A COMPARISON BETWEEN INDIA AND PAKISTAN.

1. CORRUPTION AND ITS DEEP
IMPACT ON GOOD GOVERNANCE
IN
PAKISTAN AND INDIA

3. In modern English usage the
words corruption and corrupt have many
meanings:
Political corruption,
the abuse of public power, office, or resources by government
officials or employees for personal gain, e.g. by
extortion, soliciting or offering bribes.
Police corruption,
a specific form of police misconduct designed to obtain
financial benefits, other personal gain, and/or career
advancement for a police officer or officers in exchange for not
pursuing, or selectively pursuing, an investigation or arrest.

4. Corporate corruption
corporate criminality and the abuse of power by corporation officials, either
internally or externally, including the fact that police obstruct justice.
Corruption (philosophical concept)
often refers to spiritual or moral impurity, or deviation from an ideal
Corruption Perceptions Index
published yearly by Transparency International
Putrefaction
the natural process of decomposition in the human and animal body
following death
Data corruption
an unintended change to data in storage or in transit

5. Linguistic corruption
the change in meaning to a language or a text introduced by
cumulative errors in transcription as changes in the
language speakers' comprehension
Bribery
in politics, business, or sport
Rule of law
governmental corruption of judiciary, includes governmental
spending on the courts, which is completely financially
controlled by the executive in many transitional and
developing countries

6. Types of Corruption
1. Systemic corruption
2. Sporadic (individual) corruption
3. Political corruption
4. Grand corruption
5. Petty corruption
6. Legal and Moral Corruption

7. CORRUPTION AND ITS DEEP
IMPACT ON GOOD GOVERNANCE IN
PAKISTAN AND INDIA

9. CORRUPTION IN CORRUPTION ON INDIA
PAKISTAN
• India has slipped to 87th spot in
• Transparency International's
• Pakistan 2008 Corruption latest ranking of nations based
Perceptions Index Score is 2.5. on the level of corruption, with
Out of 180 countries, it is ranked the global watchdog asserting
as the 46th most corrupt country that perceptions about
in the world. corruption in the country
increased in the wake of the
scam-tainted Commonwealth
• Corruption jumps 400% in Games Transparency
Pakistan in 3 years ICC T 20
World Cup 2009 Corruption in
Pakistan has surged by • International's 'Corruption
whopping 400 percent in the last Perception Index' report
3 years, said National covering the public sector in
Corruption Perception Survey 178 countries shows that India
2009 carried out by fell by three positions from its
Transparency International. ranking of 84th in 2009.

10. • The National Corruption • With an integrity score of
Perception Survey 2009 3.3, India is now ranked 87th in
indicates that the overall the world in terms of corruption.
Corruption in 2002 has Neighboring China is ahead of
increased from Rs 45 Billion to India in the list at 78th
Rs 195 Billion in 2009. place, with a score of 3.5.
• Police and Power maintained • It was at 79th position in 2009.
their ranking as the top two
most corrupt sectors. Major • "India has gone down in the
Findings of Pakistan National ranking as well as integrity score
Corruption Perception Survey and this is a matter of concern
2009 and regret. It appears that the
are: Police, Power, Health and level of governance has not
Land are the most corrupt improved despite India having a
departments, and skilled set of administrators.
Judiciary, Customs & Taxation
have improved their ranking

11. Economically Economically
• The world economic forum’s • Increasing cases of
Global Competitiveness Report corruption in India are
• (2007-08) identifies corruption as becoming a threat to the
the 3rd greatest problem for country'seconomy and will
companies doing business in affect the nation's aim to gain
Pakistan after government
bureaucracy and poor over 9 percent growth, says a
infrastructure. survey.
•
• The report spells out the economic • A consultancy firm KMPG
state of affairs, business
environment and other factors in conducted the survey by
139 countries and places Pakistan questioning 100 top domestic
at 123rd position. Pakistan’s and foreign businesses. It
ranking is worsening at an pointed out that corruption
alarming speed, it says. has increased to such an
During the survey, business
executives were asked to spell out extend that that foreign
15 hurdles and problems investors are being deterred
confronting the business activities from the country.
in the country.

12. • A majority of the respondents placed • According to The BBC, the report
corruption on top followed by instability pointed that Corruption poses a risk
of the government. Inconsistency of the
to India's projected 9 percent GDP
policies is the third problem and
inflation stands at fourth place.
growth and would result in a volatile
political and economic environment.
• The fifth hurdle that confronts the
business activity in the country as • The reports said: "Today India is
determined by the report is an
incompetent bureaucracy. faced with a different kind of
challenge",
• At the sixth place is theft seventh
position is seeking financing and the tax
rate was placed by business executives • "It is not about petty bribes any
as the eighth issue. more, but scams to the tune of
thousands of crores that highlight a
• A rise in the inflationary trend is directly
political/industry nexus which, if not
proportional to speedy printing of
currency notes. Its standing in this checked, could have a far reaching
respect had touched the 137th position impact."
out of 139 leaving behind only
Venezuela and Ethiopia.

13. • The silver lining is also there Black money
when we find the overall tax rate
at 31.6, that is 37th in the world.
• India tops the list for black
money in the entire world with
• In many European countries the almost US$1456 billion in Swiss
tax rate is more than 40 percent. banks
(USD 1.4 trillion approximately)
• The country is 6th in the world in the form of black money.
on the basis of population but its
share in the GDP is only 0.63.
• According to the data provided
by the Swiss Banking
• According to the WEF, Pakistan Association Report (2006), India
occupies the 117th position as has more black
far as corruption and
maladministration is
concerned, and 127th in • money than the rest of the world
organised crime but at the 91st combined. Indian Swiss bank
position as far as trust in account assets are worth 13
politicians is concerned times the country’s national
debt. Indian black money is
sometimes physically
transferred abroad.

14. Corruption in taxes Corruption in taxes
• According to the Transparency • None of the Government
International Pakistan National department in India is corruption
Corruption Perception Survey free. No of corruption cases also
2010, tax administration is ranked registered against Income Tax
as the eighth most corrupt public Authorities. The corrupt systems
sector, out of ten assessed public are developed by the authorities.
sectors in Pakistan, and its ranking
has improved in comparison to the • People have to pay money to avoid
previous surveys. Nevertheless, still harassment’s per Anti Corruption
more than half of the household Law, if an officer is caught with red
respondents to the survey report handed is termed as corrupt. No
having encountered corruption officer will demand the money in
when dealing with the tax writing or will give receipt of money
department. received.
• This corruption includes paying • A man is so much harassed, he is
bribes to reduce tax assessments helpless to pay money. If he will
and to reduce tax. complaint, there will be further lot of
harassment to him.

15. LAND AND PROPERTY LAND AND PROPERTY
• Corrupt practices within real • At the root of India’s corruption
estate commissions, industrial epidemic is the business of land
allotment commissions and land allocation.
revenue offices are not uncommon.
• India does not have a rigorous
• According to an International framework of property titles.
Federation of Surveyors
study, Corruption and Land • For historical reasons, much of the
Administration 2006, there are land in this country is government
numerous cases where high-level owned by default.
officials have illegally accumulated
land (both agricultural and
industrial) and property for • Further, archaic, 19th century laws
themselves and their relatives. allow state governments to
expropriate farm property and
• Furthermore, property rights are not redistribute it to private
completely guaranteed. Both the entities, citing a decidedly bogus
state and the military have on “public interest”.
numerous occasions violated
property rights.

16. •
• The military-owned Fauji • This leads to a scarcity of land
Foundation is the country's largest available in the free market. As
corporation and land owner. such, it becomes very valuable.
Real estate prices in India’s
• The Transparency cities, for example, are
International Global Corruption astronomical. With the commodity
Report 2008 reports that the of land being so prized, cash deals
Defence Housing Authority and a black-market property
regularly encroaches on private and economy are inevitable.
provincial lands to replenish its
stocks without negotiation or • Unless this system is
payment. broken, corruption in India will
never be seriously challenged.
• One example of property rights
violation was the suppression of the • A strong Lokpal law may focus on
farmers' movement by the military. big-ticket swindles at the very top
— by Union ministers and
• when tenant farmers protested Commonwealth Games
against military land-grabbing organisers, for instance — but the
initiatives. The protesters were fount of crony capitalism will not run
detained for weeks, and some were dry.
unlawfully arrested and tortured.

17. • According to the Association • The situation can be best
for Progressive explained with a case study.
Communications, the
Pakistan Telecommunications • The office of the Comptroller
Authority (PTA), the and Auditor General (CAG)
regulatory authority of recently released its report on
Pakistan's Internet, issued Maharashtra government
orders in August 2008 to public sector undertakings for
block 6 websites, the year ending March
31, 2009.
• as the content supposedly
posted on these links was • It makes an interesting
exposing Admiral Afzal reference to the Maharashtra
Tahir, Pakistan's Naval Airport Development
Chief, as a land grabber and Company (MADC), set up in
how he had been misusing 2002 to develop a “multi-
his power. model international
passenger and cargo hub
airport” in Nagpur.

18. Religious institutions Religious institutions
• Still worse is its impact on • In India, the corruption has also
religious circles who sell fake crept into religious institutions.
degrees to the needy politicians Some of the Church of North
with impunity; show fake entries India are making money by
of students get more Zakat selling Baptism certificates.
money and sell religion edicts
on need basis. • A group of church leaders and
activists has launched a
• At times it appears that the campaign to combat the
whole structure has been soiled corruption within churches.
and has replaced scholarship as
it is becoming increasingly • The chief economic
difficult to find a genuine consequences of corruption are
religious scholar from any the loss to the economy an
quarters. unhealthy climate for investment
and an increase in the cost of
government-subsidised
services.

19. Armed Forces Armed Forces
• The Indian Armed Forces have
frequently witnessed corruption
involving senior armed forces
officers from the Indian
• In the PAC meeting held at Army, Indian Navy and Indian Air
the Parliament House under Force.
the chairmanship of
opposition leader Chaudhry • Many officers have been caught for
Nisar Ali Khan, Audit officials allegedly selling defence stores in
the black market in the border
informed the committee that districts of Indian states and
the Pakistan Army had been territories.
using government land falling
in A-1 category, worth Rs • Recent sukhna land scandal
120.767 billion, for involving four Indian Lieutenant
commercial purposes. Generals has shaken public faith in
the country's growing military at a
time when large sums are being
spent on modernizing the armed
forces.

20. • • A recent report of the Controller
of Auditor General (CAG) paved
• The audit report for Financial way for the action against Lt.
Year 2010-11 revealed that the General(R) SK Sahni.
relinquishment of the land of
Fortress Stadium would be • The report revealed that soldiers
based on at the rate of were supplied
Rs150,000 per square wheat, rice, pulses and edible oil
yard, while the recovery to be after 28 days of their expiry
effected as in the case of a date. In this respect, food items
private treaty arrangement
would be amounting to a sum of • were bought at cheaper rates by
arrears, already worked out in the contractors and then
the special audit report, up to Rs supplied to various army
1.386 billion, excluding cost of units, while rations worth of Rs.
land referred to above, which 1.92 crore were untraceable in
would be equal to Rs 122.154 the Northern Command as of
billion. March 2008.
•

21. • Nonetheless, almost every month, we see some
odd case of corruption in the Indian armed
forces, but involvement of the senior ranked army
officers like Major Generals, Lieutenant Generals
and full Generals in corruption cases is a matter of
concern for the whole Indian Army.
• It is due to this fact that over the years, the
confidence of the soldiers over their military
leadership has been dwindling because of their
mall-practices, raping women, involvement in sex
scandals, becoming party to land mafia groups and
involvement in financial embezzlements.
•

22. Judiciary Judiciary
• The people of the country have
been relegated to the status of the
• Corrupt politicians are out to curtail nobodies. The paid servants of the
the judiciary to gag the voice it has state have cornered all the
been raising for the betterment of powers, privileges, and
the country and the people. prerogatives. The people have
These views were expressed by been left high and dry.
Ahsan Rasheed, President
Pakistan Tehrek-e-Insaf Punjab • The legislature is answerable and
chapter, on Monday. accountable to the people. The
executive is accountable and
• He said every institution in the answerable to the people but not
country was depreciating due to the the judiciary. I fail to comprehend
corruption of the rulers who were why the members of judiciary want
striving only to ensure their power unbridled and unlimited powers.
rule when the fact, courts were
overburdened with the files of their • Whenever, there is a talk of judicial
corruption cases. reforms in the country the CJI and
others start screaming from the
rooftops that the judiciary’s
independence and freedom would
be compromised if reforms were
introduced.

23. • He said when the supreme court • The constitution of India has
took notice of the corruption, the pampered the judiciary to the extent
rulers used delaying tactics. He that judges of the higher courts think
said judiciary was giving the themselves to be Gods or angels.
politicians a chance to mend their They are neither.
ways in order to save the system
but they were exploiting even • They are as human as anybody else
court’s sincere instructions as well. is. Is it their case that hey can do no
wrong just because they have been
appointed judges to the high courts
• PTI leader said the nation was and the Supreme Court? They have
facing gas, electricity crisis, price an approach of “Holier than thou” and
hike, unemployment, increasing preach and sermonize all and sundry.
crime rate and other countless Look at their performance.
problems but these politicians were
somersaulting on every issue to • Look at the administration of justice
ensure their own rule as welfare of as delivered by the unbridled and
the common man was not their irresponsible judiciary. Millions of
priority. cases are pending in various courts
including the Supreme Court of India.
• According to a 2002 survey, 96 The conviction rate is hardly 30%. It
percent of respondents in takes anything from 10 years to 30
Pakistan who had contact with years in deciding a case. The justice
the lower courts had is a luxury and comes with a price
encountered corrupt practices. tag.

24. Police Police
• Police has maintained its distinction • Three out of four Indians believe
of being at the top of corruption list political parties and the police are
followed by Revenue and local extremely corrupt. Almost half the
government departments, while people who had any contact with the
education department has slightly police department in the past year
improved its corruption rating by said they had to pay a bribe to get
coming at number five. their work done.
• The Transparency Interntional (TI) • This is among the findings of a report
released a report on released by Berlinbased
the International Anti-Corruption watchdog Transparency International.
Day, 9th December. According to India, however, fared better than
the report Pakistan Police is at the Kosovo, Cameroon, and
top in corruption. Albania, which were the worst
offenders, with around three quarters
of respondents surveyed saying they
• The rest two top corrupt institutions paid a bribe in the past 12 months.
of Pakistan are the Political Parties Around the world, one in 10 people
and Parliament. paid a bribe in the past year, with the
police and judiciary seen to be
pocketing the most money.

25. • It is not a hearsay but statement of
Director General Anti-corruption
Establishment Punjab Tariq Saleem
Dogar who himself is a senior • The prognosis for India is not
police officer and has joined ACE good. Compared to the 2006
on deputation basis. edition of the study, most
• utilities and departments
He revealed this while addressing a have fared worse in terms of
Press conference at his office here public perception of
on Friday. He said that total 9,179
inquiries were started during last six corruption.
months from May 1st 2008 to
November 30, 2008, out of which
only 3,773 were against police, 590 • The only exception is the
against employees of armed forces where public
Revenue, 773 Local perception of corruption has
government, 506 Irrigation and declined from 1.9 in 2006 to
Power, 381 education, 258 1.8. Political parties score
C&W, 89 E&T, 98 Agricultural and
2,711 inquiries were against 4.6, and the police 4.5.
different department of the Punjab
government.
Similarly 1,597 cases were
registered within this period out of
which 571 against police, 491
Revenue and 111 against local

28. PAKISTAN CORRUPTION STUDY

29. • CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
“Poor governance leads to, and encourages and
breeds, corruption in a number of ways, for instance through
bribery and extortion, nepotism and fraud and
embezzlement, It reduces the efficiency on which an
economy depends, and by increasing the cost of
investment, lowers the potential Return. It also reduces the
government’s resources and hence its capacity for
investment”
(a) Improving predictability and consistency between fiscal and human
resources and the mandates of reformed judicial and public
Institutions at the federal, provincial and local level.
(b) Ensuring greater transparency and accountability in the performance
of the judiciary, the police and administration justice institutions.

30. (c) Providing a legal basis for judicial, policy and
administration
Reforms.
(d) Improving the efficiency time lines and
effectiveness in judicial and
Police services.
(e) Supporting greater equality and accessibility in
justice services for
The vulnerable poor.