmers to join. 37
  • 40. Basic Case Info 16 Inspiring Initiative: Restoring Biodiversity with Native Plants / Land: Chile Land degradation: Vegetation degradation by extensive forestry monoculture, soil and water degradation by agro-chemical use Initiative by: Hguallen Pelu Mapu Initiative reported by: OLCA Indigenous Communities Responding to Monoculture Tree Plantations 38
  • 41. People from the surrounding area are invited to participate in the development of the tree nursery; to visit places where combinations of selected native species are helping to protect water sources. The destructive effects of monoculture and the ways to restore biodiversity are also explained in programmes broadcast on local radio stations. Setting the Initiative In the past twenty years or so large areas of Chile have been Making the Difference afforested with large plantations of fast growing timber crops, In response to the challenges, a local community organisation, such as eucalyptus and pine. While some of these plantations Hguallen Pelu Mapu, has established a programme entitled have been established on deforested land, others were planted “Water and wisdom, dialogues for life.” They began by study- on lands traditionally used by indigenous peoples, in particular ing ways of addressing the exhaustion of water sources. They the Mapuche. Chile now has some 2 million hectares of land gathered one of the affected communities and established a planted with fast growing timber species, which make huge dialogue with an organisation of foresters. This dialogue led to demands on local water resources. The scale and density of an experimental project to reforest specific places with native these operations has played havoc with the local ecology. Rivers species to protect water sources, with the idea of using the and streams which the Mapuche used to rely on for domestic knowledge acquired to replicate the same process in other rural consumption, for fishing and for their agriculture have dried up areas affected by lack of water, deforestation and land degrada- and have become polluted by agrochemicals used in differ- tion. ent phases of developing the plantations and aerial spraying. Many places where the Mapuche used to collect mushrooms This programme was established in the rural municipality of and herbal and medicinal plants have been planted over. New Keuke, whose river had dried up. The programme had two key animal species, introduced by the timber companies to control aims. The first was to sensitise local people about what was rabbit and hare populations, have disrupted the food chain. happening and of the possibility of changing the situation. The second, more practical, aspect was to establish a tree nursery These problems have led to many Mapuche abandoning their for local indigenous varieties and then to start replanting these traditional lands and way of life, often going to live in larger varieties on lands still owned by the communities close to the cities, where they end in poverty. In one community, Los Sauces, river’s sources. the population declined by 16% between 1992 and 2002. In some places whole settlements have been abandoned because The initiative is primarily an educational programme. People of a lack of water. In other places the Mapuche people have had from the surrounding area are invited to participate in the to abandon traditional mixed farming practices and start grow- development of the tree nursery; to visit places where combi- ing the same species to sell to wood mills of the timber compa- nations of selected native species are helping to protect water nies. Many communities now rely on deliveries of water in order sources. Workshops are organised for sharing experiences and to survive. The dense plantations also pose a fire hazard to the discussing ways of addressing the problems caused by tree homes and villages of the Mapuche, as they often come right to plantations. These issues are also explained in programmes the edge of their settlements. Finally, the size and scale of the broadcasted on local radio stations. A nursery has been estab- plantations give rise to a sense of cultural dislocation among lished with a capacity for producing 6-10,000 local saplings the native people, who no longer feel at home in the environ- and it is hoped that the planting programme will help protect ment - especially when the trees are cut for timber, leaving vast the Keuke basin and bring sufficient clean water back to the barren swathes of hillside. villagers. 39
  • 42. Basic Case Info 17 Inspiring Initiative: Civil Society Driven Conservation Legislation Land: Turkey Initiative by: TEMA and other Turkish civil society groups One Million Signatures for Soil Conservation 40