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Landscaping for Wildlife With Native Plants - North Carolina State University
N     orth Carolina’s native plants provide well-adapted food and cover for
      North Carolina’s native animals, and a well-planned landscape of
native plants can help you attract a diversity of wildlife to your property. Native
                                                                                        ronmental conditions to those in
                                                                                        this state.
                                                                                      • Some exotics are planted inten-
North Carolina plants also are well-suited to the state’s soils and climate and         tionally as lawn or garden orna-
require relatively little upkeep, once established on an appropriate site.              mentals or as plants to attract
    However, the spread of exotic plants poses a threat to native plants and            wildlife, but other exotic plants
animals of North Carolina. This publication describes the problems associated           were introduced accidentally.
with some exotic plants and presents a detailed list of native plants that may
be used in place of these foreign ornamentals to attract wildlife to your property.   • Many exotic species become
                                                                                        naturalized, which means they
                                                                                        are able to survive, spread, and
                                                                                        reproduce on their own.
                                                                                      • Approximately 25 percent of the
                                                                                        plants growing wild in the
                                                                                        United States are naturalized
                                                                                        exotics, some of which have
                                                                                        become invasive, that is, they
                                                                                        grow unabatedly where native
                                                                                        plants otherwise would occur.
                                                                                          Invasive exotic plants are
                                                                                      those that pose the greatest risk to
                                                                                      the native plants and animals of
                                                                                      North Carolina. Competitors,
American goldfinches commonly feed on the seeds of orange coneflower in the fall      diseases, and insects control a
and winter. Photo by Chris Moorman                                                    plant’s growth and dispersal in its
                                                                                      native range. Over thousands of
Why use native plants?                        North America before European           years, natural checks and balances
                                              settlement.                             develop, which greatly reduce the
Biologists and other scientists                                                       chance that a single species will
                                           • Exotic plants are those not native
consider invasion by exotic plants                                                    increase in number to completely
                                             to an area. In North Carolina,
to be one of the most serious                                                         dominate a plant community.
                                             exotics usually come from Asia
problems facing native plant and                                                      However, when an exotic plant is
                                             or western Europe, regions that
wildlife populations in the United                                                    introduced to North Carolina, it
                                             have similar climate and envi-
States. For example, multiflora
rose, bicolor lespedeza, Japanese
honeysuckle, and autumn olive
are examples of exotic plants
introduced into North Carolina—
all for the purpose of promoting
“wildlife habitat.” However, each
introduction has proven detrimen-
tal to North Carolina’s native
plants, pushing them out of their
traditional habitats; and recent
research indicates that many
invasive exotic plants may be
harmful to local wildlife as well.
• Native plants generally are
  defined as those that occurred in        Exotic invasive plants, including mimosa, kudzu, Queen Anne’s lace, and sericea
                                           lespedeza, have taken over this vacated suburban lot. Photo by Chris Moorman

 2                                                                                     North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service
birds, but the plant grows and               plants, species like sawtooth oak
                                              often spreads quickly where the              (Quercus acutissima) continue to
                                              seeds are defecated. Native fruit-           be recommended as plantings to
                                              producing plants may succumb to              encourage wildlife. Until adequate
                                              the competition from this type of            information on the invasiveness of
                                              invasive exotic, thereby reducing            such plants exists, native alterna-
                                              the diversity of foods available to          tives should be used.
                                              birds. In addition, new evidence
                                              from the midwestern United States
                                                                                           Reversing the trend
                                              suggests birds that nest in some
Sawtooth oak, a tree native to Asia,          exotic shrubs experience poor                You can help stop the exotic plant
continues to be recommended as a              nesting success. Lower nest                  invasion by using and nurturing
wildlife plant, despite the availability of   height, the absence of sharp                 native plants around your home
many native oak species. Photo courtesy       thorns on the exotic plants, and a           and on your property. Native
of Alice B. Russell, NCSU retired             branching pattern that allows                plants generally grow well and
                                              predators easier access to nests
escapes its natural controls and
can become invasive. The charac-
teristics that make many exotic
plants attractive as ornamentals
(colorful berries, pest resistance,
tolerance of harsh conditions) also
increase their potential for inva-
siveness and make them difficult
to contain. Prolific growth by a
single plant species can be harmful
because forests with a limited                Native plants are attractive additions to any property. Both American beautyberry
number of plant species provide               (left) and strawberrybush (right) produce fruits that are attractive to wildlife and
very poor habitat for wildlife.               the human eye. Photos by Chris Moorman
     All exotic plants do not be-
come invasive, and most can                   built in exotic plants all could             require less care than exotic
safely be planted as ornamentals.             contribute to the increased nest             species when grown on the proper
However, it takes scientists many             predation. Despite the growing               soils under the right environmen-
years or even decades to fully                base of knowledge related to the             tal conditions. Additionally, North
understand an introduced plant’s              potential problems of exotic                 Carolina’s native wildlife has
potential invasiveness. New
information is being gathered
continually, and you should check
with your local nature center,
botanical garden, conservation
organization, or Cooperative
Extension agent about a plant’s
invasiveness before introducing it
to your property.
     Ironically, exotic plants that
are attractive to birds and other
wildlife often are the most invasive
because animals serve as great
dispersers of their fruits and seeds.
Autumn olive is an exotic plant               Tiger swallowtails, along with other butterflies and the ruby-throated hummingbird,
that produces fruits favored by               eat nectar from native azalea blooms. Illustration by Liessa Thomas Bowen

Landscaping for Wildlife with Native Plants                                                                                          3
Table 1. Plant Species Native to North Carolina* (including soil moisture and light requirements, region of primary occurrence, and benefit to wildlife).
                                                                                Wildlife                                                                                        Wildlife
Latin Name                  Common Name**           Soil/Light       Region      Value          Latin Name                  Common Name**           Soil/Light       Region      Value
Tall trees (more than 30 ft)                                                                   Alnus serrulata             Alder                     W-M/F-P         M,P,CP       S,L
Acer barbatum              Southern Sugar Maple       M/F-S           P,CP         S           Amelanchier arborea         Serviceberry              M-D/F-S          M,P        F,N,L
Acer rubrum                Red Maple                 W-D/F-P         M,P,CP        S           Amelanchier canadensis      Juneberry                 W-D/F-P          P,CP       F,N,L
Acer saccharum             Sugar Maple                M/F-S            M           S           Amelanchier laevis          Allegheny Serviceberry    M-D/F-P            M        F,N,L
Aesculus flava             Yellow Buckeye             M/P-S            M           H           Aralia spinosa              Devil’s Walking Stick      M/F-P          M,P,CP       F,N
Betula lenta               Sweet Birch               M-D/F-S           M          S,L          Asimina triloba             Pawpaw                     M/F-S          M,P,CP       F,L
Betula nigra               River Birch                W-D/F           P,CP        S,L          Carpinus caroliniana        Ironwood                  W-M/P-S         M,P,CP       S,L
Carya glabra               Pignut Hickory             D/F-S          M,P,CP       S,L          Castanea pumila             Chinquapin                 D/F-P          M,P,CP        S
Carya ovata                Shagbark Hickory          M-D/F-S         M,P,CP       S,L          Celtis tenuifolia           Dwarf Hackberry            D/F-P             P         F,L
Carya tomentosa            Mockernut Hickory          D/F-S          M,P,CP       S,L          Cercis canadensis           Eastern Redbud            M-D/F-P          M,P        S,N,L
Celtis laevigata           Sugarberry                 M/F-S           P,CP        F,L          Chionanthus virginicus      Fringetree                M-D/F-P         M,P,CP        F
Chamaecyparis thyoides Atlantic Whitecedar           W-M/F-P           CP         C,L          Cornus amomum               Silky Dogwood             W-M/P-S         M,P,CP      F,N,L
Diospyros virginiana       Persimmon                 M-D/F-P         M,P,CP        F           Cornus florida              Flowering Dogwood         M-D/F-P         M,P,CP      F,N,L
Fagus grandifolia          American Beech             M/P-S          M,P,CP        S           Crataegus spp.              Hawthorn                   M/F-S          M,P,CP     F,H,N,L
Fraxinus americana         White Ash                  M/F-S           M,P         S,L          Cyrilla racemiflora         Titi                      W-M/F-S          P,CP        C,N
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green Ash                     W-D/F-P         M,P,CP       S,L          Halesia tetraptera          Carolina Silverbell        M/P-S           M,P          N
Gordonia lasianthus        Loblolly Bay              W-M/F-P           CP          C           Hamamelis virginiana        Witch-Hazel                M/F-S          M,P,CP        S
Ilex opaca                 American Holly            W-D/F-S         M,P,CP     C,F,N,L        Ilex decidua                Possumhaw                 W-D/F-P          P,CP       F,N,L
Juniperus virginiana       Eastern Redcedar          M-D/F-P         M,P,CP      C,F,L         Ilex verticillata           Winterberry               W-M/F-S         M,P,CP      F,N,L
Liquidambar styraciflua Sweetgum                     W-M/F-P         M,P,CP        S           Ilex vomitoria              Yaupon                    W-D/F-S           CP       C,F,N,L
Liriodendron tulipifera    Yellow Poplar              M/F-P          M,P,CP     S,H,N,L        Morus rubra                 Red Mulberry              M-D/F-S         M,P,CP       F,L
Magnolia acuminata         Cucumber Tree              M/F-P           M,P          S           Myrica cerifera             Wax Myrtle                W-D/F-P          P,CP       C,F,L
Magnolia grandiflora       Southern Magnolia          M/P-S           P,CP        C,S          Osmanthus americana         Wild Olive, Devilwood     M-D/F-P           CP         C,F
Magnolia virginiana        Sweetbay                  W-M/F-P          P,CP        S,L          Ostrya virginiana           Hophornbeam               M-D/F-S          M,P         F,L
Nyssa sylvatica            Blackgum                   D/F-P          M,P,CP        F           Prunus americana            Wild Plum                  M-D/F           M,P        F,N,L
Oxydendrum arboreum Sourwood                          D/F-S          M,P,CP        N           Prunus angustifolia         Chickasaw Plum              D/F            P,CP       F,N,L
Persea borbonia            Redbay                    W-M/F-S           CP        C,F,L         Prunus caroliniana          Carolina Laurel Cherry    M-D/F-P           CP       C,F,N,L
Pinus echinata             Shortleaf Pine             D/F-P          M,P,CP      C,S,L         Prunus pensylvanica         Fire Cherry                M-D/F             M        F,N,L
Pinus palustris            Longleaf Pine               D/F            P,CP        C,S          Rhus copallina              Winged Sumac              M-D/F-P         M,P,CP      F,N,L
Pinus strobus              Eastern White Pine          D/F            M,P         C,S          Rhus glabra                 Smooth Sumac              M-D/F-P         M,P,CP      F,N,L
Pinus taeda                Loblolly Pine              M-D/F          M,P,CP      C,S,L         Salix caroliniana           Carolina Willow           W-M/F-S          P,CP         L
Platanus occidentalis      Sycamore                   M/F-P          M,P,CP        S           Sambucus canadensis         Elderberry                W-M/F-P         M,P,CP        F
Prunus serotina            Black Cherry               M-D/F          M,P,CP      F,N,L         Sorbus americana            Mountain-Ash               M/F-P             M          F
Quercus alba               White Oak                 M-D/F-P         M,P,CP       S,L          Symplocos tinctoria         Sweetleaf                 M-D/F-S         M,P,CP      S,N,L
Quercus coccinea           Scarlet Oak                D/F-P           M,P         S,L          Viburnum prunifolium        Black Haw                  M/F-S          M,P,CP       F,L
Quercus falcata            Southern Red Oak          M-D/F-P         M,P,CP       S,L          Viburnum rufidulum          Rusty Blackhaw             D/F-S           P,CP        F,L
Quercus michauxii          Swamp Chestnut Oak         M/F-P           P,CP        S,L
Quercus nigra              Water Oak                 M-D/F-P          P,CP        S,L          Small shrubs
Quercus pagoda             Cherrybark Oak             M/F-P           P,CP        S,L          Callicarpa americana        American Beautyberry      M-D/F-S          P,CP         F
Quercus phellos            Willow Oak                W-M/F-P          P,CP        S,L          Calycanthus floridus        Sweetshrub                 M/P-S           M,P          N
Quercus rubra              Red Oak                    M/F-P           M,P         S,L          Ceanothus americanus        New Jersey Tea            M-D/P-S         M,P,CP      S,N,L
Quercus shumardii          Shumard Oak                M/F-P           P,CP        S,L          Cephalanthus occidentalis   Buttonbush                W-M/F-P         M,P,CP      S,H,N
Quercus stellata           Post Oak                    D/F           M,P,CP       S,L          Clethra alnifolia           Sweet Pepperbush           W/F-S           P,CP       F,H,N
Quercus velutina           Black Oak                 M-D/F-P         M,P,CP       S,L          Corylus americana           Hazelnut                   M/F-S           M,P          S
Quercus virginiana         Live Oak                    D/F             CP        C,S,L         Euonymus americana          Strawberrybush             M/P-S          M,P,CP        S
Robinia pseudoacacia       Black Locust              M-D/F-P          M,P         S,L          Gaylussacia dumosa          Dwarf Huckleberry         M-D/F-P         M,P,CP      F,N,L
Salix nigra                Black Willow              W-M/F-S         M,P,CP        L           Gaylussacia frondosa        Blue Huckleberry           M/F-P           P,CP       F,N,L
Sassafras albidum          Sassafras                 M-D/F-P         M,P,CP       F,L          Hydrangea arborescens       Wild Hydrangea             M/P-S           M,P         S,N
Taxodium distichum         Baldcypress               W-M/F-P           CP          S           Ilex glabra                 Inkberry                   M/F-P           P,CP      C,F,N,L
Tilia americana            Basswood                   M/F-P          M,P,CP      S,N,L         Itea virginica              Virginia Willow           W-M/P-S         M,P,CP       S,N
Tsuga canadensis           Eastern Hemlock            M/P-S           M,P         C,S          Kalmia latifolia            Mountain Laurel           M-D/F-S         M,P,CP     C,H,N
Ulmus alata                Winged Elm                M-D/F-P         M,P,CP       S,L          Leucothoe axillaris         Doghobble                 W-M/F-P         M,P,CP       C,N
Ulmus americana            American Elm              W-M/F-P         M,P,CP       S,L          Lindera benzoin             Spicebush                 M-D/F-S         M,P,CP       F,L
                                                                                               Lyonia lucida               Fetterbush                 M/P-S           P,CP        C,N
Small trees/shrubs (10-30 ft)                                                                  Phoradendron serotinum      Mistletoe                 parasite        M,P,CP       F,L
Aesculus pavia           Red Buckeye                    M/P            CP         H,N          Rhododendron atlanticum     Dwarf Azalea              W-D/F-P          P,CP        H,N
Aesculus sylvatica       Painted Buckeye                M/P            P           H           Rhododendron
                                                                                                   calendulaceum            Flame Azalea              M-D/P-S             M         H,N
Soil moisture: W = wet; M = moist; D = dry.
Light requirements: F = full sun; P = partial shade; S = shade.
Region: M = mountains; P = piedmont; CP = coastal plain.
Wildlife Value: C = winter cover; F = fleshy fruit; S = seed, hard mast, or catkin; H = hummingbird nectar; N = butterfly and other insect nectar; L = butterfly larvae host plant.


4                                                                                                                                 North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service
Table 1. Plant Species Native to North Carolina* (continued).
                                                                                  Wildlife                                                                                            Wildlife
 Latin Name                 Common Name**            Soil/Light       Region       Value         Latin Name                  Common Name**            Soil/Light       Region          Value

Rhododendron                                                                                     Cirsium horridulum          Yellow Thistle          M-D/F              P,CP          S,H,N,L
   catawbiense              Catawba Rhododendron M/P-S                 M,P        C,H,N          Coreopsis angustifolia      Narrow-Leaved Coreopsis M/F-P               CP             S,N
Rhododendron maximum        Rosebay Rhododendron M/P-S                 M,P        C,H,N          Coreopsis auriculata        Eared Coreopsis         M/F-P             M,P,CP           S,N
Rhododendron                                                                                     Coreopsis falcata           Sickle Tickseed        W-M/F-P             P,CP            S,N
   periclimenoides          Wild Azalea              W-M/F-P          M,P,CP       H,N           Coreopsis lanceolata        Lance-Leaved Coreopsis D/F                M,P,CP           S,N
Rubus spp.                  Blackberry, Dewberry     M-D/F-P          M,P,CP     C,F,S,N         Coreopsis major             Greater Tickseed        D/F-P              M,P             S,N
Sorbus arbutifolia          Red Chokeberry           W-M/F-S          M,P,CP       F,L           Coreopsis verticillata      Threadleaf Coreopsis    D/F-P             M,P,CP           S,N
Vaccinium arboreum          Sparkleberry              D/F-P            P,CP      C,F,N,L         Desmodium spp.              Beggarlice             M-D/F-P            M,P,CP           S,L
Vaccinium corymbosum        Highbush Blueberry        M/F-P            P,CP       F,N,L          Echinacea purpurea          Purple Coneflower       M-D/F              M,P             S,N
Vaccinium stamineum         Deerberry                 D/F-P           M,P,CP      F,N,L          Eupatorium coelestinum      Mistflower              M/F-P             M,P,CP           S,N
Vaccinium vacillans         Lowbush Blueberry         D/F-P           M,P,CP      F,N,L          Eupatorium fistulosum       Joe-Pye-Weed             M/F              M,P,CP          S,N,L
Viburnum acerifolium        Mapleleaf Viburnum       M-D/P-S           M,P         F,L           Geranium maculatum          Wild Geranium          M-D/F-P             M,P             S,N
Viburnum dentatum           Arrowwood                 M/F-S           M,P,CP       F,L           Helianthus angustifolius    Swamp Sunflower        W-M/F-P            M,P,CP           S,N
Viburnum nudum              Wild Raisin              W-M/F-S          M,P,CP       F,L           Helianthus atrorubens       Sunflower                D/F              M,P,CP          S,N,L
                                                                                                 Helianthus divaricatus      Woodland Sunflower       D/P              M,P,CP           S,N
Vines
                                                                                                 Heliopsis helianthoides     Ox-Eye                 M-D/F-P            M,P,CP           S,N
Ampelopsis arborea          Peppervine               W-M/F-P            CP          F            Hibiscus moscheutos         Rose Mallow             M/F-P             M,P,CP           H,N
Aristolochia macrophylla    Dutchman’s Pipe          M-D/P-S             M          L            Houstonia caerulea          Bluets                 M-D/F-S            M,P,CP            N
Berchemia scandens          Rattanvine, Supplejack   W-M/F-P           P,CP         F
                                                                                                 Impatiens capensis          Jewelweed              W-M/P-S            M,P,CP           H,N
Bignonia capreolata         Crossvine                M-D/F-P           P,CP         H            Ipomoea coccinea            Red Morning Glory        D/F              M,P,CP          S,H,N
Campsis radicans            Trumpet Vine             M-D/F-P          M,P,CP        H            Iris cristata               Crested Iris            M/P-S              M,P              H
Decumaria barbara           Climbing Hydrangea        M/F-S             CP          N
                                                                                                 Liatris spicata             Blazing Star            W-M/F              M,P              N
Gelsemium sempervirens      Carolina Jessamine        M/F-P            P,CP       C,H,N          Lobelia cardinalis          Cardinal Flower        W-M/F-S            M,P,CP           H,N
Lonicera sempervirens       Coral Honeysuckle         M/F-P            P,CP         H            Lobelia puberula            Blue Lobelia           W-D/F-P            M,P,CP           H,N
Parthenocissus
                                                                                                 Lobelia siphilitica         Great Blue Lobelia     W-M/P-S               M             H,N
    quinquefolia            Virginia Creeper          M-D/F-S         M,P,CP         F           Mitchella repens            Partridgeberry          M/F-S             M,P,CP            F
Passiflora incarnata        Passionflower             M-D/F-P         M,P,CP       H,N,L         Monarda didyma              Beebalm                 M/P-S                M             H,N
Smilax spp.                 Greenbrier                W-D/F-P         M,P,CP        C,F
                                                                                                 Monarda fistulosa           Wild Bergamot          M-D/F-P            M,P,CP           H,N
Toxicodendron radicans      Poison Ivy                M-D/F-P         M,P,CP         F           Monarda punctata            Horsemint               D/F-P              P,CP            H,N
Vitis spp.                  Grape                     W-D/F-P         M,P,CP         F           Oenothera fruticosa         Sundrops               M-D/F-P            M,P,CP           S,H
Ferns                                                                                            Penstemon canescens         Hairy Beardtongue      M-D/F-P             M,P            H,N,L
Polystichum                                                                                      Penstemon laevigatus        Smooth Beardtongue      M/F-S             M,P,CP          H,N,L
   acrostichoides           Christmas Fern             M/P-S          M,P,CP         C           Phlox carolina              Carolina Phlox         W-D/F-P            M,P,CP            N
                                                                                                 Phlox divaricata            Blue Phlox              M/P-S             M,P,CP            N
Herbs and wildflowers                                                                            Phlox paniculata            Summer Phlox            M/F-P             M,P,CP            N
Apocynum cannabinum         Hemp Dogbane             M-D/F-P          M,P,CP        N            Phlox pilosa                Prairie Phlox           D/F-P              P,CP             N
Aquilegia canadensis        Columbine                M-D/P-S          M,P,CP      S,H,N          Phlox subulata              Moss Pink                D/F               M,P              N
Arisaema triphyllum         Jack-in-the-Pulpit       W-M/P-S          M,P,CP        F            Phytolacca americana        Pokeweed                M-D/F             M,P,CP           F,S
Aristilochia serpentaria    Virginia Snakeroot       M-D/P-S          M,P,CP        L            Pycnanthemum incanum        Hoary Mountainmint     M-D/F-P            M,P,CP            N
Aruncus dioicus             Goat’s Beard              M/P-S            M,P          L            Rudbeckia fulgida           Orange Coneflower        M/F              M,P,CP           S,N
Asclepias incarnata         Swamp Milkweed           W-M/F-P          M,P,CP       N,L           Salvia lyrata               Lyreleaf Sage          M-D/F-S            M,P,CP           H,N
Asclepias tuberosa          Butterfly Weed            D/F-P           M,P,CP       N,L           Silene virginica            Fire Pink              M-D/P-S            M,P,CP          S,H,N
Asclepias variegata         White Milkweed           M-D/F-P          M,P,CP       N,L           Solidago spp.               Goldenrod              M-D/F-P            M,P,CP           S,N
Aster curtisii              Aster                    M-D/F-P             M        S,N,L          Spigelia marilandica        Indian Pink             M/P-S             M,P,CP            H
Aster divaricatus           Heart-Leaved Aster       M-D/P-S           M,P        S,N,L          Stokesia laevis             Stoke’s Aster           M/F-P              P,CP             N
Aster novae-angliae         New England Aster        M-D/F-P             M        S,N,L          Vernonia noveboracensis     Ironweed               W-M/F-P            M,P,CP            N
Aster novi-belgii           New York Aster            M/F-P             CP        S,N,L          Vicia caroliniana           Wood Vetch              D/F-P             M,P,CP           S,L
Aster pilosus               White Heath Aster          D/F            M,P,CP      S,N,L          Viola pedata                Bird-Foot Violet        D/F-P             M,P,CP            L
Baptisia australis          Blue False Indigo         M/F-P            M,P         N,L
Baptisia tinctoria          Yellow Wild Indigo        D/F-P           M,P,CP       N,L           Grasses
Bidens aristosa             Sticktight               W-D/F-P           P,CP        S,N           Andropogon glomeratus       Brushy Bluestem             M/F            P,CP           C,S,L
Chamaecrista fasciculata    Partridge Pea             M-D/F           M,P,CP       S,L           Andropogon ternarius        Splitbeard Bluestem         D/F           M,P,CP          C,S,L
Chrysogonum virginianum     Green and Gold             M/S             P,CP        S,N           Aristida stricta            Wiregrass                  D/F-P           P,CP            C,S
Cimicifuga racemosa         Black Cohosh               M/S             M,P          L            Arundinaria gigantea        Switchcane                W-D/F-S         M,P,CP          C,S,L
                                                                                                 Panicum virgatum            Switchgrass                M/F-P          M,P,CP          C,S,L
Soil moisture: W = wet; M = moist; D = dry.                                                      Sorghastrum nutans          Indiangrass                M-D/F          M,P,CP           C,S
Light requirements: F = full sun; P = partial shade; S = shade.
Region: M = mountains; P = piedmont; CP = coastal plain.
Wildlife Value: C = winter cover; F = fleshy fruit; S = seed, hard mast, or catkin; H = hummingbird nectar; N = butterfly and other insect nectar; L = butterfly larvae host plant.
 * Use of specific plants by wildlife will vary regionally, and there always are exceptions.
* * For information on which plants may be toxic to humans, visit http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/poison/poison.htm.


Landscaping for Wildlife with Native Plants                                                                                                                                                      5
in place of autumn olive, or                 Landscaping with native
                                         consider one of our dozens of                plants
                                         native oaks (Quercus spp.) in place
                                         of sawtooth oak, which has been              Retain as much native vegetation
                                         introduced from Asia.                        as possible during land clearing
                                              Traditional landscape plantings         and construction of houses and
                                         don’t fully mimic the dense foliage          buildings. However, areas where
                                         and high plant diversity of natural          plants were cleared during devel-
                                         areas. Therefore, birds and butter-          opment can be landscaped using
                                         flies are most likely to use native          native plants. It’s best to provide a
A native Viburnum sp. (above), rather    plants that grow naturally in                diversity of native plant species on
than an exotic berry-producer like       unmowed or unmanicured por-                  your property, which in turn
autumn olive, should be planted to       tions of your yard or in adjacent            ensures that fruits and nectar will
attract wildlife.                        natural areas. Allow native grasses,         be available throughout the year.
                                         brambles, and shrubs to grow in              Each native plant species is
become adapted to using native           small corners of your yard where             adapted to a specific range of soil
plants over thousands of years.          neighbors will be less likely to see         types, light conditions, and mois-
Therefore, native plants meet the
needs, including food and cover,
of North Carolina’s native wildlife
without causing long-term dam-
age to local plant communities.
    Many native plants produce
showy flowers, abundant fruits
and seeds, and brilliant fall foliage.
A diversity of native plants in an
urban landscape provides:
• Protective cover for most animals.
• Seeds, nuts, and fruits for squir-
  rels and other mammals.
• Seeds, fruits, and insects for         The presence of vines (trumpet vine, left), annuals (jewelweed, right), perennials,
  birds.                                 and a variety of other flowering plants helps ensure that hummingbirds will have
                                         access to nectar from spring to fall. Photos by Chris Moorman
• Nectar for hummingbirds and
  butterflies
• Larval host plants for butterfly       the “unsightly” growth. These                ture regimes. Before planting, have
  caterpillars (many caterpillars are    areas provide nest sites, cover, and         your soil analyzed. A small sample
  adapted to eat the foliage of          food for birds and commonly                  from your yard can be tested for
  specific plants, called their host     harbor host plants for butterfly             nutrient content and will allow
  plants).                               caterpillars. Minimize the amount            you to receive specific recommen-
                                         of lawn on your property because             dations for preparing your soil
    Table 1 contains examples of         these areas require frequent use of          before planting. Use the results of
native trees, shrubs, and herbs          water, fertilizer, and pesticides that       the soil tests to help determine
beneficial to wildlife. Use the table    can be harmful to the environ-               which native plants will grow best
to identify native alternatives to       ment and the very insects you                on your land. Contact your local
the exotic plants commonly               want to attract. Before making               Cooperative Extension Center for
recommended to attract wildlife.         drastic changes that might upset             instructions on this free service.
For example, consider a viburnum         your neighbors, describe your plan               Here are some important
(Viburnum spp.) or holly (Ilex spp.)     to them and explain why you                  concepts to consider when land-
                                         intend to make the changes.                  scaping your property:

 6                                                                                     North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service
nectar attractive to birds, butter-          available throughout most of the
                                                      flies, and other wildlife. Also, use         year.
                                                      plants that are known hosts for            • Check to make sure the plant
                                                      the larvae of butterflies native to          will fruit. Only the female of
                                                      your area.                                   some plant species (American
                                                    • Select plants that flower and bear           holly, wax myrtle, and eastern
                                                      fruit or seed at different times of          redcedar) produces fruit. In this
                                                      the year (see Managing Backyards             case, be sure to provide at least
                                                      and Other Urban Habitats for                 one male plant for pollination.
                                                      Birds and Butterflies in Your              • Plan viewing areas by mapping
                                                      Backyard), thereby assuring                  wildflower beds and fruit-
                                                      fruits, seeds, and nectar will be            producing plants in sight of
Flowering dogwood is a great wildlife
plant because it produces abundant fruits
nearly every year. Photo by Chris Moorman

• Before initiating landscaping
  activities, create a map of the
  existing vegetation on your
  property. From this base map,
  identify areas where food and
  cover are limited and abundant.
  Then create a projected map
  and plan for your final land-
  scape, making sure to incorpo-
  rate areas that will provide food,
  cover, and water.
• Include a diversity of native
  plants in your landscape. Provide
  plants that produce winter cover                  Position shade-loving plants like this flame azalea under tall trees or on the shady
  (evergreens), seeds, fruits, and                  side of your home. Photo by Chris Moorman


                                                                                                   windows and paths, but avoid
                                                                                                   planting them near reflective
                                                                                                   glass or windows to reduce
                                                                                                   accidental window strikes by
                                                                                                   feeding birds.
                                                                                                 • Consider the moisture and light
                                                                                                   requirements of plants when
                                                                                                   including them in your plan.
                                                                                                   Map moisture-loving plants in
                                                                                                   low-lying areas, and position
                                                                                                   shade-loving plants underneath
                                                                                                   large trees or on the shady side
                                                                                                   of your home.
                                                                                                 • Mimic “Mother Nature” by
                                                                                                   creating gentle curves in your
                                                                                                   landscape. Plant wildflower beds
Eastern redbud (left) is one of the first plants to flower in the spring, and cardinal             in irregularly shaped patterns.
flower (right) and goldenrod (center) are two excellent late-season nectar sources                 The beauty of a “natural”
for butterflies and other insects.
                                                                                                   landscape rivals that of more
Left photo courtesy of Alice B. Russell, NCSU retired; other photos by Chris Moorman

Landscaping for Wildlife with Native Plants                                                                                                7
regimented traditional ornamen-
  tal plantings.                          Table 2. Some Sources of Native Plants.
• Cluster similar types of vegeta-        Nursery*/Web Address                   Address                          City, State                Phone
  tion to allow wildlife easy access
  to seasonally abundant food             Boone’s Native Seed Co.                P.O. Box 10363                   Raleigh, NC 27605
  sources without excessive               Carolina Greenery                      375 Carthage Rd.                 West End, NC 27376-8731 (910)947-3150
  movement and increased expo-            Coastal Plain Conservation             3067 Connors Dr.                 Edenton, NC 27932          (252)482-5707
  sure to predators. Clumping               Nursery
  similar species and placing             Cure Nursery                           880 Buteo Rd.                    Pittsboro, NC 27312        (919)542-6186
                                          http://www.curenursery.com
  shorter herbs and shrubs in front
  of taller vegetation improves the       Dogwoody Nursery and Gardens 1380 Carson Creek Rd.                      Brevard, NC 28712          (828)884-6205
  appearance of your habitat.             Elk Mountain Nursery                   P.O. Box 599                     Asheville, NC 28802        (828)683-9330
                                          http://www.elk-mountain.com/
                                          Fern Valley Farms                      1624 Fern Valley Rd.             Yadkinville, NC 27055      (336)463-2412
                                          Gardens of the Blue Ridge              P.O. Box 10                      Pineola, NC 28662          (828)733-2417
                                          Garret Wildflower Seed Farm            1117 New Castle Ct.              Raleigh, NC 27603          (919)662-9751
                                          Hanging Dog Valley Nursery             2600 Boiling Springs Rd.         Murphy, NC 28906           (828)837-7921
                                          Huffman’s Native Plants                U.S. Hwy 441 P.O. Box 39 Otto, NC 28783                     (704)524-7446
                                          Humphries Nursery                      4712 Whitfield Rd.               Durham, NC 27707           (919)489-5502
                                          Lamtree Farm                           Rt.1, Box 162                    Warrensville, NC 28693     (919)385-6144
                                          Mellow Marsh Farm                      205 Anolis Rd.                   Pittsboro, NC 27312        (919)542-3532
                                          www.mellowmarshfarm.com
A cluster of orange coneflowers allows    Mich Gardens at Jordan Lake            86 Beaver Creek Rd.              Apex, NC 27502             (919)387-0402
butterflies and birds access to           Mountain Gardens                       3020 White Oak Creek Rd. Burnsville, NC 28714               (828)675-5664
abundant nectar and seeds without         gardens.webjump.com
excessive movement or exposure to         Native Gardens                         5737 Fisher Lane                 Greenback, TN 37742        (865)856-0220
predators. Photo by Chris Moorman         http://www.native-gardens.com/
                                          Niche Gardens                          1111 Dawson Rd.                  Chapel Hill, NC 27516      (919)967-0078
• Plant low-growing herbs and             http://www.nichegardens.com/
  shrubs under taller shrubs and          N.C. Botanical Garden                  C.B. 3375, Totten Center         Chapel Hill, NC 27599      (919)962-0522
                                          http://www.unc.edu/depts/ncbg
  trees. This helps to provide the
  layering important to birds.            Plant Delights Nursery                 9241 Sauls Rd.                   Raleigh, NC 27603          (919)772-4794
                                          http://www.plantdel.com/
  Different birds eat and nest on
                                          Singing Springs Nursery                8802 Wilkerson Rd.               Cedar Grove, NC 27231-9324 (919)732-9403
  the ground and in the shrub,
                                          Sunlight Gardens                174 Golden Lane                         Andersonville, TN 37705    (800)272-7396
  midstory, and canopy layers of a
                                          http://www.sunlightgardens.com/
  landscape.
                                          We-Du Nurseries                        2055 Polly Spout Rd.             Marion, NC 28754           (828)738-8300
• Make sure to provide adequate           http://www.we-du.com/
  growing space for landscape             Woodlanders, Inc.                      1128 Colleton Ave.               Aiken, SC 29801            (803)648-7522
  plantings. Avoid planting large-        http://www.woodlanders.net/
  maturing trees and shrubs where
                                          *Several of these nurseries are open to visitors by appointment only.
  they will overgrow their space
  and interfere with overhead
  utilities or crowd homes and
  other structures. Shrubs and           • Remain patient. It generally takes                              Where to find native plants
  trees should be at least 6 feet          3 to 5 years before the results of
  away from all structures.                landscaping efforts pay off and                                 Look for native plants propagated
• Consult a local expert or one of         wildlife use of native plants                                   from locally collected seed. This
  many guides for recommended              becomes obvious. An old adage                                   helps protect the unique charac-
  planting procedures. Because of          says, “The first year a garden                                  teristics of individual plants of the
  North Carolina’s hot summers,            sleeps, the second year it creeps,                              species growing wild in your area
  fall planting works best for most        the third year it leaps.”
  native plant species.
 8                                                                                                          North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service
native plants from the seed. See
                                               Table 3. Known Invasive Plants in North         Phillips (1985), Bir (1992), and
                                               Carolina.
                                                                                               Schopmeyer (1974) for more on
                                               Common Name            Scientific Name          propagating native plants from
                                               Trees                                           seed. Table 2 contains a list of
                                               Tree-of-Heaven         Ailanthus altissima      native plant suppliers in North
                                               Mimosa                 Albizia julibrissin      Carolina. This list is not compre-
                                               Chinaberry             Melia azedarach
                                               Princess Tree          Paulownia tomentosa
                                                                                               hensive, and the number of
                                               Chinese Tallow Tree    Sapium sebiferum         nurseries that sell native plants
                                               Shrubs
                                                                                               increases each year. Visit http://
                                               Japanese Barberry      Berberis thunbergii      www.unc.edu/depts/ncbg/
                                               Russian Olive          Elaeagnus angustifolia   sources.htm or http://
                                               Autumn Olive           Elaeagnus umbellata
                                                                                               www.co.mecklenburg.nc.us/
                                               Bicolor Lespedeza      Lespedeza bicolor
                                               Japanese Privet        Ligustrum japonicum      coeng/Recycle/NPVL.htm or
You’ll have to compete with American           Chinese Privet         Ligustrum sinense        consult with local parks, nature
goldfinches for coneflower seed if you         Common Privet          Ligustrum vulgare        preserves, garden clubs, botanical
hope to propagate your own plants              Oregon Grape           Mahonia bealei
                                               Multiflora Rose        Rosa multiflora          gardens, arboreta, and your
from seed.                                                                                     County Extension Center for the
Illustration by Liessa Thomas Bowen            Vines
                                               Porcelain-Berry      Ampelopsis                 names of additional native plant
                                                                    brevipedunculata           providers.
and ensures that the plants you                Oriental Bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus
use in your landscaping are best               English Ivy          Hedera helix
                                               Japanese Honeysuckle Lonicera japonica          Eradication and
adapted to the local environment.              Kudzu                Pueraria lobata
Avoid planting cultivars of native             Japanese Wisteria    Wisteria floribunda
                                                                                               control of exotics
plants when possible. Most of                  Chinese Wisteria     Wisteria sinensis
these variants may have been                                                                   Herbicides, prescribed fire, selec-
                                               Herbs
selected for qualities other than              Crown Vetch            Coronilla varia          tive removal of unwanted plants,
their value to wildlife, making
                                               Queen Anne’s Lace      Daucus carota            and disking (or a combination of
                                               Tall Fescue            Fescue elatior           these activities) can be used to
them less desirable as wildlife                Sericea Lespedeza      Lespedeza cuneata
plants. Although many conven-                  White Sweet Clover     Melilotus alba           eliminate or control unwanted
tional nurseries do not carry a                Japanese Grass         Microstegium vimineum    exotic plants. Because the results
                                               Johnson Grass          Sorghum halepense        of these activities vary from
large variety of native species,
especially noncultivars, the num-
ber of reputable nurseries specializ-
ing in these plants is on the rise.
Be wary of “deals” on native
plants, especially orchids and
trilliums, which often indicate the
plants were collected from wild
areas. Collecting plants from the
wild contributes to the destruction
of their natural habitats and often
increases the chance of planting
failure. Occasionally, local nature
centers and botanical gardens
initiate native plant rescues from
areas soon to be cleared for devel-
opment—these can be good and
appropriate wild sources. In
addition, it is possible to collect           Although many invasive plants like Japanese honeysuckle are here to stay, they can
wild seed and sow or propagate                be controlled locally by using herbicides or removing by hand.
                                              Photo by Chris Moorman

Landscaping for Wildlife with Native Plants                                                                                          9
county to county, you may need         Internet resources                  North Carolina Department of
to experiment before finding the                                             Agriculture and Consumer
most successful approach for your      Native Plant Information              Services Plant Protection
property. In some cases, a range of    North Carolina Wildflower Preser-     http://www.agr.state.nc.us/
native plant species already may         vation Society                      plantind/plant.htm
be present. In others, a single          http://www.ncwildflower.org/      U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
exotic plant may dominate a piece
                                       North Carolina Botanical Garden       http://invasives.fws.gov
of property, requiring the land-
owner take extreme measures to           http://www.unc.edu/depts/ncbg     The Nature Conservancy
increase the diversity and abun-       North Carolina Plant Conservation     http://nature.org/initiatives/
dance of native plants.                  Program                             invasivespecies/
     Known invasive plants in            http://www.ncagr.com/plantind/      http:tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/
North Carolina are listed in Table       plant/conserv/cons.htm            United States Department of
3. This list is not comprehensive,                                           Agriculture PLANTS Database
and most of the plants named           North Carolina Partners in Flight
                                         http://www.faculty.ncwc.edu/        http://plants.usda.gov/
have already spread throughout
North Carolina to the extent they        mbrooks/pif/                      North Carolina Agricultural
can never be controlled com-           North Carolina State University       Chemicals Manual
pletely. To prevent the list from        Consumer Horticulture               http://ipmwww.ncsu.edu/
continuing to grow, carefully            http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/      agchem/agchem.html
consider an exotic plant’s potential     hort/consumer/factsheets/
for invasiveness before introduc-        maritime/index.htm                Backyard and Other Wildlife
ing it on your property, especially      http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/    North Carolina Extension Wildlife,
when trying to attract wildlife. For     hort/consumer/factsheets/           Fisheries, and Aquaculture
more information on methods of           native/index-native.html            http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/nreos/
control required for exotic plant                                            wild/
species, contact your local County     Mecklenburg County PLANT
Extension Center. The North             Program                            North Carolina Wildlife Resources
Carolina Agricultural Chemicals         http://ww.co.mecklenburg.            Commission
Manual, published by North              nc.us/coeng/Recycle/native.asp       http://www.ncwildlife.org/
Carolina State University, and         Sally and Andy Wasowski Website     Natural Resources Conservation
Controlling Invasive Exotics in Your      http://www.botanical               Service
Yard, by the North Carolina               missionaries.com                   http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/
Botanical Garden, are excellent                                              feature/backyard/
references for exotic plant control.   Exotic and Invasive Plant
                                                                           National Wildlife Federation
                                       Information
                                                                             http://www.nwf.org/
                                       Southeast Exotic Pest Plant           backyardwildlifehabitat/
                                         Council
                                         http://www.se-eppc.org
                                       Plant Conservation Alliance—
                                          Alien Plant Working Group
                                          http://www.nps.gov/plants/
                                          alien/




10                                                                          North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service
Additional resources                          Justice, W. S., and C. R. Bell. 1968.   Phillips, H. 1985. Growing and
                                                 Wildflowers of North Carolina.         Propagating Wildflowers. Chapel
Managing Backyards and Other                     Chapel Hill: The University of         Hill: The University of North
  Urban Habitats for Birds. 2002.                North Carolina Press.                  Carolina Press.
  North Carolina Cooperative
                                              Martin, Alexander, Herbert Zim,         Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C.
  Extension. AG-636-01.
                                               and Arnold Nelson. 1951.                 R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the
Butterflies in Your Backyard. 2002.            American Wildlife and Plants: A          Vascular Flora of the Carolinas.
  North Carolina Cooperative                   Guide to Wildlife Food Habits.           Chapel Hill: The University of
  Extension. AG-636-02.                        New York: Dover Publications             North Carolina Press.
Barnes, Thomas. 1999. Gardening                Inc.
                                                                                      Ritchie, D. F., and others (eds.).
  for the Birds. Lexington: The               Miller, James, and Karl Miller.            2003. 2003 North Carolina
  University Press of Kentucky.                 1999. Forest Plants of the South-        Agricultural Chemicals Manual.
Bir, Richard. 1992. Growing and                 east and Their Wildlife Uses.            Raleigh: North Carolina State
   Propagating Showy Native Woody               Southern Weed Science Society.           University.
   Plants. Chapel Hill: The Univer-             www.weedscience.
                                                                                      Schopmeyer, C. S. 1974. Seeds of
   sity of North Carolina Press.                msstate.edu/swss/
                                                                                        Woody Plants in the United
Bruce, H. 1998. How to Grow                   Newcomb, L. 1977. Newcomb’s               States. U.S. Department of
  Wildflowers and Wild Shrubs                   Wildflower Guide. New York:             Agriculture, Agricultural Hand-
  and Trees in Your Own Garden.                 Little, Brown and Co.                   book No. 450.
  New York: The Lyons Press.                  North Carolina Botanical Garden.        Wasowski, Sally, and Andy
Campbell, C. C., W. F. Hutson, A.               2001. Controlling Invasive             Wasowski. 1994. Gardening with
  J. Sharp, and R. W. Hutson.                   Exotics in Your Yard. Chapel Hill:     Native Plants of the South.
  1995. Great Smoky Mountains                   North Carolina Botanical               Dallas, Texas: Taylor Publishing
  Wildflowers. Northbrook,                      Garden, University of North            Co.
  Illinois: Windy Pines Publish-                Carolina.
  ing.                                        North Carolina Wild Flower
Foote, L. E., and S. B. Jones, Jr.              Preservation Society. 2002.
  1989. Native Shrubs and Woody                 North Carolina Native Plant
  Vines of the Southeast: Landscap-             Propagation Handbook. North
  ing Uses and Identification.                  Carolina Wild Flower Preserva-
  Portland, Oregon: Timber Press.               tion Society. http://
                                                www.ncwildflower.org/hand-
Harper-Lore, B., and M. Wilson                  book/handbook.htm
  (eds.). 2000. Roadside Use of
  Native Plants. Washington,                  Petrides, G. A. 1988. Peterson Field
  D.C.: Island Press.                           Guide to Eastern Trees. New
                                                York: Houghton Mifflin Co.




Landscaping for Wildlife with Native Plants                                                                                11
Funding for this publication was provided in part through an Urban and Community Forestry Grant
       from the North Carolina Division of Forest Resources, Department of Environment and Natural Resources,
                            in cooperation with the USDA Forest Service, Southern Region.

                    The listing of commercial services in this publication does not imply endorsement by
                          North Carolina State University, North Carolina A&T State University, or
              North Carolina Cooperative Extension nor discrimination against similar services not mentioned.

                                                             Prepared by
                            Chris Moorman, Extension Wildlife Specialist, North Carolina State University
                            Mark Johns, Wildlife Biologist, North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission
                         Liessa Thomas Bowen, Graduate Research Assistant, North Carolina State University

                                                       Contributing authors
                                    Richard Braham, Forester, North Carolina State University
                    John Connors, Naturalist Center Coordinator, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences
                       Jesse Perry, Director of Public Programs, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences
            Johnny Randall, Assistant Director, North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
                           Rebecca Vidra, Graduate Research Assistant, North Carolina State University

                                                                      Illustrator
                                                                Liessa Thomas Bowen

                                                             Cover photo courtesy of
                                                                 Alice B. Russell


                                           © 2002 North Carolina State University


                                    5,200 copies of this public document were printed at a cost of $4,888.00 or $0.94 per copy.




                                                           Published by
                                           North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service
Distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30, 1914. Employment and program opportunities
are offered to all people regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability. North Carolina State University,
North Carolina A&T State University, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and local governments cooperating.
12/02—9M—JL/VG                                                                                                                    AG-636-03

E03-42809

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Landscaping for Wildlife With Native Plants - North Carolina State University

  • 2. N orth Carolina’s native plants provide well-adapted food and cover for North Carolina’s native animals, and a well-planned landscape of native plants can help you attract a diversity of wildlife to your property. Native ronmental conditions to those in this state. • Some exotics are planted inten- North Carolina plants also are well-suited to the state’s soils and climate and tionally as lawn or garden orna- require relatively little upkeep, once established on an appropriate site. mentals or as plants to attract However, the spread of exotic plants poses a threat to native plants and wildlife, but other exotic plants animals of North Carolina. This publication describes the problems associated were introduced accidentally. with some exotic plants and presents a detailed list of native plants that may be used in place of these foreign ornamentals to attract wildlife to your property. • Many exotic species become naturalized, which means they are able to survive, spread, and reproduce on their own. • Approximately 25 percent of the plants growing wild in the United States are naturalized exotics, some of which have become invasive, that is, they grow unabatedly where native plants otherwise would occur. Invasive exotic plants are those that pose the greatest risk to the native plants and animals of North Carolina. Competitors, American goldfinches commonly feed on the seeds of orange coneflower in the fall diseases, and insects control a and winter. Photo by Chris Moorman plant’s growth and dispersal in its native range. Over thousands of Why use native plants? North America before European years, natural checks and balances settlement. develop, which greatly reduce the Biologists and other scientists chance that a single species will • Exotic plants are those not native consider invasion by exotic plants increase in number to completely to an area. In North Carolina, to be one of the most serious dominate a plant community. exotics usually come from Asia problems facing native plant and However, when an exotic plant is or western Europe, regions that wildlife populations in the United introduced to North Carolina, it have similar climate and envi- States. For example, multiflora rose, bicolor lespedeza, Japanese honeysuckle, and autumn olive are examples of exotic plants introduced into North Carolina— all for the purpose of promoting “wildlife habitat.” However, each introduction has proven detrimen- tal to North Carolina’s native plants, pushing them out of their traditional habitats; and recent research indicates that many invasive exotic plants may be harmful to local wildlife as well. • Native plants generally are defined as those that occurred in Exotic invasive plants, including mimosa, kudzu, Queen Anne’s lace, and sericea lespedeza, have taken over this vacated suburban lot. Photo by Chris Moorman 2 North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service
  • 3. birds, but the plant grows and plants, species like sawtooth oak often spreads quickly where the (Quercus acutissima) continue to seeds are defecated. Native fruit- be recommended as plantings to producing plants may succumb to encourage wildlife. Until adequate the competition from this type of information on the invasiveness of invasive exotic, thereby reducing such plants exists, native alterna- the diversity of foods available to tives should be used. birds. In addition, new evidence from the midwestern United States Reversing the trend suggests birds that nest in some Sawtooth oak, a tree native to Asia, exotic shrubs experience poor You can help stop the exotic plant continues to be recommended as a nesting success. Lower nest invasion by using and nurturing wildlife plant, despite the availability of height, the absence of sharp native plants around your home many native oak species. Photo courtesy thorns on the exotic plants, and a and on your property. Native of Alice B. Russell, NCSU retired branching pattern that allows plants generally grow well and predators easier access to nests escapes its natural controls and can become invasive. The charac- teristics that make many exotic plants attractive as ornamentals (colorful berries, pest resistance, tolerance of harsh conditions) also increase their potential for inva- siveness and make them difficult to contain. Prolific growth by a single plant species can be harmful because forests with a limited Native plants are attractive additions to any property. Both American beautyberry number of plant species provide (left) and strawberrybush (right) produce fruits that are attractive to wildlife and very poor habitat for wildlife. the human eye. Photos by Chris Moorman All exotic plants do not be- come invasive, and most can built in exotic plants all could require less care than exotic safely be planted as ornamentals. contribute to the increased nest species when grown on the proper However, it takes scientists many predation. Despite the growing soils under the right environmen- years or even decades to fully base of knowledge related to the tal conditions. Additionally, North understand an introduced plant’s potential problems of exotic Carolina’s native wildlife has potential invasiveness. New information is being gathered continually, and you should check with your local nature center, botanical garden, conservation organization, or Cooperative Extension agent about a plant’s invasiveness before introducing it to your property. Ironically, exotic plants that are attractive to birds and other wildlife often are the most invasive because animals serve as great dispersers of their fruits and seeds. Autumn olive is an exotic plant Tiger swallowtails, along with other butterflies and the ruby-throated hummingbird, that produces fruits favored by eat nectar from native azalea blooms. Illustration by Liessa Thomas Bowen Landscaping for Wildlife with Native Plants 3
  • 4. Table 1. Plant Species Native to North Carolina* (including soil moisture and light requirements, region of primary occurrence, and benefit to wildlife). Wildlife Wildlife Latin Name Common Name** Soil/Light Region Value Latin Name Common Name** Soil/Light Region Value Tall trees (more than 30 ft) Alnus serrulata Alder W-M/F-P M,P,CP S,L Acer barbatum Southern Sugar Maple M/F-S P,CP S Amelanchier arborea Serviceberry M-D/F-S M,P F,N,L Acer rubrum Red Maple W-D/F-P M,P,CP S Amelanchier canadensis Juneberry W-D/F-P P,CP F,N,L Acer saccharum Sugar Maple M/F-S M S Amelanchier laevis Allegheny Serviceberry M-D/F-P M F,N,L Aesculus flava Yellow Buckeye M/P-S M H Aralia spinosa Devil’s Walking Stick M/F-P M,P,CP F,N Betula lenta Sweet Birch M-D/F-S M S,L Asimina triloba Pawpaw M/F-S M,P,CP F,L Betula nigra River Birch W-D/F P,CP S,L Carpinus caroliniana Ironwood W-M/P-S M,P,CP S,L Carya glabra Pignut Hickory D/F-S M,P,CP S,L Castanea pumila Chinquapin D/F-P M,P,CP S Carya ovata Shagbark Hickory M-D/F-S M,P,CP S,L Celtis tenuifolia Dwarf Hackberry D/F-P P F,L Carya tomentosa Mockernut Hickory D/F-S M,P,CP S,L Cercis canadensis Eastern Redbud M-D/F-P M,P S,N,L Celtis laevigata Sugarberry M/F-S P,CP F,L Chionanthus virginicus Fringetree M-D/F-P M,P,CP F Chamaecyparis thyoides Atlantic Whitecedar W-M/F-P CP C,L Cornus amomum Silky Dogwood W-M/P-S M,P,CP F,N,L Diospyros virginiana Persimmon M-D/F-P M,P,CP F Cornus florida Flowering Dogwood M-D/F-P M,P,CP F,N,L Fagus grandifolia American Beech M/P-S M,P,CP S Crataegus spp. Hawthorn M/F-S M,P,CP F,H,N,L Fraxinus americana White Ash M/F-S M,P S,L Cyrilla racemiflora Titi W-M/F-S P,CP C,N Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green Ash W-D/F-P M,P,CP S,L Halesia tetraptera Carolina Silverbell M/P-S M,P N Gordonia lasianthus Loblolly Bay W-M/F-P CP C Hamamelis virginiana Witch-Hazel M/F-S M,P,CP S Ilex opaca American Holly W-D/F-S M,P,CP C,F,N,L Ilex decidua Possumhaw W-D/F-P P,CP F,N,L Juniperus virginiana Eastern Redcedar M-D/F-P M,P,CP C,F,L Ilex verticillata Winterberry W-M/F-S M,P,CP F,N,L Liquidambar styraciflua Sweetgum W-M/F-P M,P,CP S Ilex vomitoria Yaupon W-D/F-S CP C,F,N,L Liriodendron tulipifera Yellow Poplar M/F-P M,P,CP S,H,N,L Morus rubra Red Mulberry M-D/F-S M,P,CP F,L Magnolia acuminata Cucumber Tree M/F-P M,P S Myrica cerifera Wax Myrtle W-D/F-P P,CP C,F,L Magnolia grandiflora Southern Magnolia M/P-S P,CP C,S Osmanthus americana Wild Olive, Devilwood M-D/F-P CP C,F Magnolia virginiana Sweetbay W-M/F-P P,CP S,L Ostrya virginiana Hophornbeam M-D/F-S M,P F,L Nyssa sylvatica Blackgum D/F-P M,P,CP F Prunus americana Wild Plum M-D/F M,P F,N,L Oxydendrum arboreum Sourwood D/F-S M,P,CP N Prunus angustifolia Chickasaw Plum D/F P,CP F,N,L Persea borbonia Redbay W-M/F-S CP C,F,L Prunus caroliniana Carolina Laurel Cherry M-D/F-P CP C,F,N,L Pinus echinata Shortleaf Pine D/F-P M,P,CP C,S,L Prunus pensylvanica Fire Cherry M-D/F M F,N,L Pinus palustris Longleaf Pine D/F P,CP C,S Rhus copallina Winged Sumac M-D/F-P M,P,CP F,N,L Pinus strobus Eastern White Pine D/F M,P C,S Rhus glabra Smooth Sumac M-D/F-P M,P,CP F,N,L Pinus taeda Loblolly Pine M-D/F M,P,CP C,S,L Salix caroliniana Carolina Willow W-M/F-S P,CP L Platanus occidentalis Sycamore M/F-P M,P,CP S Sambucus canadensis Elderberry W-M/F-P M,P,CP F Prunus serotina Black Cherry M-D/F M,P,CP F,N,L Sorbus americana Mountain-Ash M/F-P M F Quercus alba White Oak M-D/F-P M,P,CP S,L Symplocos tinctoria Sweetleaf M-D/F-S M,P,CP S,N,L Quercus coccinea Scarlet Oak D/F-P M,P S,L Viburnum prunifolium Black Haw M/F-S M,P,CP F,L Quercus falcata Southern Red Oak M-D/F-P M,P,CP S,L Viburnum rufidulum Rusty Blackhaw D/F-S P,CP F,L Quercus michauxii Swamp Chestnut Oak M/F-P P,CP S,L Quercus nigra Water Oak M-D/F-P P,CP S,L Small shrubs Quercus pagoda Cherrybark Oak M/F-P P,CP S,L Callicarpa americana American Beautyberry M-D/F-S P,CP F Quercus phellos Willow Oak W-M/F-P P,CP S,L Calycanthus floridus Sweetshrub M/P-S M,P N Quercus rubra Red Oak M/F-P M,P S,L Ceanothus americanus New Jersey Tea M-D/P-S M,P,CP S,N,L Quercus shumardii Shumard Oak M/F-P P,CP S,L Cephalanthus occidentalis Buttonbush W-M/F-P M,P,CP S,H,N Quercus stellata Post Oak D/F M,P,CP S,L Clethra alnifolia Sweet Pepperbush W/F-S P,CP F,H,N Quercus velutina Black Oak M-D/F-P M,P,CP S,L Corylus americana Hazelnut M/F-S M,P S Quercus virginiana Live Oak D/F CP C,S,L Euonymus americana Strawberrybush M/P-S M,P,CP S Robinia pseudoacacia Black Locust M-D/F-P M,P S,L Gaylussacia dumosa Dwarf Huckleberry M-D/F-P M,P,CP F,N,L Salix nigra Black Willow W-M/F-S M,P,CP L Gaylussacia frondosa Blue Huckleberry M/F-P P,CP F,N,L Sassafras albidum Sassafras M-D/F-P M,P,CP F,L Hydrangea arborescens Wild Hydrangea M/P-S M,P S,N Taxodium distichum Baldcypress W-M/F-P CP S Ilex glabra Inkberry M/F-P P,CP C,F,N,L Tilia americana Basswood M/F-P M,P,CP S,N,L Itea virginica Virginia Willow W-M/P-S M,P,CP S,N Tsuga canadensis Eastern Hemlock M/P-S M,P C,S Kalmia latifolia Mountain Laurel M-D/F-S M,P,CP C,H,N Ulmus alata Winged Elm M-D/F-P M,P,CP S,L Leucothoe axillaris Doghobble W-M/F-P M,P,CP C,N Ulmus americana American Elm W-M/F-P M,P,CP S,L Lindera benzoin Spicebush M-D/F-S M,P,CP F,L Lyonia lucida Fetterbush M/P-S P,CP C,N Small trees/shrubs (10-30 ft) Phoradendron serotinum Mistletoe parasite M,P,CP F,L Aesculus pavia Red Buckeye M/P CP H,N Rhododendron atlanticum Dwarf Azalea W-D/F-P P,CP H,N Aesculus sylvatica Painted Buckeye M/P P H Rhododendron calendulaceum Flame Azalea M-D/P-S M H,N Soil moisture: W = wet; M = moist; D = dry. Light requirements: F = full sun; P = partial shade; S = shade. Region: M = mountains; P = piedmont; CP = coastal plain. Wildlife Value: C = winter cover; F = fleshy fruit; S = seed, hard mast, or catkin; H = hummingbird nectar; N = butterfly and other insect nectar; L = butterfly larvae host plant. 4 North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service
  • 5. Table 1. Plant Species Native to North Carolina* (continued). Wildlife Wildlife Latin Name Common Name** Soil/Light Region Value Latin Name Common Name** Soil/Light Region Value Rhododendron Cirsium horridulum Yellow Thistle M-D/F P,CP S,H,N,L catawbiense Catawba Rhododendron M/P-S M,P C,H,N Coreopsis angustifolia Narrow-Leaved Coreopsis M/F-P CP S,N Rhododendron maximum Rosebay Rhododendron M/P-S M,P C,H,N Coreopsis auriculata Eared Coreopsis M/F-P M,P,CP S,N Rhododendron Coreopsis falcata Sickle Tickseed W-M/F-P P,CP S,N periclimenoides Wild Azalea W-M/F-P M,P,CP H,N Coreopsis lanceolata Lance-Leaved Coreopsis D/F M,P,CP S,N Rubus spp. Blackberry, Dewberry M-D/F-P M,P,CP C,F,S,N Coreopsis major Greater Tickseed D/F-P M,P S,N Sorbus arbutifolia Red Chokeberry W-M/F-S M,P,CP F,L Coreopsis verticillata Threadleaf Coreopsis D/F-P M,P,CP S,N Vaccinium arboreum Sparkleberry D/F-P P,CP C,F,N,L Desmodium spp. Beggarlice M-D/F-P M,P,CP S,L Vaccinium corymbosum Highbush Blueberry M/F-P P,CP F,N,L Echinacea purpurea Purple Coneflower M-D/F M,P S,N Vaccinium stamineum Deerberry D/F-P M,P,CP F,N,L Eupatorium coelestinum Mistflower M/F-P M,P,CP S,N Vaccinium vacillans Lowbush Blueberry D/F-P M,P,CP F,N,L Eupatorium fistulosum Joe-Pye-Weed M/F M,P,CP S,N,L Viburnum acerifolium Mapleleaf Viburnum M-D/P-S M,P F,L Geranium maculatum Wild Geranium M-D/F-P M,P S,N Viburnum dentatum Arrowwood M/F-S M,P,CP F,L Helianthus angustifolius Swamp Sunflower W-M/F-P M,P,CP S,N Viburnum nudum Wild Raisin W-M/F-S M,P,CP F,L Helianthus atrorubens Sunflower D/F M,P,CP S,N,L Helianthus divaricatus Woodland Sunflower D/P M,P,CP S,N Vines Heliopsis helianthoides Ox-Eye M-D/F-P M,P,CP S,N Ampelopsis arborea Peppervine W-M/F-P CP F Hibiscus moscheutos Rose Mallow M/F-P M,P,CP H,N Aristolochia macrophylla Dutchman’s Pipe M-D/P-S M L Houstonia caerulea Bluets M-D/F-S M,P,CP N Berchemia scandens Rattanvine, Supplejack W-M/F-P P,CP F Impatiens capensis Jewelweed W-M/P-S M,P,CP H,N Bignonia capreolata Crossvine M-D/F-P P,CP H Ipomoea coccinea Red Morning Glory D/F M,P,CP S,H,N Campsis radicans Trumpet Vine M-D/F-P M,P,CP H Iris cristata Crested Iris M/P-S M,P H Decumaria barbara Climbing Hydrangea M/F-S CP N Liatris spicata Blazing Star W-M/F M,P N Gelsemium sempervirens Carolina Jessamine M/F-P P,CP C,H,N Lobelia cardinalis Cardinal Flower W-M/F-S M,P,CP H,N Lonicera sempervirens Coral Honeysuckle M/F-P P,CP H Lobelia puberula Blue Lobelia W-D/F-P M,P,CP H,N Parthenocissus Lobelia siphilitica Great Blue Lobelia W-M/P-S M H,N quinquefolia Virginia Creeper M-D/F-S M,P,CP F Mitchella repens Partridgeberry M/F-S M,P,CP F Passiflora incarnata Passionflower M-D/F-P M,P,CP H,N,L Monarda didyma Beebalm M/P-S M H,N Smilax spp. Greenbrier W-D/F-P M,P,CP C,F Monarda fistulosa Wild Bergamot M-D/F-P M,P,CP H,N Toxicodendron radicans Poison Ivy M-D/F-P M,P,CP F Monarda punctata Horsemint D/F-P P,CP H,N Vitis spp. Grape W-D/F-P M,P,CP F Oenothera fruticosa Sundrops M-D/F-P M,P,CP S,H Ferns Penstemon canescens Hairy Beardtongue M-D/F-P M,P H,N,L Polystichum Penstemon laevigatus Smooth Beardtongue M/F-S M,P,CP H,N,L acrostichoides Christmas Fern M/P-S M,P,CP C Phlox carolina Carolina Phlox W-D/F-P M,P,CP N Phlox divaricata Blue Phlox M/P-S M,P,CP N Herbs and wildflowers Phlox paniculata Summer Phlox M/F-P M,P,CP N Apocynum cannabinum Hemp Dogbane M-D/F-P M,P,CP N Phlox pilosa Prairie Phlox D/F-P P,CP N Aquilegia canadensis Columbine M-D/P-S M,P,CP S,H,N Phlox subulata Moss Pink D/F M,P N Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-Pulpit W-M/P-S M,P,CP F Phytolacca americana Pokeweed M-D/F M,P,CP F,S Aristilochia serpentaria Virginia Snakeroot M-D/P-S M,P,CP L Pycnanthemum incanum Hoary Mountainmint M-D/F-P M,P,CP N Aruncus dioicus Goat’s Beard M/P-S M,P L Rudbeckia fulgida Orange Coneflower M/F M,P,CP S,N Asclepias incarnata Swamp Milkweed W-M/F-P M,P,CP N,L Salvia lyrata Lyreleaf Sage M-D/F-S M,P,CP H,N Asclepias tuberosa Butterfly Weed D/F-P M,P,CP N,L Silene virginica Fire Pink M-D/P-S M,P,CP S,H,N Asclepias variegata White Milkweed M-D/F-P M,P,CP N,L Solidago spp. Goldenrod M-D/F-P M,P,CP S,N Aster curtisii Aster M-D/F-P M S,N,L Spigelia marilandica Indian Pink M/P-S M,P,CP H Aster divaricatus Heart-Leaved Aster M-D/P-S M,P S,N,L Stokesia laevis Stoke’s Aster M/F-P P,CP N Aster novae-angliae New England Aster M-D/F-P M S,N,L Vernonia noveboracensis Ironweed W-M/F-P M,P,CP N Aster novi-belgii New York Aster M/F-P CP S,N,L Vicia caroliniana Wood Vetch D/F-P M,P,CP S,L Aster pilosus White Heath Aster D/F M,P,CP S,N,L Viola pedata Bird-Foot Violet D/F-P M,P,CP L Baptisia australis Blue False Indigo M/F-P M,P N,L Baptisia tinctoria Yellow Wild Indigo D/F-P M,P,CP N,L Grasses Bidens aristosa Sticktight W-D/F-P P,CP S,N Andropogon glomeratus Brushy Bluestem M/F P,CP C,S,L Chamaecrista fasciculata Partridge Pea M-D/F M,P,CP S,L Andropogon ternarius Splitbeard Bluestem D/F M,P,CP C,S,L Chrysogonum virginianum Green and Gold M/S P,CP S,N Aristida stricta Wiregrass D/F-P P,CP C,S Cimicifuga racemosa Black Cohosh M/S M,P L Arundinaria gigantea Switchcane W-D/F-S M,P,CP C,S,L Panicum virgatum Switchgrass M/F-P M,P,CP C,S,L Soil moisture: W = wet; M = moist; D = dry. Sorghastrum nutans Indiangrass M-D/F M,P,CP C,S Light requirements: F = full sun; P = partial shade; S = shade. Region: M = mountains; P = piedmont; CP = coastal plain. Wildlife Value: C = winter cover; F = fleshy fruit; S = seed, hard mast, or catkin; H = hummingbird nectar; N = butterfly and other insect nectar; L = butterfly larvae host plant. * Use of specific plants by wildlife will vary regionally, and there always are exceptions. * * For information on which plants may be toxic to humans, visit http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/poison/poison.htm. Landscaping for Wildlife with Native Plants 5
  • 6. in place of autumn olive, or Landscaping with native consider one of our dozens of plants native oaks (Quercus spp.) in place of sawtooth oak, which has been Retain as much native vegetation introduced from Asia. as possible during land clearing Traditional landscape plantings and construction of houses and don’t fully mimic the dense foliage buildings. However, areas where and high plant diversity of natural plants were cleared during devel- areas. Therefore, birds and butter- opment can be landscaped using flies are most likely to use native native plants. It’s best to provide a A native Viburnum sp. (above), rather plants that grow naturally in diversity of native plant species on than an exotic berry-producer like unmowed or unmanicured por- your property, which in turn autumn olive, should be planted to tions of your yard or in adjacent ensures that fruits and nectar will attract wildlife. natural areas. Allow native grasses, be available throughout the year. brambles, and shrubs to grow in Each native plant species is become adapted to using native small corners of your yard where adapted to a specific range of soil plants over thousands of years. neighbors will be less likely to see types, light conditions, and mois- Therefore, native plants meet the needs, including food and cover, of North Carolina’s native wildlife without causing long-term dam- age to local plant communities. Many native plants produce showy flowers, abundant fruits and seeds, and brilliant fall foliage. A diversity of native plants in an urban landscape provides: • Protective cover for most animals. • Seeds, nuts, and fruits for squir- rels and other mammals. • Seeds, fruits, and insects for The presence of vines (trumpet vine, left), annuals (jewelweed, right), perennials, birds. and a variety of other flowering plants helps ensure that hummingbirds will have access to nectar from spring to fall. Photos by Chris Moorman • Nectar for hummingbirds and butterflies • Larval host plants for butterfly the “unsightly” growth. These ture regimes. Before planting, have caterpillars (many caterpillars are areas provide nest sites, cover, and your soil analyzed. A small sample adapted to eat the foliage of food for birds and commonly from your yard can be tested for specific plants, called their host harbor host plants for butterfly nutrient content and will allow plants). caterpillars. Minimize the amount you to receive specific recommen- of lawn on your property because dations for preparing your soil Table 1 contains examples of these areas require frequent use of before planting. Use the results of native trees, shrubs, and herbs water, fertilizer, and pesticides that the soil tests to help determine beneficial to wildlife. Use the table can be harmful to the environ- which native plants will grow best to identify native alternatives to ment and the very insects you on your land. Contact your local the exotic plants commonly want to attract. Before making Cooperative Extension Center for recommended to attract wildlife. drastic changes that might upset instructions on this free service. For example, consider a viburnum your neighbors, describe your plan Here are some important (Viburnum spp.) or holly (Ilex spp.) to them and explain why you concepts to consider when land- intend to make the changes. scaping your property: 6 North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service
  • 7. nectar attractive to birds, butter- available throughout most of the flies, and other wildlife. Also, use year. plants that are known hosts for • Check to make sure the plant the larvae of butterflies native to will fruit. Only the female of your area. some plant species (American • Select plants that flower and bear holly, wax myrtle, and eastern fruit or seed at different times of redcedar) produces fruit. In this the year (see Managing Backyards case, be sure to provide at least and Other Urban Habitats for one male plant for pollination. Birds and Butterflies in Your • Plan viewing areas by mapping Backyard), thereby assuring wildflower beds and fruit- fruits, seeds, and nectar will be producing plants in sight of Flowering dogwood is a great wildlife plant because it produces abundant fruits nearly every year. Photo by Chris Moorman • Before initiating landscaping activities, create a map of the existing vegetation on your property. From this base map, identify areas where food and cover are limited and abundant. Then create a projected map and plan for your final land- scape, making sure to incorpo- rate areas that will provide food, cover, and water. • Include a diversity of native plants in your landscape. Provide plants that produce winter cover Position shade-loving plants like this flame azalea under tall trees or on the shady (evergreens), seeds, fruits, and side of your home. Photo by Chris Moorman windows and paths, but avoid planting them near reflective glass or windows to reduce accidental window strikes by feeding birds. • Consider the moisture and light requirements of plants when including them in your plan. Map moisture-loving plants in low-lying areas, and position shade-loving plants underneath large trees or on the shady side of your home. • Mimic “Mother Nature” by creating gentle curves in your landscape. Plant wildflower beds Eastern redbud (left) is one of the first plants to flower in the spring, and cardinal in irregularly shaped patterns. flower (right) and goldenrod (center) are two excellent late-season nectar sources The beauty of a “natural” for butterflies and other insects. landscape rivals that of more Left photo courtesy of Alice B. Russell, NCSU retired; other photos by Chris Moorman Landscaping for Wildlife with Native Plants 7
  • 8. regimented traditional ornamen- tal plantings. Table 2. Some Sources of Native Plants. • Cluster similar types of vegeta- Nursery*/Web Address Address City, State Phone tion to allow wildlife easy access to seasonally abundant food Boone’s Native Seed Co. P.O. Box 10363 Raleigh, NC 27605 sources without excessive Carolina Greenery 375 Carthage Rd. West End, NC 27376-8731 (910)947-3150 movement and increased expo- Coastal Plain Conservation 3067 Connors Dr. Edenton, NC 27932 (252)482-5707 sure to predators. Clumping Nursery similar species and placing Cure Nursery 880 Buteo Rd. Pittsboro, NC 27312 (919)542-6186 http://www.curenursery.com shorter herbs and shrubs in front of taller vegetation improves the Dogwoody Nursery and Gardens 1380 Carson Creek Rd. Brevard, NC 28712 (828)884-6205 appearance of your habitat. Elk Mountain Nursery P.O. Box 599 Asheville, NC 28802 (828)683-9330 http://www.elk-mountain.com/ Fern Valley Farms 1624 Fern Valley Rd. Yadkinville, NC 27055 (336)463-2412 Gardens of the Blue Ridge P.O. Box 10 Pineola, NC 28662 (828)733-2417 Garret Wildflower Seed Farm 1117 New Castle Ct. Raleigh, NC 27603 (919)662-9751 Hanging Dog Valley Nursery 2600 Boiling Springs Rd. Murphy, NC 28906 (828)837-7921 Huffman’s Native Plants U.S. Hwy 441 P.O. Box 39 Otto, NC 28783 (704)524-7446 Humphries Nursery 4712 Whitfield Rd. Durham, NC 27707 (919)489-5502 Lamtree Farm Rt.1, Box 162 Warrensville, NC 28693 (919)385-6144 Mellow Marsh Farm 205 Anolis Rd. Pittsboro, NC 27312 (919)542-3532 www.mellowmarshfarm.com A cluster of orange coneflowers allows Mich Gardens at Jordan Lake 86 Beaver Creek Rd. Apex, NC 27502 (919)387-0402 butterflies and birds access to Mountain Gardens 3020 White Oak Creek Rd. Burnsville, NC 28714 (828)675-5664 abundant nectar and seeds without gardens.webjump.com excessive movement or exposure to Native Gardens 5737 Fisher Lane Greenback, TN 37742 (865)856-0220 predators. Photo by Chris Moorman http://www.native-gardens.com/ Niche Gardens 1111 Dawson Rd. Chapel Hill, NC 27516 (919)967-0078 • Plant low-growing herbs and http://www.nichegardens.com/ shrubs under taller shrubs and N.C. Botanical Garden C.B. 3375, Totten Center Chapel Hill, NC 27599 (919)962-0522 http://www.unc.edu/depts/ncbg trees. This helps to provide the layering important to birds. Plant Delights Nursery 9241 Sauls Rd. Raleigh, NC 27603 (919)772-4794 http://www.plantdel.com/ Different birds eat and nest on Singing Springs Nursery 8802 Wilkerson Rd. Cedar Grove, NC 27231-9324 (919)732-9403 the ground and in the shrub, Sunlight Gardens 174 Golden Lane Andersonville, TN 37705 (800)272-7396 midstory, and canopy layers of a http://www.sunlightgardens.com/ landscape. We-Du Nurseries 2055 Polly Spout Rd. Marion, NC 28754 (828)738-8300 • Make sure to provide adequate http://www.we-du.com/ growing space for landscape Woodlanders, Inc. 1128 Colleton Ave. Aiken, SC 29801 (803)648-7522 plantings. Avoid planting large- http://www.woodlanders.net/ maturing trees and shrubs where *Several of these nurseries are open to visitors by appointment only. they will overgrow their space and interfere with overhead utilities or crowd homes and other structures. Shrubs and • Remain patient. It generally takes Where to find native plants trees should be at least 6 feet 3 to 5 years before the results of away from all structures. landscaping efforts pay off and Look for native plants propagated • Consult a local expert or one of wildlife use of native plants from locally collected seed. This many guides for recommended becomes obvious. An old adage helps protect the unique charac- planting procedures. Because of says, “The first year a garden teristics of individual plants of the North Carolina’s hot summers, sleeps, the second year it creeps, species growing wild in your area fall planting works best for most the third year it leaps.” native plant species. 8 North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service
  • 9. native plants from the seed. See Table 3. Known Invasive Plants in North Phillips (1985), Bir (1992), and Carolina. Schopmeyer (1974) for more on Common Name Scientific Name propagating native plants from Trees seed. Table 2 contains a list of Tree-of-Heaven Ailanthus altissima native plant suppliers in North Mimosa Albizia julibrissin Carolina. This list is not compre- Chinaberry Melia azedarach Princess Tree Paulownia tomentosa hensive, and the number of Chinese Tallow Tree Sapium sebiferum nurseries that sell native plants Shrubs increases each year. Visit http:// Japanese Barberry Berberis thunbergii www.unc.edu/depts/ncbg/ Russian Olive Elaeagnus angustifolia sources.htm or http:// Autumn Olive Elaeagnus umbellata www.co.mecklenburg.nc.us/ Bicolor Lespedeza Lespedeza bicolor Japanese Privet Ligustrum japonicum coeng/Recycle/NPVL.htm or You’ll have to compete with American Chinese Privet Ligustrum sinense consult with local parks, nature goldfinches for coneflower seed if you Common Privet Ligustrum vulgare preserves, garden clubs, botanical hope to propagate your own plants Oregon Grape Mahonia bealei Multiflora Rose Rosa multiflora gardens, arboreta, and your from seed. County Extension Center for the Illustration by Liessa Thomas Bowen Vines Porcelain-Berry Ampelopsis names of additional native plant brevipedunculata providers. and ensures that the plants you Oriental Bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus use in your landscaping are best English Ivy Hedera helix Japanese Honeysuckle Lonicera japonica Eradication and adapted to the local environment. Kudzu Pueraria lobata Avoid planting cultivars of native Japanese Wisteria Wisteria floribunda control of exotics plants when possible. Most of Chinese Wisteria Wisteria sinensis these variants may have been Herbicides, prescribed fire, selec- Herbs selected for qualities other than Crown Vetch Coronilla varia tive removal of unwanted plants, their value to wildlife, making Queen Anne’s Lace Daucus carota and disking (or a combination of Tall Fescue Fescue elatior these activities) can be used to them less desirable as wildlife Sericea Lespedeza Lespedeza cuneata plants. Although many conven- White Sweet Clover Melilotus alba eliminate or control unwanted tional nurseries do not carry a Japanese Grass Microstegium vimineum exotic plants. Because the results Johnson Grass Sorghum halepense of these activities vary from large variety of native species, especially noncultivars, the num- ber of reputable nurseries specializ- ing in these plants is on the rise. Be wary of “deals” on native plants, especially orchids and trilliums, which often indicate the plants were collected from wild areas. Collecting plants from the wild contributes to the destruction of their natural habitats and often increases the chance of planting failure. Occasionally, local nature centers and botanical gardens initiate native plant rescues from areas soon to be cleared for devel- opment—these can be good and appropriate wild sources. In addition, it is possible to collect Although many invasive plants like Japanese honeysuckle are here to stay, they can wild seed and sow or propagate be controlled locally by using herbicides or removing by hand. Photo by Chris Moorman Landscaping for Wildlife with Native Plants 9
  • 10. county to county, you may need Internet resources North Carolina Department of to experiment before finding the Agriculture and Consumer most successful approach for your Native Plant Information Services Plant Protection property. In some cases, a range of North Carolina Wildflower Preser- http://www.agr.state.nc.us/ native plant species already may vation Society plantind/plant.htm be present. In others, a single http://www.ncwildflower.org/ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service exotic plant may dominate a piece North Carolina Botanical Garden http://invasives.fws.gov of property, requiring the land- owner take extreme measures to http://www.unc.edu/depts/ncbg The Nature Conservancy increase the diversity and abun- North Carolina Plant Conservation http://nature.org/initiatives/ dance of native plants. Program invasivespecies/ Known invasive plants in http://www.ncagr.com/plantind/ http:tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/ North Carolina are listed in Table plant/conserv/cons.htm United States Department of 3. This list is not comprehensive, Agriculture PLANTS Database and most of the plants named North Carolina Partners in Flight http://www.faculty.ncwc.edu/ http://plants.usda.gov/ have already spread throughout North Carolina to the extent they mbrooks/pif/ North Carolina Agricultural can never be controlled com- North Carolina State University Chemicals Manual pletely. To prevent the list from Consumer Horticulture http://ipmwww.ncsu.edu/ continuing to grow, carefully http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ agchem/agchem.html consider an exotic plant’s potential hort/consumer/factsheets/ for invasiveness before introduc- maritime/index.htm Backyard and Other Wildlife ing it on your property, especially http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ North Carolina Extension Wildlife, when trying to attract wildlife. For hort/consumer/factsheets/ Fisheries, and Aquaculture more information on methods of native/index-native.html http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/nreos/ control required for exotic plant wild/ species, contact your local County Mecklenburg County PLANT Extension Center. The North Program North Carolina Wildlife Resources Carolina Agricultural Chemicals http://ww.co.mecklenburg. Commission Manual, published by North nc.us/coeng/Recycle/native.asp http://www.ncwildlife.org/ Carolina State University, and Sally and Andy Wasowski Website Natural Resources Conservation Controlling Invasive Exotics in Your http://www.botanical Service Yard, by the North Carolina missionaries.com http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/ Botanical Garden, are excellent feature/backyard/ references for exotic plant control. Exotic and Invasive Plant National Wildlife Federation Information http://www.nwf.org/ Southeast Exotic Pest Plant backyardwildlifehabitat/ Council http://www.se-eppc.org Plant Conservation Alliance— Alien Plant Working Group http://www.nps.gov/plants/ alien/ 10 North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service
  • 11. Additional resources Justice, W. S., and C. R. Bell. 1968. Phillips, H. 1985. Growing and Wildflowers of North Carolina. Propagating Wildflowers. Chapel Managing Backyards and Other Chapel Hill: The University of Hill: The University of North Urban Habitats for Birds. 2002. North Carolina Press. Carolina Press. North Carolina Cooperative Martin, Alexander, Herbert Zim, Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. Extension. AG-636-01. and Arnold Nelson. 1951. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the Butterflies in Your Backyard. 2002. American Wildlife and Plants: A Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. North Carolina Cooperative Guide to Wildlife Food Habits. Chapel Hill: The University of Extension. AG-636-02. New York: Dover Publications North Carolina Press. Barnes, Thomas. 1999. Gardening Inc. Ritchie, D. F., and others (eds.). for the Birds. Lexington: The Miller, James, and Karl Miller. 2003. 2003 North Carolina University Press of Kentucky. 1999. Forest Plants of the South- Agricultural Chemicals Manual. Bir, Richard. 1992. Growing and east and Their Wildlife Uses. Raleigh: North Carolina State Propagating Showy Native Woody Southern Weed Science Society. University. Plants. Chapel Hill: The Univer- www.weedscience. Schopmeyer, C. S. 1974. Seeds of sity of North Carolina Press. msstate.edu/swss/ Woody Plants in the United Bruce, H. 1998. How to Grow Newcomb, L. 1977. Newcomb’s States. U.S. Department of Wildflowers and Wild Shrubs Wildflower Guide. New York: Agriculture, Agricultural Hand- and Trees in Your Own Garden. Little, Brown and Co. book No. 450. New York: The Lyons Press. North Carolina Botanical Garden. Wasowski, Sally, and Andy Campbell, C. C., W. F. Hutson, A. 2001. Controlling Invasive Wasowski. 1994. Gardening with J. Sharp, and R. W. Hutson. Exotics in Your Yard. Chapel Hill: Native Plants of the South. 1995. Great Smoky Mountains North Carolina Botanical Dallas, Texas: Taylor Publishing Wildflowers. Northbrook, Garden, University of North Co. Illinois: Windy Pines Publish- Carolina. ing. North Carolina Wild Flower Foote, L. E., and S. B. Jones, Jr. Preservation Society. 2002. 1989. Native Shrubs and Woody North Carolina Native Plant Vines of the Southeast: Landscap- Propagation Handbook. North ing Uses and Identification. Carolina Wild Flower Preserva- Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. tion Society. http:// www.ncwildflower.org/hand- Harper-Lore, B., and M. Wilson book/handbook.htm (eds.). 2000. Roadside Use of Native Plants. Washington, Petrides, G. A. 1988. Peterson Field D.C.: Island Press. Guide to Eastern Trees. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co. Landscaping for Wildlife with Native Plants 11
  • 12. Funding for this publication was provided in part through an Urban and Community Forestry Grant from the North Carolina Division of Forest Resources, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, in cooperation with the USDA Forest Service, Southern Region. The listing of commercial services in this publication does not imply endorsement by North Carolina State University, North Carolina A&T State University, or North Carolina Cooperative Extension nor discrimination against similar services not mentioned. Prepared by Chris Moorman, Extension Wildlife Specialist, North Carolina State University Mark Johns, Wildlife Biologist, North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission Liessa Thomas Bowen, Graduate Research Assistant, North Carolina State University Contributing authors Richard Braham, Forester, North Carolina State University John Connors, Naturalist Center Coordinator, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences Jesse Perry, Director of Public Programs, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences Johnny Randall, Assistant Director, North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Rebecca Vidra, Graduate Research Assistant, North Carolina State University Illustrator Liessa Thomas Bowen Cover photo courtesy of Alice B. Russell © 2002 North Carolina State University 5,200 copies of this public document were printed at a cost of $4,888.00 or $0.94 per copy. Published by North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service Distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30, 1914. Employment and program opportunities are offered to all people regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability. North Carolina State University, North Carolina A&T State University, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and local governments cooperating. 12/02—9M—JL/VG AG-636-03 E03-42809