Integrated Pest Management - Oregon State University

1. 2/9/2009
Pest Control and Biological Diversity
Master Gardener Training, 2009
20X Pesticide
Treadmill Sustainable Pest Management
ndex
15X IPM
Integrated Pest Management
Complexity In
10X
Gail Langellotto, Ph.D. (Entomology) 5X
OSU Department of Horticulture
1X
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Time
Diamondback Moth on Cabbage Parasitoids on Cabbage
• Triangles = • Triangles =
Sprayed Sprayed
• Ci l =
Circles • Ci l =
Circles
Unsprayed Unsprayed
Number of Species Currently
Conservation Biological Control
Controlled with Pesticides
• Few studies have been conducted in garden
systems
Diseases 137 – Exception: Shrewsbury and Raupp (2006). Do top-down
or bottom up forces determine Stephanities pyriodes in
Insects 304 urban landscapes?
p
Mites 34 Two Dimensional System Three Dimensional System
Nematodes 23
Weeds 102
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2. 2/9/2009
Components
Landscape
Natural Disease
Ecology Pest
Enemies Complex
Complex
• Raupp et al. 2001. Plant species diversity
and abundance affects the number of
Management
arthropod pests in residential landscapes.
Land Plant Abiotic
Land
Diversity Factors
Soil Soil
Nutrients Organic
Nematodes
Matter
Micro/
Macro Microbial
Inverte- Flora
brates
Climbing the Alternatives Ladder Climbing the Alternatives Ladder
Level III Level III
Level II Level II
Level I Level I
Cultural
Physical
Multiple Tactics Biological
Pesticides Pesticides Chemical
Climbing the Alternatives Ladder Climbing the Alternatives Ladder
Level III Level III
Level II Level II
IPM (Monitoring) Multi-
Multi-species / Multi-strategy
Multi- No Single Strategy
Level I Biodynamic Level I (Integrated, or Not)
Integrated Strategies Organic Integrated Strategies Fits All Pests
Conventional
Multiple Tactics Multiple Tactics
Pesticides Pesticides
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3. 2/9/2009
Climbing the Alternatives Ladder Climbing the Alternatives Ladder
Your Neighbor
Regional Integration Your City Planner
Your Area Farms
Level III Level III
Systems Integration Diverse Yards Require Flexible Systems Integration
and Diverse Strategies
Level II Level II
•Vegetable Garden
Multi-species / Multi-strategy •Perennial Bed
Multi- Multi- Multi-
Multi-species / Multi-tactic
Multi-
Level I Level I
•Home Orchard
Integrated Strategies •Waterwise Plants Integrated Strategies
Multiple Tactics Multiple Tactics
Pesticides Pesticides
Objective Principles of IPM
• Introduce Principles of IPM, and consider
how you can use an IPM approach to pest • Prevent Problems
control in your garden • Monitor the plants
• Identify the pest organism
y p g
• Establish an acceptable injury
threshold
• Manage using all available strategies
Principles of IPM (1) Monitoring
• Prevent Problems
• Look for pest organisms, damage and beneficial
• Monitor the plants predators/parasitoids on a regular basis
• Identify the pest organism
y p g • Keep a record of your observations
• Establish an acceptable injury • Collect samples of pest organisms or of damage
threshold – Helps to ensure that damage / pest match up
• Manage using all available strategies
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4. 2/9/2009
(1) Monitoring Techniques (1) Monitoring: Visual Estimates
• Estimate % of plant that
• Visual Counts Least Cost is damaged
• Damage Estimates Least Effort
– % of leaves damaged
– % damage per leaf
– Describe damage
• Water Pan Traps Moderate Cost Black Vine Weevil Damage
• Count or estimate # of
• Yellow Sticky Traps Some Effort
pests per plant
– Count or estimate on a
per leaf basis if plant is
• Beer and Board Traps Moderate – High Cost large
• Pheromone Traps Moderate Effort
Lacebug Damage
(1) Monitoring: Water Pan Traps (1) Monitoring –Sticky Traps
Yellow Yellow Sticky Trap
Blue
White
Yellow sticky trap
Trapping for fungus gnats
Bees in Pan Trap Blue Sticky Trap
(1) Monitoring – Beer and Board Traps (1) Monitoring – Pheromone Traps
Beer Trap Roach Pheromone Trap
• For slugs and snails Apple Maggot Trap
• Raised boards
• Homemade or Apple maggot trap
commercial beer traps
p
Codling Moth Traps
Board Trap Beer Trap
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5. 2/9/2009
Monitoring – Phermone Traps Carbon Dioxide Traps
• Japanese Beetle Traps • Used to monitor mosquito populations
– West Nile
– Malaria
• Many blood feeding parasites cue in on
CO2 emissions
Japanese Beetle
Principles of IPM Identify the Problem
• Look for patterns of damage
• Prevent Problems – In the garden and on a plant
• Monitor the plants
Uniform Damage Non-Uniform Damage
• Identify the pest organism
y p g
• Establish an acceptable injury
threshold
• Manage using all available strategies
Non-Living (Abiotic) Causes
Living (Biotic) Causes
• Vertebrate pests
• Insects & mites
• Nematodes
• Fungi
• Bacteria
• Viruses
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6. 2/9/2009
Abiotic or Biotic? Abiotic or Biotic?
Abiotic or Abiotic or
Biotic? Biotic
Diagnosing Insect Problems Step by Step Method of Diagnosis
• Do not, if at all possible, diagnose a pest problem from a
photo • Define the problem.
– Get a sample of the “insect”
– Get a sample of the damage
• Make sure that the organism is indeed an insect • Look for patterns.
– Is it an adult or a juvenile?
• Identify the insect to order (easier to do for adults than • Observe where the damage occurs on a plant.
for juveniles)
– What do the wings look like? Are they membraneous? Are there
2 pair? What about cross veins? Are the wings held flat over the • Examine spread of problem.
body, or tent like over the body?
– Do the mouthparts of the insect match up with the type of
damage being reported?
• Determine likely cause of damage.
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7. 2/9/2009
Damage by Mining Insects Damage by Chewing Insects
Black Vine Weevil
Miners Chewers Damage
Pear slug damage
Pear slug
Boxwood Leaf Miner Flea Beetle Larvae and
Damage
Boxwood Leaf Miner Damage Cucumber Beetle
& Damage
Boxwood Leaf Miner
Damage by Sucking Insects and
Damage by Sucking Insects
Mites
Phloem
Mesophyll Feeder
Feeder
Spider Mite
Damage
Spider Mite
Damage
Azalea Lace Spider Mite Aphid Damage Aphid Infestation on
Bug Damage Damage Hybrid Tea Rose
Identify your Pest Principles of IPM
• Local Extension Office and OSU Master Gardener
Program
• OSU Insect ID Clinic • Prevent Problems
– http://www.science.oregonstate.edu/bpp/insect_clinic/ • Monitor the plants
• OSU Plant Disease Clinic
– http://plant disease ippc orst edu/clinic cfmPacific
http://plant-disease.ippc.orst.edu/clinic.cfmPacific • Identify the pest organism
y p g
Northwest Nursery IPM • Establish an acceptable injury
– http://oregonstate.edu/dept/nurspest/
• OSU IPPC IPM Handbooks Online
threshold
– http://www.ipmnet.org/IPM_Handbooks.htm • Manage using all available strategies
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8. 2/9/2009
Principles of IPM Manage Using All Available Strategies
• Prevent Problems
Cultural Least Toxic
• Monitor the plants Physical
• Identify the pest organism
y p g Biological
• Establish an acceptable injury Chemical Most Toxic
threshold
• Manage using all available strategies – Use a least hazardous approach, that will
also enact effective control
Cultural Control  Prevention! Plant / Site Selection
• Altering your garden or gardening practices • RIGHT PLANT. RIGHT PLACE.
to reduce pest populations or injury • Select quality nursery stock
• Reduce plant stress through proper • Select plants with pest resistance
horticultural practice • Companion Planting
• Three Components
– Selection
– Installation
– Maintenance
Plant Selection: Resistant Plants Plant Selection: Companion planting
R. davidsonianum Adult Root Weevil
Damage to Leaves • Pests and the Plants that Repel Them
Flea beetle Catnip, marigold, nasturtium, peppermint, rue, spearmint,
southernwood, tansy
Japanese beetle Catnip, chives, garlic, nasturtium, odorless marigold, tansy,
Root Weevils
white geranium
Rabbit Garlic, marigold, onion
Slugs and Snails Fennel, garlic, rosemary
List of Rhododendrons Resistant to Root Weevils can be found at:
http://www.co.thurston.wa.us/health/ehcsg/pdf/weevil%20guide.pdf Spider mite Coriander, dill
Resistant varieties
Information on Managing Root Weevils in the Pacific Northwest:
http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/ec/ec1485.pdf http://counties.cce.cornell.edu/Chemung/publications/companion-planting.pdf
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9. 2/9/2009
Plant Installation Cultural Control: Plant Maintenance
• Improper planting often results in stressed • Water for deep, spread roots
plants. • Fertilizing
• Compacted soils are often a particular – Too much fertilizer can increase insect pest
problem on home sites. problems as much as too little fertilizer.
• “I’d rather plant a $0.50 plant in a $5.00 • Mulching / Groundcovers
hole than a $5.00 plant in a $0.50 hole.” – Can reduce weed problems
• Remove and properly dispose of garden
debris
Disease Management: Sanitation Disease Management: Sanitation
Hellebore with gray mold
• Clean up Debris
• Remove diseased
plants
• Prune away diseased
plant parts
Physical/Mechanical Control Physical Control: Sticky barrier
• Use of physical barriers, machines or • Can prevent
objects to prevent an infestation pests from
(preventative), or kill the pest (remedial) climbing and
colonizing tree.
– Horticultural fabrics to cover plants
• Can prevent
(preventative)
pests from
– Flyswatter (remedial) climbing down
tree to pupate
in soil
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10. 2/9/2009
Physical Control: Collars and
Copper Barriers for Molluscs Cages
Plant Cage on Radishes
Cabbage Maggot Control
Brown Garden Snail
Tin Collar
Cutworm Control
Physical Control: Row Covers Handpicking
• Covers many plants,
or entire rows
• Protection for
seedlings, or during
other vulnerable times
lnerable
• Light, thermal and air
environment will be
modified
Place insects in soapy
water to kill them
Water Sprays Pruning
Spider
Mites
Spray plants with water to
dislodge aphids.
Aphids
p
Aphids
Spider mites
Must be sprayed regularly
to prevent recolonization.
Tent caterpillars
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11. 2/9/2009
Vacuuming Tilling
Boxelder Bug Flea
Garden symphylan
Asian Ladybug Beetle
Tilling
Physical Control: Bug Zappers Biological Control
• Biological control is the use of living organisms
—parasites, predators, or pathogens—to
maintain pest populations below economically
damaging levels, and may be either natural
(conservation) or applied (augmentative).
(augmentative)
Royal Walnut Moth The 3 P’s:
sitting on a bug zapper Predators, Parasitoids, Pathogens
Parasitoids as Insect Predators as
Biological Control Agents Biological Control Agents
• There are 32 families that are significant for pest
• While at least 26 families of parasitoids suppression, most common of which include:
have been used, the most frequent • Heteroptera • Neuroptera
hymenopterans are • Anthocoridae • Chrysopidae
(minute pirate bugs)
– Braconidae (green lacewings)
Superfamily Ichneumonoidea • Pentatomidae
– Ichneumonidae (soldier bugs) • Diptera
• Reduviidae • Cecidomiidae
– Eulophidae (assassin bugs) (predatory midges)
– Pteromalidae Superfamily Chalcidoidea • Coleoptera • Syrphidae
– Encyrtidae • Carabidae (syrphid flies)
(ground beetles)
– Aphelinidae • Coccinellidae • Hymenoptera
(lady bird beetles) • Formicidae
• In the Diptera, the most frequent group • Staphylinidae (ants)
has been the Tachinidae (rove beetles)
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12. 2/9/2009
Arachnid Predators as
Predaceous Insects
Biological Control Agents
Green • Spiders (Araneae) are all predacious
Lacewing
Larvae
• Predacious mites (Phytoseiidae)
are important in controlling spider mites
Rove Beetle
Assassin Bug
Ground Beetle Syrphid Fly Larvae
Soldier Bug
Photo Credit: Jay Rosenheim
Department of Entomology
UC Davis
Photo Credit: Jim Walgenbach
Southern Applalachian Apple IPM Program
Minute Pirate Bug Mountain Horticultural Crops Research & Extension Center
Parasitoid Wasps Parasitoid Wasps
Braconid emerging from moth cocoon
Ichneumonid
Ichneumonid
Ptermomalid Wasp
Eulophid Wasp
Image Source:
AMNH
Braconid pupae on tomato hornworm Aphelenid Wasp Encyrtid Wasp
Parasitized Insects Augmentative Biological Control
Aphid Mummies
• Increase local abundance of predators and
parasitoids by releasing the biological control
agents into the garden
• Use of biological control agents as you would a
Parasitized Cabbage Moth Larvae chemical pesticide
h i l ti id
Parasitized Beetle Larvae
Stapling Egg Lacewing
Egg Cards
Parasitoid Emerging from Cards Eggs
Aphid Mummy
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13. 2/9/2009
Conservation Biological Control Conservation Biological Control
• Increases the abundance of natural enemies where the habitat • Few studies have been conducted in garden
has been manipulated (Langellotto and Denno 2004) systems
• Spatial scale of conservation biological control area influences – Exception: Shrewsbury and Raupp (2006). Do top-down
success (Langellotto and Rosenheim in prep) or bottom up forces determine Stephanities pyriodes in
urban landscapes?
p
Beetle Banks
Hedgerow Two Dimensional System Three Dimensional System
Field Margin
Four Principles of IPM
• Monitor the plants
• Identify the pest organism
• Establish an acceptable injury
p j y
threshold
• Manage using all available strategies
Number of Species Currently
Chemical Control in IPM Controlled with Pesticides
• IPM permits integrated use of chemical
pesticides, but also actively seeks to minimize
applications
Diseases 137
• REDUCE – spray when needed, and not
according to schedule
g Insects 304
Mites 34
• REPLACE – use other, less toxic alternatives to Nematodes 23
pesticides
Weeds 102
• REDESIGN – correct past landscape design
issues to reduce pest problems
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14. 2/9/2009
Organic and Synthetic Broad Spectrum / Non-Selective
• Organic: Derived from an • Controls a wide range of pest organisms
organic source
– Botanicals (pyrethrum – Organophosphates (a.i. malathion)
NeemTM, RotenoneTM) – Carbamates (a.i. carbaryl, methomyl)
– Microbials (Bt sprays)
– Pyrethroids (
y (a.i. cyfluthrin, fenpropathrin)
y p p )
– Naturalytes (SpinosadTM)
– Neonicotinoids (a.i. imidacloprid)
• Synthetic: Manufactured
pesticides
Examples of Broad
Organic Spectrum
Pyrethrin Insecticides
Synthetic
Pyrethroid
Narrow Spectrum / Selective Pesticide Classes - Insecticides
Class Mode of Range of Notes
• Controls a narrow range of pest organisms
Action Activity
– Insect Growth Regulators (IntrepidTM), Organophophates Cholinesterase Broad Potential non-target effects on
Inhibitor mammals, beneficial insects a
– Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.), Bt-k (DipelTM) and concern
Bt-t (NovodorTM) Carbamates Cholinesterase Broad – Chewing Potential non-target effects on
Inhibitor Insects beneficial insects a concern
concern,
mammals
Pyrethroids Impacts Ion Broad Low toxicity to mammals, birds.
Channels Toxic to fish. Potential non-target
Colorado potato beetle effects on beneficial insects.
Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Neonicitinoids Impacts Ion
Channels
Broad –
Homoptera and
Systemic. Low toxicity to mammals.
Potential non-target effects on
Bt-t toxin is effective against beetles beneficial insects, especially
bees.
This pest of potatoes, tomatoes Microbials - Bt Stomach Narrow – (Bt-k) Must be ingested in order to be
and other solanaceous crops poison. caterpillars, (Bt-t) effective. Thus, targets only those
Paralyzes beetles, (Bt-i) - insects that are feeding on the
insect gut. Flies protected plant.
Pesticide Classes - Insecticides Pesticide Classes - Insecticides
Class Mode of Range of Notes Class Mode of Range of Notes
Action Activity Action Activity
Microbial Inhibits ion Mites, Leaf Moderate toxicity to mammals. Botanical Impacts Ion Many insects, but Low toxicity to mammals. Rapid
Derivitives - channels Miners, Leaf Toxicity to aquatic organisms Insecticides - Channels particularly useful break down in sun. Degradation
Avermectims Beetles potentially high. pyrethrum against limits impact on beneficial
Microbial Overexcites Leaf Chewers, Low toxicity to mammals and caterpillars, sawfly insects, but may require repeat
Derivitives -
D i iti nervous Thrips, some Gall
Th i G ll beneficial i
b fi i l insects.
t larvae,
larvae leaf application.
application
Spinosad system Makers beetles,
leafhoppers
Horticultural Oils Smothering Effective against Low toxicity and minimal impacts
(block many insects – on non-target insects. Botanical Inhibits Effective against a Low toxicity to mammals. Low risk
spiracles) active stages and Insecticides - neem feeding, limited range of to beneficial insects.
eggs interferes with insects.
molting and
Insecticidal Soaps Disrupts cuticle Small, soft-bodies Vertebrates and non-target insects egg production
insects and mites generally not impacted. Toxic
against beneficial mites. May
directly harm plant Information for Tables Taken From:
Whitney Cranshaw. Classes of Pesticides Used in Landscape/Nursery
Pest Management. In Chapter 9 of Tactics and Tools for IPM.
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15. 2/9/2009
Minimizing the Negative Effects of Components
Chemical Control Landscape
Disease
Ecology Pest Natural
Enemies Complex
Complex
• Avoid applying pesticides on a windy day.
• Choose narrow over broad spectrum
Management
insecticides.
• Spot treat, rather than broadcast a
p Land Plant Abiotic
Land
pesticide. Diversity Factors
Soil Soil
• Always read the label, follow directions and
do not apply more than is recommended. Nematodes Nutrients Organic
Matter
• Wear protective clothing and eyewear. Micro/
Macro
• Dispose of unwanted pesticides and empty Inverte-
Microbial
Flora
containers properly. brates
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