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Value-oriented Equity Investment Ideas for Sophisticated Investors
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Investing In The Tradition of
Graham, Buffett, Klarman
Year IX, Volume V
May 2016
When asked how he became so
successful, Buffett answered:
“We read hundreds and hundreds
of annual reports every year.”
Top Ideas In This Report
General Motors
(NYSE: GM) 








 26
IBM
(NYSE: IBM) 








 34
Lee Enterprises
(NYSE: LEE) 







... 42
Also Inside
Editorial Commentary 





. 3
Insights into Berkshire Hathaway 
. 7
Holdings of Berkshire Hathaway 
.18
Interview: Sean Stannard-Stockton 94
10 Essential Value Screens 


.. 98
Highlighted Events — Join Us!
Asian Investing Summit 2016
April 5-6, 2016, fully online REPLAY
valueconferences.com
The Zurich Project Workshop 2016
June 8-9, 2016, Zurich SOLD OUT
zurichworkshop.com
Wide-Moat Investing Summit 2016
June 28-29, 2016, fully online
valueconferences.com
Latticework 2016
September 14, 2016, New York
latticework.com
VALUEx Munich 2016
September 20, 2016, Munich
valuex.org BY INVITATION ONLY
THE BERKSHIRE
HATHAWAYISSUE
â–ș Selected BRK Holdings Profiled by The Manual of Ideas Team
â–ș Proprietary Selection of Top Three Candidates for Investment
â–ș Insights into Berkshire Hathaway by Larry Cunningham,
John Huber, Jeremy Miller, Ravi Nagarajan, and Whitney Tilson
â–ș Exclusive Interview with Sean Stannard-Stockton
â–ș 10 Essential Screens for Value Investors
Berkshire Hathaway holdings analyzed in this issue include
Axalta Coating (AXTA), Deere & Company (DE), General Motors (GM),
Graham Holdings (GHC), IBM (IBM), Kinder Morgan Inc. (KMI),
Lee Enterprises (LEE), Media General (MEG), Moody’s (MCO),
NOW (DNOW), Phillips 66 (PSX), Procter & Gamble (PG),
Suncor Energy (SU), U.S. Bancorp (USB), USG (USG),
Verisign (VRSN), Verizon (VZ), Visa (V), and Wal-Mart (WMT).
New Exclusive Content
in the MOI Members Area
(log in at www.manualofideas.com
or email support@manualofideas.com)
 Jeremy Miller on Warren Buffett’s “Ground Rules”
 Dan Sheehan on Avoiding Bad Investments
 Three Idea Presentations from Asian Investing Summit 2016
 PREMIUM: Business Development for Investment ManagersREPLAY at ValueConferences.com
REPLAY Asian Investing Summit
2016, the fully online conference
hosted by ValueConferences and
The Manual of Ideas.
Visit ValueConferences.com
Table of Contents
EDITORIAL COMMENTARY ......................................................................... 3
INSIGHTS INTO BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY BY FELLOW MEMBERS OF
THE GLOBAL VALUE INVESTING COMMUNITY........................................ 7
LARRY CUNNINGHAM: FROM VALUE INVESTING TO TRUST MANAGING ...........................................7
JOHN HUBER: BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY IS SAFE AND CHEAP ..........................................................8
JEREMY MILLER: WARREN BUFFETT’S “GROUND RULES”............................................................10
RAVI NAGARAJAN: BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY IN 2026 ....................................................................13
WHITNEY TILSON: UPDATED INVESTMENT THESIS AND VALUATION..............................................16
PROFILING SELECTED HOLDINGS OF BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY........ 18
AXALTA COATING (NYSE: AXTA) – BRK, CARLYLE, DECCAN, FRANKLIN, GSAM, IVORY ...........18
DEERE & CO. (NYSE: DE) – BRK, CAP WORLD, CASCADE, FRANKLIN, PRIMECAP, T ROWE.......22
GENERAL MOTORS (NYSE: GM) – APPALOOSA, AQUAMARINE, BRK, GREENLIGHT, PABRAI .......26
GRAHAM HOLDINGS (NYSE: GHC) – AQR, BRK, CAP RE, DFA, GIOVINE, SOUTHEASTERN.......30
IBM (NYSE: IBM) – BRK, ESL, FAIRFAX, GEODE, MAGELLAN, OLDFIELD, TWEEDY....................34
KINDER MORGAN (NYSE: KMI) – APPALOOSA, BRK, CAP RE, HIGHSTAR, PENNANT ..................38
LEE ENTERPRISES (NYSE: LEE) – BRIDGEWAY, BRK, FRANKLIN, SILVER POINT, WINGSPAN .....42
MEDIA GENERAL (NYSE: MEG) – ARIEL, BRK, HM, STANDARD GENERAL, STARBOARD ............46
MOODY’S (NYSE: MCO) – AKRE, ALTAROCK, BLOOMBERGSEN, BRK, CAP RE, FIERA ..............50
NOW INC. (NYSE: DNOW) – ARLINGTON VALUE, BRK, CLEARBRIDGE, FAIRHOLME, HARRIS.....54
PHILLIPS 66 (NYSE: PSX) – BARROW, BRK, DFA, FIDELITY, ROBECO, WELLINGTON ................58
PROCTER & GAMBLE (NYSE: PG) – BRK, CAP WORLD, FIDELITY, GEODE, YACKTMAN..............62
SUNCOR ENERGY (CANADA: SU, NYSE: SU) – BRK, CAP RE, PAULSON, WELLINGTON..............66
U.S. BANCORP (NYSE: USB) – BRK, CAP RE, FIDELITY, MFS, PACIFICA, SQ ADVISORS ..........70
USG (NYSE: USG) – BRK, GREENHAVEN, HARRIS, LONDON CO, SASCO, SHAPIRO ..................74
VERISIGN (NASDAQ: VRSN) – ARONSON, BRK, CAP WORLD, MAKAIRA, RENTECH, T ROWE ......78
VERIZON COMMUNICATIONS (NYSE: VZ) – BARROW, BRK, CAP WORLD, GOODHAVEN..............82
VISA (NYSE: V) – ALKEON, ALTAROCK, BRK, CANTILLON, LONE PINE, WEDGEWOOD ................86
WALMART (NYSE: WMT) – ALPINE, BRK, COURAGE, DODGE & COX, GATES FOUNDATION........90
SEAN STANNARD-STOCKTON ON BUFFETT-STYLE INVESTING IN A
MUTUAL FUND AND SEPARATE ACCOUNT CONTEXT......................... 94
TEN ESSENTIAL SCREENS FOR VALUE INVESTORS ........................... 98
“MAGIC FORMULA,” BASED ON TRAILING OPERATING INCOME.....................................................98
“MAGIC FORMULA,” BASED ON THIS YEAR’S EPS ESTIMATES .....................................................99
“MAGIC FORMULA,” BASED ON NEXT YEAR’S EPS ESTIMATES..................................................100
CONTRARIAN: BIGGEST YTD LOSERS (DELEVERAGED & PROFITABLE).......................................101
CONTRARIAN: CHEAP FREE CASH FLOW GUSHERS ..................................................................102
VALUE WITH CATALYST: CHEAP REPURCHASERS OF STOCK .....................................................103
PROFITABLE DIVIDEND PAYORS WITH DECENT BALANCE SHEETS .............................................104
DEEP VALUE: LOTS OF REVENUE, LOW ENTERPRISE VALUE .....................................................105
DEEP VALUE: NEGLECTED GROSS PROFITEERS.......................................................................106
ACTIVIST TARGETS: POTENTIAL SALES, LIQUIDATIONS OR RECAPS ...........................................107
Value-oriented Equity Investment Ideas for Sophisticated Investors
© 2008-2016 by BeyondProxy LLC. All rights reserved. JOIN TODAY! www.manualofideas.com May 2016 – Page 3 of 108
About The Manual of Ideas:
Our goal is to bring you investment ideas that are compelling on the basis of value versus price. In our quest for value, we analyze the top holdings of top
fund managers. We also use a proprietary methodology to identify stocks that are not widely followed by institutional investors.
Our research team has extensive experience in industry and security analysis, equity valuation, and investment management. We bring a “buy side” mindset
to the idea generation process, cutting across industries and market capitalization ranges in our search for compelling equity investment opportunities.
Editorial Commentary
The Berkshire Hathaway Annual General Meeting is just around the corner, and we
are pleased to present this issue as somewhat of a “companion” to this quintessential
event for value investors worldwide. Inside, we analyze selected Berkshire holdings
and feature insights into Buffett and Munger’s holding company by fellow members
of the global value investing community.
Larry Cunningham shares his thoughts on Buffett’s “second legacy”, describing an
evolution from pure value investing to “trust managing”, a governance model that
has created tremendous value for Berkshire and that others are increasingly seeking
to emulate. According to Larry, “If the most important three words in investing are
margin of safety, the three in governance are margin of trust.”
John Huber shares his thoughts on the investment merits of Berkshire Hathaway. He
states succinctly why Berkshire’s insurance float has tremendous value even as it
shows up on the liability side of the balance sheet. John also delves into the valuation
and makes a compelling case why Berkshire has low downside while retaining
material upside, perhaps as much as 50% over the next three years.
Jeremy Miller shares insights from his new book, Warren Buffett’s Ground Rules, in
an exclusive interview with MOI’s Shai Dardashti. Jeremy went deep into Buffett’s
per-Berkshire letters to partners and attempted to reconstruct Buffett’s thinking,
process, and actions in cases including Dempster, Sanborn Map, American Express,
and Disney. Jeremy also tracks Buffett’s evolution from deep value to quality.
Ravi Nagarajan assesses Berkshire’s prospects of compounding capital over the next
decade and concludes that the allocation task facing Buffett and his successors is
becoming increasingly daunting. Ravi concludes that Berkshire may need to increase
the stated repurchase threshold in order to return more cash to shareholders in a tax-
efficient way (from the perspective of continuing shareholders). States Ravi,
“Whether an increase in the repurchase limit is something under consideration is
perhaps one of the most important questions facing Berkshire shareholders today and
a topic worthy of discussion at the upcoming annual meeting.”
Whitney Tilson provides an update of his investment thesis on Berkshire and
concludes that the shares offer an attractive risk-reward tradeoff. Whitney shares his
analysis of the fair value of the equity and reveals: “I now peg intrinsic value at
$283,000 [per] A share (equal to 1.82x book), based on $159,794 of investments per
share plus 10x $12,304, the pre-tax earnings of the operating businesses.”
Also inside, we bring you an exclusive interview with Sean Stannard-Stockton who
describes his approach to Buffett-style investing in high-quality businesses within a
mutual fund and separate account structure, i.e., in the absence of permanent capital.
Stannard-Stockton’s lucid philosophy and case examples may resonate with your
own views and experiences.

Value-oriented Equity Investment Ideas for Sophisticated Investors
© 2008-2016 by BeyondProxy LLC. All rights reserved. JOIN TODAY! www.manualofideas.com May 2016 – Page 4 of 108
We highlight the following three Berkshire holdings as particularly worthy of closer
consideration, although we caution that the risk profile of Lee Enterprises common
stock is materially different than that of a “typical” Berkshire holding:
General Motors (NYSE: GM, $30 per share; MV $47 billion)
Technology-based disruption (e.g., Tesla, Uber, Google) appears to have spooked
investors, leading many to ignore the fact that GM has reemerged as a credible
global competitor, with a much-improved balance sheet, a refreshed product
portfolio, strong pipeline, and management that appears focused on execution and
value-enhancing capital allocation. While cyclicality and long-term competitiveness
are legitimate concerns, we find GM shares too cheap to ignore at a mid- to high-
teens forward EPS yield.
We are not sure whether Berkshire holds GM due to the attractive valuation or a
positive assessment of industry dynamics, but we agree that GM offers unusual
value. Buybacks could help close the gap between price and value.
IBM (NYSE: IBM, $150 per share; MV $145 billion)
IBM shares continue to trade below the ~$170 per-share price paid by Berkshire, on
average, to acquire 64 million shares in 2011. Since then, Berkshire has increased its
stake to 81 million shares.
While IBM management was forced to abandon a goal of at least $20 in operating
EPS in 2015, IBM trades at an attractive ~9% earnings yield based on consensus
EPS of ~$13.50 in 2016. Despite revenue pressures, IBM has posted reasonably
strong results in areas of “strategic imperative”, such as big data, cloud, mobile,
security, and social. Management remains committed to returning value to
shareholders through dividends ($33 billion paid over the last ten years) and share
repurchases (share count reduced by 37% over the past decade). Impressively, IBM
has generated FCF, excluding financing receivables, of $144 billion from 2006-2015,
approximating the recent equity quotation. With the company’s core franchises and
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Value-oriented Equity Investment Ideas for Sophisticated Investors
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services/software-focused approach largely intact, IBM offers an attractive risk-
reward to investors who are willing to look through near-term revenue and earnings
pressures. Paradoxically, a stagnant stock price enables management to add more
long-term value via buybacks, so we would expect repurchases to remain strong. At
a quotation of $150 per share or below, IBM deserves closer consideration.
Lee Enterprises (NYSE: LEE, $1.80 per share; MV $100 million)
Newspaper company Lee’s shares trade as if another bankruptcy was a foregone
conclusion, despite strong FCF, debt repayments, and debt repurchases at well below
par value. Lee has been out of bankruptcy for four years, looking for ways to
leverage the large audiences it reaches via fifty daily newspapers in midsize U.S.
markets. The newspapers have circulation of 1.0+ million daily and 1.3+ million on
Sundays. A viable model likely exists for the industry, although the customer value
proposition needs to be vastly different than in the past. Lee could grow intrinsic
value by becoming a “champion” of the local communities in which it operates,
reporting on the local news rather than rehashing information available elsewhere.
Given the weak balance sheet, FCF generation and debt reduction have been
management priorities. Here the news is good: Lee continues to generate unlevered
FCF of close to $150 million annually, amounting to more than one-fifth of debt.
This should enable management to reduce debt and grow equity value. Lee has
prioritized balance sheet deleveraging, cutting debt from $1.7 billion in 2005 to $785
million at the end of CY14 and $660 million at the end of February 2016.
At an enterprise value of roughly $800 million, we find the equity market quotation
too low. The high-teens unlevered FCF yield is attractive in its own right. With
levered FCF amounting to roughly two-thirds of the recent equity quotation, the risk-
reward tradeoff remains attractive. Major debt maturities are scheduled for 2022-23,
implying low near-term refinancing risk. As deleveraging proceeds, equity upside
should crystallize.

A look back: Top three ideas highlighted in The Manual of Ideas, May 2015:
General Motors (NYSE: GM, $35 per share; MV $56 billion)
A year later, GM shares traded at $30 per share. We continue to find them attractive.
Lee Enterprises (NYSE: LEE, $3.30 per share; MV $200 million)
A year later, Lee shares traded at $1.80 per share. We continue to find them attractive.
Suncor Energy (NYSE: SU, $31 per share; MV $45 billion)
A year later, Suncor shares traded at $28 per share. We continue to find them attractive.
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Value-oriented Equity Investment Ideas for Sophisticated Investors
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
A couple of weeks ago, great ideas were presented at Asian Investing Summit 2016,
the fully online investment conference we co-host with ValueConferences. Three
idea presentations are now available for your enjoyment in The Manual of Ideas
Members Area, and I am pleased to include the respective thesis summaries below:
Stephen Yacktman and Jason Subotky on Samsung Electronic Preferred Shares
(Korea: 005935): Price drives the thesis, with the shares trading at less than 5x
earnings, net of cash and investments; less than 3x EV to EBIT; less than 2x EV to
EBITDA; and below tangible book. Stephen and Jason estimate that at the end of
Q1, ~50% of market value was in net cash and investments. Since Stephen and
Jason’s presentation on Samsung at Best Ideas 2015 in January 2015, the company
has (i) announced a transformational share repurchase and capital return plan in
October 2015; (ii) stabilized the phone business in the mid-to-low end (recent launch
of Galaxy S7 shows promise); and (iii) faced near-term challenges in the memory
market. Meanwhile, the preferred shares trade modestly lower in USD terms.
Sidd Mehta on Piramal Enterprises (NSE: PEL): Piramal is a conglomerate run by
one of India’s greatest capital allocators, Ajay Piramal. The company has roots in the
pharma space, most of which (generics) was sold to Abbott Labs in 2009 for 9x
revenue. Ajay Piramal has used the funds to build what Sidd believes is the
Berkshire of India. Piramal shares recently traded at 1.3x price-to-book. For a
business that has compounded BV at 32% over 27 years, this appears cheap.
James Choa on CK Hutchison (Hong Kong: 1): With a market capitalization of
US$50 billion, CKH is an investment holding company with core businesses in
retail, infrastructure, telecom, and ports. The company was founded by chairman Li
Ka Shing. Over the past 25 years, Li has increased book value per share, inclusive of
dividends, by 2,270%, a track record that is comparable to that of Berkshire
Hathaway (2,315%). Despite its outstanding performance, the company has traded at
large discount to intrinsic value in recent years. In 2015, the Li family embarked on a
complex reorganization under which Cheung Kong Holdings (the former holdco)
will purchase shares in Hutchison Whampoa that it does not already own, and merge
the companies under a new entity, CK Hutchison Holdings, while spinning off all
real estate assets into a separate company. The restructuring not only aims to unlock
value at the holding company but also to position CKH as a premier global
conglomerate and world class capital allocator. CKH trades at a 30% discount to
intrinsic value and at about 1x P/B, well below peers in developed markets.

I take this opportunity to thank Larry Cunningham, Shai Dardashti, John Huber,
Jeremy Miller, Ravi Nagarajan, Sean Stannard-Stockton, and Whitney Tilson for
their contributions to this issue.

Sincerely,
John Mihaljevic, CFA
and The Manual of Ideas research team
Value-oriented Equity Investment Ideas for Sophisticated Investors
© 2008-2016 by BeyondProxy LLC. All rights reserved. JOIN TODAY! www.manualofideas.com May 2016 – Page 108 of 108
About THE MANUAL OF IDEAS
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May 2016: The Berkshire Hathaway Issue of The Manual of Ideas

  • 1. Value-oriented Equity Investment Ideas for Sophisticated Investors A Monthly Publication of BeyondProxy LLC  Subscribe at manualofideas.com “If our efforts can further the goals of our members by giving them a discernible edge over other market participants, we have succeeded.” Copyright Warning: It is a violation of copyright law to reproduce all or part of this publication for any purpose without the prior written consent of BeyondProxy. Email support@manualofideas.com to request consent. © 2008-2016 by BeyondProxy. All rights reserved. Terms of Use: www.manualofideas.com/terms-of-use Investing In The Tradition of Graham, Buffett, Klarman Year IX, Volume V May 2016 When asked how he became so successful, Buffett answered: “We read hundreds and hundreds of annual reports every year.” Top Ideas In This Report General Motors (NYSE: GM) 








 26 IBM (NYSE: IBM) 








 34 Lee Enterprises (NYSE: LEE) 







... 42 Also Inside Editorial Commentary 





. 3 Insights into Berkshire Hathaway 
. 7 Holdings of Berkshire Hathaway 
.18 Interview: Sean Stannard-Stockton 94 10 Essential Value Screens 


.. 98 Highlighted Events — Join Us! Asian Investing Summit 2016 April 5-6, 2016, fully online REPLAY valueconferences.com The Zurich Project Workshop 2016 June 8-9, 2016, Zurich SOLD OUT zurichworkshop.com Wide-Moat Investing Summit 2016 June 28-29, 2016, fully online valueconferences.com Latticework 2016 September 14, 2016, New York latticework.com VALUEx Munich 2016 September 20, 2016, Munich valuex.org BY INVITATION ONLY THE BERKSHIRE HATHAWAYISSUE â–ș Selected BRK Holdings Profiled by The Manual of Ideas Team â–ș Proprietary Selection of Top Three Candidates for Investment â–ș Insights into Berkshire Hathaway by Larry Cunningham, John Huber, Jeremy Miller, Ravi Nagarajan, and Whitney Tilson â–ș Exclusive Interview with Sean Stannard-Stockton â–ș 10 Essential Screens for Value Investors Berkshire Hathaway holdings analyzed in this issue include Axalta Coating (AXTA), Deere & Company (DE), General Motors (GM), Graham Holdings (GHC), IBM (IBM), Kinder Morgan Inc. (KMI), Lee Enterprises (LEE), Media General (MEG), Moody’s (MCO), NOW (DNOW), Phillips 66 (PSX), Procter & Gamble (PG), Suncor Energy (SU), U.S. Bancorp (USB), USG (USG), Verisign (VRSN), Verizon (VZ), Visa (V), and Wal-Mart (WMT). New Exclusive Content in the MOI Members Area (log in at www.manualofideas.com or email support@manualofideas.com)  Jeremy Miller on Warren Buffett’s “Ground Rules”  Dan Sheehan on Avoiding Bad Investments  Three Idea Presentations from Asian Investing Summit 2016  PREMIUM: Business Development for Investment ManagersREPLAY at ValueConferences.com REPLAY Asian Investing Summit 2016, the fully online conference hosted by ValueConferences and The Manual of Ideas. Visit ValueConferences.com
  • 2. Table of Contents EDITORIAL COMMENTARY ......................................................................... 3 INSIGHTS INTO BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY BY FELLOW MEMBERS OF THE GLOBAL VALUE INVESTING COMMUNITY........................................ 7 LARRY CUNNINGHAM: FROM VALUE INVESTING TO TRUST MANAGING ...........................................7 JOHN HUBER: BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY IS SAFE AND CHEAP ..........................................................8 JEREMY MILLER: WARREN BUFFETT’S “GROUND RULES”............................................................10 RAVI NAGARAJAN: BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY IN 2026 ....................................................................13 WHITNEY TILSON: UPDATED INVESTMENT THESIS AND VALUATION..............................................16 PROFILING SELECTED HOLDINGS OF BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY........ 18 AXALTA COATING (NYSE: AXTA) – BRK, CARLYLE, DECCAN, FRANKLIN, GSAM, IVORY ...........18 DEERE & CO. (NYSE: DE) – BRK, CAP WORLD, CASCADE, FRANKLIN, PRIMECAP, T ROWE.......22 GENERAL MOTORS (NYSE: GM) – APPALOOSA, AQUAMARINE, BRK, GREENLIGHT, PABRAI .......26 GRAHAM HOLDINGS (NYSE: GHC) – AQR, BRK, CAP RE, DFA, GIOVINE, SOUTHEASTERN.......30 IBM (NYSE: IBM) – BRK, ESL, FAIRFAX, GEODE, MAGELLAN, OLDFIELD, TWEEDY....................34 KINDER MORGAN (NYSE: KMI) – APPALOOSA, BRK, CAP RE, HIGHSTAR, PENNANT ..................38 LEE ENTERPRISES (NYSE: LEE) – BRIDGEWAY, BRK, FRANKLIN, SILVER POINT, WINGSPAN .....42 MEDIA GENERAL (NYSE: MEG) – ARIEL, BRK, HM, STANDARD GENERAL, STARBOARD ............46 MOODY’S (NYSE: MCO) – AKRE, ALTAROCK, BLOOMBERGSEN, BRK, CAP RE, FIERA ..............50 NOW INC. (NYSE: DNOW) – ARLINGTON VALUE, BRK, CLEARBRIDGE, FAIRHOLME, HARRIS.....54 PHILLIPS 66 (NYSE: PSX) – BARROW, BRK, DFA, FIDELITY, ROBECO, WELLINGTON ................58 PROCTER & GAMBLE (NYSE: PG) – BRK, CAP WORLD, FIDELITY, GEODE, YACKTMAN..............62 SUNCOR ENERGY (CANADA: SU, NYSE: SU) – BRK, CAP RE, PAULSON, WELLINGTON..............66 U.S. BANCORP (NYSE: USB) – BRK, CAP RE, FIDELITY, MFS, PACIFICA, SQ ADVISORS ..........70 USG (NYSE: USG) – BRK, GREENHAVEN, HARRIS, LONDON CO, SASCO, SHAPIRO ..................74 VERISIGN (NASDAQ: VRSN) – ARONSON, BRK, CAP WORLD, MAKAIRA, RENTECH, T ROWE ......78 VERIZON COMMUNICATIONS (NYSE: VZ) – BARROW, BRK, CAP WORLD, GOODHAVEN..............82 VISA (NYSE: V) – ALKEON, ALTAROCK, BRK, CANTILLON, LONE PINE, WEDGEWOOD ................86 WALMART (NYSE: WMT) – ALPINE, BRK, COURAGE, DODGE & COX, GATES FOUNDATION........90 SEAN STANNARD-STOCKTON ON BUFFETT-STYLE INVESTING IN A MUTUAL FUND AND SEPARATE ACCOUNT CONTEXT......................... 94 TEN ESSENTIAL SCREENS FOR VALUE INVESTORS ........................... 98 “MAGIC FORMULA,” BASED ON TRAILING OPERATING INCOME.....................................................98 “MAGIC FORMULA,” BASED ON THIS YEAR’S EPS ESTIMATES .....................................................99 “MAGIC FORMULA,” BASED ON NEXT YEAR’S EPS ESTIMATES..................................................100 CONTRARIAN: BIGGEST YTD LOSERS (DELEVERAGED & PROFITABLE).......................................101 CONTRARIAN: CHEAP FREE CASH FLOW GUSHERS ..................................................................102 VALUE WITH CATALYST: CHEAP REPURCHASERS OF STOCK .....................................................103 PROFITABLE DIVIDEND PAYORS WITH DECENT BALANCE SHEETS .............................................104 DEEP VALUE: LOTS OF REVENUE, LOW ENTERPRISE VALUE .....................................................105 DEEP VALUE: NEGLECTED GROSS PROFITEERS.......................................................................106 ACTIVIST TARGETS: POTENTIAL SALES, LIQUIDATIONS OR RECAPS ...........................................107
  • 3. Value-oriented Equity Investment Ideas for Sophisticated Investors © 2008-2016 by BeyondProxy LLC. All rights reserved. JOIN TODAY! www.manualofideas.com May 2016 – Page 3 of 108 About The Manual of Ideas: Our goal is to bring you investment ideas that are compelling on the basis of value versus price. In our quest for value, we analyze the top holdings of top fund managers. We also use a proprietary methodology to identify stocks that are not widely followed by institutional investors. Our research team has extensive experience in industry and security analysis, equity valuation, and investment management. We bring a “buy side” mindset to the idea generation process, cutting across industries and market capitalization ranges in our search for compelling equity investment opportunities. Editorial Commentary The Berkshire Hathaway Annual General Meeting is just around the corner, and we are pleased to present this issue as somewhat of a “companion” to this quintessential event for value investors worldwide. Inside, we analyze selected Berkshire holdings and feature insights into Buffett and Munger’s holding company by fellow members of the global value investing community. Larry Cunningham shares his thoughts on Buffett’s “second legacy”, describing an evolution from pure value investing to “trust managing”, a governance model that has created tremendous value for Berkshire and that others are increasingly seeking to emulate. According to Larry, “If the most important three words in investing are margin of safety, the three in governance are margin of trust.” John Huber shares his thoughts on the investment merits of Berkshire Hathaway. He states succinctly why Berkshire’s insurance float has tremendous value even as it shows up on the liability side of the balance sheet. John also delves into the valuation and makes a compelling case why Berkshire has low downside while retaining material upside, perhaps as much as 50% over the next three years. Jeremy Miller shares insights from his new book, Warren Buffett’s Ground Rules, in an exclusive interview with MOI’s Shai Dardashti. Jeremy went deep into Buffett’s per-Berkshire letters to partners and attempted to reconstruct Buffett’s thinking, process, and actions in cases including Dempster, Sanborn Map, American Express, and Disney. Jeremy also tracks Buffett’s evolution from deep value to quality. Ravi Nagarajan assesses Berkshire’s prospects of compounding capital over the next decade and concludes that the allocation task facing Buffett and his successors is becoming increasingly daunting. Ravi concludes that Berkshire may need to increase the stated repurchase threshold in order to return more cash to shareholders in a tax- efficient way (from the perspective of continuing shareholders). States Ravi, “Whether an increase in the repurchase limit is something under consideration is perhaps one of the most important questions facing Berkshire shareholders today and a topic worthy of discussion at the upcoming annual meeting.” Whitney Tilson provides an update of his investment thesis on Berkshire and concludes that the shares offer an attractive risk-reward tradeoff. Whitney shares his analysis of the fair value of the equity and reveals: “I now peg intrinsic value at $283,000 [per] A share (equal to 1.82x book), based on $159,794 of investments per share plus 10x $12,304, the pre-tax earnings of the operating businesses.” Also inside, we bring you an exclusive interview with Sean Stannard-Stockton who describes his approach to Buffett-style investing in high-quality businesses within a mutual fund and separate account structure, i.e., in the absence of permanent capital. Stannard-Stockton’s lucid philosophy and case examples may resonate with your own views and experiences. 
  • 4. Value-oriented Equity Investment Ideas for Sophisticated Investors © 2008-2016 by BeyondProxy LLC. All rights reserved. JOIN TODAY! www.manualofideas.com May 2016 – Page 4 of 108 We highlight the following three Berkshire holdings as particularly worthy of closer consideration, although we caution that the risk profile of Lee Enterprises common stock is materially different than that of a “typical” Berkshire holding: General Motors (NYSE: GM, $30 per share; MV $47 billion) Technology-based disruption (e.g., Tesla, Uber, Google) appears to have spooked investors, leading many to ignore the fact that GM has reemerged as a credible global competitor, with a much-improved balance sheet, a refreshed product portfolio, strong pipeline, and management that appears focused on execution and value-enhancing capital allocation. While cyclicality and long-term competitiveness are legitimate concerns, we find GM shares too cheap to ignore at a mid- to high- teens forward EPS yield. We are not sure whether Berkshire holds GM due to the attractive valuation or a positive assessment of industry dynamics, but we agree that GM offers unusual value. Buybacks could help close the gap between price and value. IBM (NYSE: IBM, $150 per share; MV $145 billion) IBM shares continue to trade below the ~$170 per-share price paid by Berkshire, on average, to acquire 64 million shares in 2011. Since then, Berkshire has increased its stake to 81 million shares. While IBM management was forced to abandon a goal of at least $20 in operating EPS in 2015, IBM trades at an attractive ~9% earnings yield based on consensus EPS of ~$13.50 in 2016. Despite revenue pressures, IBM has posted reasonably strong results in areas of “strategic imperative”, such as big data, cloud, mobile, security, and social. Management remains committed to returning value to shareholders through dividends ($33 billion paid over the last ten years) and share repurchases (share count reduced by 37% over the past decade). Impressively, IBM has generated FCF, excluding financing receivables, of $144 billion from 2006-2015, approximating the recent equity quotation. With the company’s core franchises and $0 $5 $10 $15 $20 $25 $30 $35 $40 $45 Apr 16Apr 15Apr 14Apr 13Apr 12Apr 11 $0 $50 $100 $150 $200 $250 Apr 16Apr 15Apr 14Apr 13Apr 12Apr 11Apr 10Apr 09Apr 08Apr 07
  • 5. Value-oriented Equity Investment Ideas for Sophisticated Investors © 2008-2016 by BeyondProxy LLC. All rights reserved. JOIN TODAY! www.manualofideas.com May 2016 – Page 5 of 108 services/software-focused approach largely intact, IBM offers an attractive risk- reward to investors who are willing to look through near-term revenue and earnings pressures. Paradoxically, a stagnant stock price enables management to add more long-term value via buybacks, so we would expect repurchases to remain strong. At a quotation of $150 per share or below, IBM deserves closer consideration. Lee Enterprises (NYSE: LEE, $1.80 per share; MV $100 million) Newspaper company Lee’s shares trade as if another bankruptcy was a foregone conclusion, despite strong FCF, debt repayments, and debt repurchases at well below par value. Lee has been out of bankruptcy for four years, looking for ways to leverage the large audiences it reaches via fifty daily newspapers in midsize U.S. markets. The newspapers have circulation of 1.0+ million daily and 1.3+ million on Sundays. A viable model likely exists for the industry, although the customer value proposition needs to be vastly different than in the past. Lee could grow intrinsic value by becoming a “champion” of the local communities in which it operates, reporting on the local news rather than rehashing information available elsewhere. Given the weak balance sheet, FCF generation and debt reduction have been management priorities. Here the news is good: Lee continues to generate unlevered FCF of close to $150 million annually, amounting to more than one-fifth of debt. This should enable management to reduce debt and grow equity value. Lee has prioritized balance sheet deleveraging, cutting debt from $1.7 billion in 2005 to $785 million at the end of CY14 and $660 million at the end of February 2016. At an enterprise value of roughly $800 million, we find the equity market quotation too low. The high-teens unlevered FCF yield is attractive in its own right. With levered FCF amounting to roughly two-thirds of the recent equity quotation, the risk- reward tradeoff remains attractive. Major debt maturities are scheduled for 2022-23, implying low near-term refinancing risk. As deleveraging proceeds, equity upside should crystallize.  A look back: Top three ideas highlighted in The Manual of Ideas, May 2015: General Motors (NYSE: GM, $35 per share; MV $56 billion) A year later, GM shares traded at $30 per share. We continue to find them attractive. Lee Enterprises (NYSE: LEE, $3.30 per share; MV $200 million) A year later, Lee shares traded at $1.80 per share. We continue to find them attractive. Suncor Energy (NYSE: SU, $31 per share; MV $45 billion) A year later, Suncor shares traded at $28 per share. We continue to find them attractive. $0 $5 $10 $15 $20 $25 $30 $35 $40 Apr 16Apr 15Apr 14Apr 13Apr 12Apr 11Apr 10Apr 09Apr 08Apr 07
  • 6. Value-oriented Equity Investment Ideas for Sophisticated Investors © 2008-2016 by BeyondProxy LLC. All rights reserved. JOIN TODAY! www.manualofideas.com May 2016 – Page 6 of 108  A couple of weeks ago, great ideas were presented at Asian Investing Summit 2016, the fully online investment conference we co-host with ValueConferences. Three idea presentations are now available for your enjoyment in The Manual of Ideas Members Area, and I am pleased to include the respective thesis summaries below: Stephen Yacktman and Jason Subotky on Samsung Electronic Preferred Shares (Korea: 005935): Price drives the thesis, with the shares trading at less than 5x earnings, net of cash and investments; less than 3x EV to EBIT; less than 2x EV to EBITDA; and below tangible book. Stephen and Jason estimate that at the end of Q1, ~50% of market value was in net cash and investments. Since Stephen and Jason’s presentation on Samsung at Best Ideas 2015 in January 2015, the company has (i) announced a transformational share repurchase and capital return plan in October 2015; (ii) stabilized the phone business in the mid-to-low end (recent launch of Galaxy S7 shows promise); and (iii) faced near-term challenges in the memory market. Meanwhile, the preferred shares trade modestly lower in USD terms. Sidd Mehta on Piramal Enterprises (NSE: PEL): Piramal is a conglomerate run by one of India’s greatest capital allocators, Ajay Piramal. The company has roots in the pharma space, most of which (generics) was sold to Abbott Labs in 2009 for 9x revenue. Ajay Piramal has used the funds to build what Sidd believes is the Berkshire of India. Piramal shares recently traded at 1.3x price-to-book. For a business that has compounded BV at 32% over 27 years, this appears cheap. James Choa on CK Hutchison (Hong Kong: 1): With a market capitalization of US$50 billion, CKH is an investment holding company with core businesses in retail, infrastructure, telecom, and ports. The company was founded by chairman Li Ka Shing. Over the past 25 years, Li has increased book value per share, inclusive of dividends, by 2,270%, a track record that is comparable to that of Berkshire Hathaway (2,315%). Despite its outstanding performance, the company has traded at large discount to intrinsic value in recent years. In 2015, the Li family embarked on a complex reorganization under which Cheung Kong Holdings (the former holdco) will purchase shares in Hutchison Whampoa that it does not already own, and merge the companies under a new entity, CK Hutchison Holdings, while spinning off all real estate assets into a separate company. The restructuring not only aims to unlock value at the holding company but also to position CKH as a premier global conglomerate and world class capital allocator. CKH trades at a 30% discount to intrinsic value and at about 1x P/B, well below peers in developed markets.  I take this opportunity to thank Larry Cunningham, Shai Dardashti, John Huber, Jeremy Miller, Ravi Nagarajan, Sean Stannard-Stockton, and Whitney Tilson for their contributions to this issue.  Sincerely, John Mihaljevic, CFA and The Manual of Ideas research team
  • 7. Value-oriented Equity Investment Ideas for Sophisticated Investors © 2008-2016 by BeyondProxy LLC. All rights reserved. JOIN TODAY! www.manualofideas.com May 2016 – Page 108 of 108 About THE MANUAL OF IDEAS © 2008-’16 by BeyondProxy LLC. All rights reserved. All content is protected by U.S. and international copyright laws and is the property of BeyondProxy and any third-party providers of such content. The U.S. Copyright Act imposes liability of up to $150,000 for each act of willful infringement of a copyright. THE MANUAL OF IDEAS is published monthly by BeyondProxy. Subscribers may download content to their computer and store and print materials for their individual use only. Any other reproduction, transmission, display or editing of the content by any means, mechanical or electronic, without the prior written permission of BeyondProxy is strictly prohibited. Terms of use: Use of this newsletter and its content is governed by the Terms of Use described in detail at www.manualofideas.com. See a summary of key terms below. Contact information: For all customer service, subscription or other inquiries, please visit www.manualofideas.com, or contact us at BeyondProxy, 427 N Tatnall St #27878, Wilmington, DE 19801-2230; telephone: 415-412-8059. Editor-in-chief: John Mihaljevic, CFA. Annual subscription price: varies by type of subscription; visit www.manualofideas.com To subscribe, visit www.manualofideas.com General Publication Information and Terms of Use THE MANUAL OF IDEAS is published by BeyondProxy. Use of this newsletter and its content is governed by the Terms of Use described in detail at www.manualofideas.com/terms.html. For your convenience, a summary of certain key policies, disclosures and disclaimers is reproduced below. This summary is meant in no way to limit or otherwise circumscribe the full scope and effect of the complete Terms of Use. No Investment Advice This newsletter is not an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any security in any jurisdiction where such an offer or solicitation would be illegal. This newsletter is distributed for informational purposes only and should not be construed as investment advice or a recommendation to sell or buy any security or other investment, or undertake any investment strategy. It does not constitute a general or personal recommendation or take into account the particular investment objectives, financial situations, or needs of individual investors. The price and value of securities referred to in this newsletter will fluctuate. Past performance is not a guide to future performance, future returns are not guaranteed, and a loss of all of the original capital invested in a security discussed in this newsletter may occur. Certain transactions, including those involving futures, options, and other derivatives, give rise to substantial risk and are not suitable for all investors. Disclaimers There are no warranties, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, completeness, or results obtained from any information set forth in this newsletter. BeyondProxy will not be liable to you or anyone else for any loss or injury resulting directly or indirectly from the use of the information contained in this newsletter, caused in whole or in part by its negligence in compiling, interpreting, reporting or delivering the content in this newsletter. Related Persons BeyondProxy’s officers, directors, employees and/or principals (collectively “Related Persons”) may have positions in and may, from time to time, make purchases or sales of the securities or other investments discussed or evaluated in this newsletter. John Mihaljevic, Chairman of BeyondProxy, is also a principal of Mihaljevic Capital Management LLC (“MCM”), which serves as the general partner of a private investment partnership. MCM may purchase or sell securities and financial instruments discussed in this newsletter on behalf of the investment partnership or other accounts it manages. It is the policy of MCM and all Related Persons to allow a full trading day to elapse after the publication of this newsletter before purchases or sales of any securities or financial instruments discussed herein are made. Compensation BeyondProxy receives compensation in connection with the publication of this newsletter only in the form of subscription fees charged to subscribers and reproduction or re-dissemination fees charged to subscribers or others interested in the newsletter content.
  • 8. The Manual of Ideas research team is gratified to have won high praise for our efforts. “I highly recommend MOI — the thoroughness of the product coupled with the quality of the content makes it an invaluable tool for the serious investor.” —TIM DAVIS, MANAGING DIRECTOR, BLUESTEM ASSET MANAGEMENT “Wonderful.” —TOM GAYNER, CHIEF INVESTMENT OFFICER, MARKEL CORPORATION “Your service consistently gets the most actionable ideas on our desks, saving us a ton of time and effort without compromising our very high quality standards.” —ZEKE ASHTON, CENTAUR CAPITAL PARTNERS “We do similar work ourselves.” —GLENN GREENBERG, MANAGING DIRECTOR, BRAVE WARRIOR CAPITAL “The Manual of Ideas is incredibly helpful, both for idea generation and for quick diligence. It does a great job of summarizing attractive opportunities.” —BRAD HATHAWAY, FAR VIEW CAPITAL MANAGEMENT “The Manual of Ideas is a tremendous effort and very well put together.” —MOHNISH PABRAI, MANAGING PARTNER, PABRAI INVESTMENT FUNDS “Very useful.” —MURAT OZBAYDAR, SOROS FUND MANAGEMENT “The Manual of Ideas is a great way to follow our peers, to learn, and to consider new ideas, both on individual stocks and on the process of investing..” —JAMES THOMPSON, SOUTHEASTERN ASSET MANAGEMENT “The Manual of Ideas [the book] is excellent. It has some very important concepts, not only on investing but also on the process of capital allocation.” —DON YACKTMAN, YACKTMAN ASSET MANAGEMENT “An extremely valuable resource.”—GUY SPIER, AQUAMARINE CAPITAL MANAGEMENT “The Manual of Ideas has been a great tool in our research process. [We have been] drawing upon this forum to improve our own methodology.” —ZACH OLSON, DRUM HILL CAPITAL “I’ve enjoyed The Manual of Ideas for quite a while. I like the insights it provides on specific companies as well as the opportunity to generate ideas.” —PAUL LOUNTZIS, LOUNTZIS ASSET MANAGEMENT “You are quickly becoming one of my must-read sources.” —CORY JANSSEN, FOUNDER, INVESTOPEDIA.COM “It’s not often that one gets a chance to voice one’s views in a substantive format like [The Manual of Ideas]. Congratulations -- it’s very impressive.” —RUPAL BHANSALI, ARIEL INVESTMENTS “The Manual of Ideas has a point and a perspective. It’s not just collecting ideas. It has an organizing principle -- the search for value. It is enormously useful.” —ROBERT MORGENTHAU, SPEARS ABACUS ADVISORS “One of the ways I get my ideas is through The Manual of Ideas. It’s a great, condensed packet of really good ideas. I’m an enthusiastic subscriber.” —KENT WHITAKER, REGENT STREET CAPITAL “The Manual of Ideas is an invaluable resource. A lot of the ideas I have never even heard before. It is the only truly global resource for value investors.” —TODD SULLIVAN, RAND STRATEGIC PARTNERS “John Mihaljevic publishes what I regard as the very best investing newsletter on the planet. Actually, it is more of a frequently updated investing manual.” —MOHNISH PABRAI, PABRAI INVESTMENT FUNDS manualofideas.com