The document defines a robot as a machine that can sense its environment, process sensory information, and physically interact with the world through actuation. It explains that robots are useful for performing repetitive, dangerous, or precision tasks. The document also describes the key components of robots including sensors, effectors, power sources, and different types of movement.

1. FAIZAN Q MUQHAL
AND
M.FAHD UN NABI KHAN
X-O
USMAN PUBLIC SCHOOL

2. What is a robot?
Definition:
Alternate definition:
“A robot is a one-armed, blind idiot with limited memory
and which cannot speak, see, or hear.”

3.  What is hard for humans is easy for robots.
 Repetitive tasks.
 Continuous operation.
 Do complicated calculations.
 Refer to huge data bases.
 What is easy for a human is hard for
robots.
 Reasoning.
 Adapting to new situations.
 Flexible to changing requirements.
 Integrating multiple sensors.
 Resolving conflicting data.
 Synthesizing unrelated information.
 Creativity.

4.  Dangerous
 Space exploration
 chemical spill cleanup
 disarming bombs
 disaster cleanup
 Boring and/or repetitive
 Welding car frames
 part pick and place
 manufacturing parts.
 High precision or high speed
 Electronics testing
 Surgery
 precision machining.

5.  How do our sensors work?
 eyes
 brain
 How do we integrate sensors?
 How does our muscular-skeletal
system work?
 How do we grab and hold an
object?
 How does our brain process
information?
 What is nature of intelligence?
 How do we make decisions?

6.  Action
 Stationary base
 Mobile
 Sensors
 Intelligence
 Power supply
Robert Stengel, Princeton Univ.

7.  Actuators
 pneumatic
 hydraulic
 electric solenoid
 Motors
 Analog (continuous)
 Stepping (discrete increments)
 Gears, belts, screws, levers
 Manipulations

8.  Pick and place
 Moves items between points.
 Continuous path control
 Moves along a programmable
path
 Sensory
 Employs sensors for feedback

9.  Simple joints (2D)
 Prismatic — sliding along one axis
 square cylinder in square tube
 Revolute — rotating about one axis
 Compound joints (3D)
 ball and socket = 3 revolute joints
 round cylinder in tube = 1 prismatic, 1 revolute
 Degrees of freedom = Number of independent
motions
 3 degrees of freedom: 2 translation, 1 rotation
 6 degrees of freedom: 3 translation, 3 rotation

10.  Legs
 Wheels
 Tracks
 Crawls
 Roll

11.  Optical
 Laser / radar
 3D
 Color spectrum
 Pressure
 Temperature
 Chemical
 Motion & Accelerometer
 Acoustic
 Ultrasonic

12.  Uses sensors for
feedback
 Closed-loop robots use sensors in
conjunction with actuators to gain
higher accuracy – servo motors.
 Uses include mobile robotics,
telepresence, search and rescue,
pick and place with machine
vision.

13.  Open loop, i.e., no
feedback, deterministic
 Instructions
 Rules
 Closed loop, i.e., feedback
 Learn
 Adapt