1. Approximately how many languages
are spoken in the world?
A. 500
B. 1800
C. 2500
D. 5000
E. 6500

4. A sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence
that is presented as if it were a complete
sentence. Some sentence fragments are
phrases—they lack a subject, a verb, or both.
The bank next to the grocery store.
Built a tool shed in the backyard.
At the radio station.

5. Other sentence fragments are dependent clauses—they
have a subject and a verb, but they begin with a
subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
after until
although when
because whenever
Before where
if wherever
since whether
though while
unless

6. Here are three sentence fragments that begin with
subordinating conjunctions:
After the wedding is over.
Because it was hot outside.
When I graduate from
college.

7. that who
whose whom
whoever which
what whatever
whomever whichever

8. Here are three fragments that begin with relative
pronouns:
That they bought at the mall.
Who ran away from home.
Which caused my parents to
divorce.

10. A.The sunbathers left by
six o’clock.
B. The sunbathers before
six o’clock.

11. A. Finished by next
Friday afternoon.
B. The report was
finished by Friday.

12. A. The last book left on
the store shelf.
B. The last book was left
on the store shelf.

13. A. Someone who knows
all the answers.
B. Does someone know
all the answers?

14. A. These jars are filled
with sand and
pebbles.
B. Many jars filled with
sand and pebbles.

15. A. Because Carolina
couldn’t wait to open
her gifts.
B. Carolina couldn’t
wait to open her gifts.

16. A. Jack wasn’t used to the
Nevada heat because he was
from New Hampshire.
B. Jack not used to the Nevada
heat because he was from
New Hampshire.

17. A. Whenever you’re
ready.
B. Give me a call
whenever you’re ready.

18. A. Leticia didn’t drink
until she was twenty-
one.
B. Until Leticia was
twenty-one.

19. A. While you were
singing.
B. A crowd gathered
while you were
singing.

20. How do you correct a sentence fragment? One
way is to connect it to the sentence that comes
before or after it.
FRAGMENT Although he had to get up early
in the morning. Alex didn’t get home until
midnight.
SENTENCE Although he had to get up
early in the morning, Alex didn’t get home
until midnight.

21. How do you correct a sentence fragment? One
way is to connect it to the sentence that comes
before or after it.
FRAGMENT Her favorite gift was the orange
teddy bear. That her grandmother had given
her.
SENTENCE Her favorite gift was the orange
teddy bear that her grandmother had given
her.

22. Another way to correct a sentence fragment is to
turn it into a complete sentence. If the
fragment is a phrase, add any missing subject
or verb. If the fragment begins with a
subordinating conjunction, delete the
conjunction. If the fragment begins with a
relative pronoun, change the pronoun to a
noun.
FRAGMENT Running down the street.
SENTENCE Matthew was running down the
street.

23. Another way to correct a sentence fragment is to turn
it into a complete sentence. If the fragment is a
phrase, add any missing subject or verb. If the
fragment begins with a subordinating conjunction,
delete the conjunction. If the fragment begins with
a relative pronoun, change the pronoun to a noun.
FRAGMENT Because the plane was late getting
into Chicago.
SENTENCE The plane was late getting into
Chicago.

24. Another way to correct a sentence fragment is to turn
it into a complete sentence. If the fragment is a
phrase, add any missing subject or verb. If the
fragment begins with a subordinating conjunction,
delete the conjunction. If the fragment begins with
a relative pronoun, change the pronoun to a noun.
FRAGMENT
Which violated the drug laws in Turkey.
SENTENCE
The prescription violated the drug laws in Turkey.

25. 1. After taking a month-long tour of
Southeast Asia.
2. Because the batteries were low.
3. The load of towels still in the dryer.
4. Good attendance is required.
5. Who looked frightened enough to
faint.

26. 1. After taking a month-long tour of
Southeast Asia, Ramona was ready
to come home.
2. Because the batteries were low.
3. The load of towels still in the dryer.
4. Good attendance is required.
5. Who looked frightened enough to
faint.

27. 1. After taking a month-long tour of
Southeast Asia, Ramona was ready
to come home.
2. Because the batteries were low, the
headlights were faint.
3. The load of towels still in the dryer.
4. Good attendance is required.
5. Who looked frightened enough to
faint.

28. 1. After taking a month-long tour of
Southeast Asia, Ramona was ready to
come home.
2. Because the batteries were low, the
headlights were faint.
3. The load of towels is still in the dryer.
4. Good attendance is required.
5. Who looked frightened enough to
faint.

29. 1. After taking a month-long tour of
Southeast Asia, Ramona was ready to
come home.
2. Because the batteries were low, the
headlights were faint.
3. The load of towels is still in the dryer.
4. Good attendance is required. Correct!
5. Who looked frightened enough to
faint.

30. 1. After taking a month-long tour of
Southeast Asia, Ramona was ready to
come home.
2. Because the batteries were low, the
headlights were faint.
3. The load of towels is still in the dryer.
4. Good attendance is required. Correct!
5. I ran into Eric, who looked frightened
enough to faint.

31. 6. The car arrived with a small
scratch.
7. Although French fries are not
very healthy.
8. While Victor was learning how
to ski.
9. If I knew these people better.

32. 6. The car arrived with a small scratch.
Complete!
7. Although French fries are not very
healthy.
8. While Victor was learning how to
ski.
9. If I knew these people better.
10. Stunned by the unexpected news.

33. 6. The car arrived with a small scratch.
Complete!
7. Although French fries are not very
healthy, I eat them every day.
8. While Victor was learning how to
ski.
9. If I knew these people better.
10. Stunned by the unexpected news.

34. 6. The car arrived with a small scratch.
Complete!
7. Although French fries are not very
healthy, I eat them every day.
8. While Victor was learning how to
ski, I stayed in the lodge.
9. If I knew these people better.
10. Stunned by the unexpected news.

35. 6. The car arrived with a small scratch. Complete!
7. Although French fries are not very healthy, I
eat them every day.
8. While Victor was learning how to ski, I stayed
in the lodge.
9. If I knew these people better, I would tell them
to leave.
10. Stunned by the unexpected news.

36. 6. The car arrived with a small scratch. Complete!
7. Although French fries are not very healthy, I
eat them every day.
8. While Victor was learning how to ski, I stayed
in the lodge.
9. If I knew these people better, I would tell them
to leave.
10. My son was stunned by the unexpected news.

38. Remember these
points when selecting
and integrating
quotations in your
essay.

39. It is rarely effective to use an entire quoted
sentence. Long quotations tend to put your
reader to sleep. Your prose is far more
interesting and important. So use part of an
effective quotation as part of one of your
sentences.

40. Boring Example: According to Stoll, “Television
and computing make us more passive…and
passivity feeds into shyness” (395).
Better Example: Unfortunately, those who are
already shy may compound their problem
further as “[t]elevision and computing make us
more passive…and passivity feeds into
shyness” (Stoll 395).

41. After the sentence that contains the quotation,
you should have a space, parentheses, the
author’s last name, the page number,
parentheses, and a period.
Unfortunately, those who are already
shy may compound their problem
further as “[t]elevision and
computing make us more
passive…and passivity feeds into
shyness” (Stoll 395).

42. If you used the author’s name to introduce the
quotation, you should only put the page
number in the citation.
Stoll points out that those who are
already shy may compound their
problem further as “[t]elevision and
computing make us more
passive…and passivity feeds into
shyness” (395).

43. Boring Example: Stoll says, “Deep social ties are
relationships with frequent contact, deep feelings
of involvement, and broad content…[they] buffer
us from stress and lead to better social interaction”
(393).
Better Example: Stoll suggests we should look for
“deep social ties” because these bonds have
“frequent contact, deep feelings of involvement,
and broad content” that help to “buffer us from
stress and lead to better social interaction” (393).

44. To integrate a quotation properly within a
paragraph, a good writer usually has
(1) One sentence to introduce the quotation,
(2) a second sentence that includes the quotation,
and
(3) at least one sentence to comment on the
quotation.

45. Top piece of
bread: at least
one sentence
to introduce
the quotation
Meat:
sentence
that
contains
the
quotation Bottom piece of bread: at least one
sentence to explain or comment
on the quotation (usually the
majority of the paragraph)

46. ORIGINAL: However, the cloning protocol does not
tamper with embryos; it tampers only with unfertilized
eggs and adult cells like those we scratch off our arms
without a second thought. Only after the fact does an
embryo emerge (which could be treated with the
utmost respect if one so chooses).
SMOOTHLY INTEGRATED QUOTATION:
Silver argues that reproductive cloning does not violate
human embryos.
He asserts that the “[cloning protocol] tampers only with
unfertilized eggs and adult cells like those we scratch off our
arms without a second thought” (343).
While Silver makes a good point, reproductive cloning is
still unnatural. The embryo is created in a laboratory by
scientists.

47. Silver argues that reproductive cloning does not
violate human embryos. He asserts that the
“[cloning protocol] tampers only with
unfertilized eggs and adult cells like those we
scratch off our arms without a second thought”
(343). While Silver makes a good point,
reproductive cloning is still unnatural. The
embryo is created in a laboratory by scientists.

48. ORIGINAL: Although their genetically determined
inclinations may be the same, [the original person and the
clone] may choose to follow those inclinations in different
ways, or not at all.
SMOOTHLY INTEGRATED QUOTATION:
The environment in which people are raised affects them more
than their genetic code.
Though the original person and his clone may share “genetically
determined inclinations,” they have the choice “to follow those
inclinations in different ways, or not all” (Silver 343).
Michael Jordan was not born a great basketball player. Though
he may have some natural ability, he became great through hard
work, perseverance, and practice. Cloning Jordan would not
guarantee a great basketball star; on the contrary, the child
would have only the raw athletic talent and would lack the
circumstances and events that made Jordan who he is.

49. The environment in which people are raised affects
them more than their genetic code. Though the
original person and his clone may share “genetically
determined inclinations,” they have the choice “to
follow those inclinations in different ways, or not all”
(Silver 343). Michael Jordan was not born a great
basketball player. Though he may have some natural
ability, he became great through hard work,
perseverance, and practice. Cloning Jordan would not
guarantee a great basketball star; on the contrary, the
child would have only the raw athletic talent and
would lack the circumstances and events that made
Jordan who he is.

50. A “dropped quotation” has the same effect on
your paper that a blob of bird poop has on
your car windshield; it’s just splattered there
with no connection to anything else, and no
one knows what to do with it.
So, whenever you use a quotation, you must
integrate the material into your text.

51. Though many jobs require long hours on a
computer everyday, studies have shown that
staring at a monitor screen for extended
periods of time can cause depression. “After
following the study group, the psychologists
found an average increase in depression by
about one percent for every hour spent online
per week” (Stoll 393). The individual becomes
isolated from the outside world and though he
or she may be social in an online setting, there
is no true human contact.

52. Though many jobs require long hours on a
computer everyday, studies have shown that
staring at a monitor screen for extended
periods of time can cause depression. “After
following the study group, the psychologists
found an average increase in depression by
about one percent for every hour spent online
per week” (Stoll 393). The individual becomes
isolated from the outside world and though he
or she may be social in an online setting, there
is no true human contact.

53. Though many jobs require long hours on a
computer everyday, studies have shown that
staring at a monitor screen for extended
periods of time can cause depression: “After
following the study group, the psychologists
found an average increase in depression by
about one percent for every hour spent online
per week” (Stoll 393). The individual becomes
isolated from the outside world and though he
or she may be social in an online setting, there
is no true human contact.

54. Though many jobs require long hours on a
computer everyday, studies have shown that
staring at a monitor screen for extended
periods of time can cause depression. Stoll
states, “After following the study group, the
psychologists found an average increase in
depression by about one percent for every hour
spent online per week” (393). The individual
becomes isolated from the outside world and
though he or she may be social in an online
setting, there is no true human contact.

55. Though many jobs require long hours on a
computer everyday, studies have shown that
staring at a monitor screen for extended
periods of time can cause depression. In a
UCLA study, psychologists determined “an
average increase in depression by about one
percent for every hour spent online per week”
(Stoll 393). The individual becomes isolated
from the outside world and though he or she
may be social in an online setting, there is no
true human contact.

56. People all over the world are making connections
with other people online, and though this seems
like a positive step in expanding our network of
friends, we can forget that these people in the
online world are strangers. “Online friends can’t
be depended on for help with tangible favors:
small loans, baby-sitting, help with shopping, or
advice about jobs and careers ” (Stoll 394). Though
many people find help in online support groups,
the members of the group should not be
considered true friends. They may be able to offer
advice or commiserate with an individual, but they
do not offer the human connection one finds with a
person face to face.

57. People all over the world are making connections
with other people online, and though this seems
like a positive step in expanding our network of
friends, we can forget that these people in the
online world are strangers. “Online friends can’t
be depended on for help with tangible favors:
small loans, baby-sitting, help with shopping, or
advice about jobs and careers ” (Stoll 394). Though
many people find help in online support groups,
the members of the group should not be
considered true friends. They may be able to offer
advice or commiserate with an individual, but they
do not offer the human connection one finds with a
person face to face.

58. People all over the world are making connections
with other people online. People all over the world
are making connections with other people online,
and though this seems like a positive step in
expanding our network of friends, we can forget
that these people in the online world are strangers.
Stoll states, “Online friends can’t be depended on
for help with tangible favors: small loans, baby-
sitting, help with shopping, or advice about jobs
and careers ” (394). Though many people find
help in online support groups, the members of the
group should not be considered true friends. They
may be able to offer advice or commiserate with an
individual, but they do not offer the human
connection one finds with a person face to face.

59. People all over the world are making connections
with other people online. People all over the world
are making connections with other people online,
and though this seems like a positive step in
expanding our network of friends, we can forget
that these people in the online world are strangers.
These so-called friends cannot “be depended on
for help with tangible favors” (Stoll 394). Though
many people find help in online support groups,
the members of the group should not be
considered true friends. They may be able to offer
advice or commiserate with an individual, but they
do not offer the human connection one finds with a
person face to face.

60. Top piece of
bread: at least
one sentence
to introduce
the quotation
Meat:
sentence
that
contains
the
quotation Bottom piece of bread: at least one
sentence to explain or comment
on the quotation (usually the
majority of the paragraph)

61. Ellipses (three dots) indicate that some unnecessary
words have been left out of a quotation. When
using ellipses, remember:
 When you quote just a word or short phrase, no
ellipsis is necessary.
 You do not use an ellipsis to indicate that you have
left something out of the beginning of a sentence.
 Missing words from the end or somewhere in the
middle of a sentence need to be indicated with
ellipses.
 When you quote parts of more than one sentence,
you need four dots instead of three.

62.  Use brackets to indicate any changes you make
to quotations while fitting them into your
sentence. See the example under “Maintaining
a Smooth Sentence Style.”
 Remember, rather than changing more than
two items in a short quotation, find a better
way of integrating the quotation.

63.  Find a short section in The Power of Habit that is
quotable
 Said so well that you can’t paraphrase
 Duhigg makes a point (is not telling a story or giving an
example)
 Write the first word, ellipsis (…), the last word,
and the page number
 Compare yours with the person next to you
 Decide whose selection is better/more interesting
 As a pair, compare your selection with another
pair
 Decide whose selection is better/more interesting
 As a group of four, compare your selection with
another group of four
 Decide whose selection is better/more interesting

64.  What do you want to say about that quotation?
Do you have an example? Do you agree or
disagree? Do you want to elaborate?
 In your group of four, brainstorm ideas.
 Write notes, not complete sentences.
 Now, look at the your paragraph and the
quotation.
 In one sentence, what connection do you see
between the two?
 Come up with at least three possible sentences.

65.  S-E-E Paragraph
 Statement
 Evidence (quotation)
 Explanation
 How can we modify the quotation to fit
our paragraph?

66.  Choose one of the selections from your group
of eight (not the one we used as a class and not
the one you used in pairs) or find a new point
from The Power of Habit you would like to quote
 Write your explanation paragraph
 Look at the quotation and the explanation
paragraph and make connections between the
two in one sentence
 Adjust the quotation to fit your paragraph (and
make sure it is not dropped!)
 Get a check mark from me and you are free to
go to break!

67. A. Quiz
B. Sentence Fragments
C. Using Quotations
D. Practice as a class using quotations
E. Practice in pairs using quotations

68. A. Quiz
B. Sentence Fragments
C. Using Quotations
D. Practice as a class using quotations
E. Practice in pairs using quotations

69.  Create two quotation sandwiches
(two complete paragraphs) using
any of our readings from the class
so far
 Remember, Essay #2 is due to
Turnitin Thursday by 11:55 p.m.
 Post to the blog by Thursday at
11:55 p.m.; respond to at least two
students by Sunday at 11:55 p.m.

70. Meet in Computer Commons A