4. Three Studies:
James Oldes and Peter Milner (1950s)
Schaepfer, Sackeim, Luber et al. (2007)
Nikolai Axmacher (2010)
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5. Oldes & Milner (1950s)
Aim: Determine how rats would respond to the
opportunity of stimulating their pleasure centers
by pushing a lever.
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6. Oldes & Milner (1950s)
Procedure:
â˘Implanted electrodes
into the rats.
â˘Each time they pressed
the lever, they would
receive an electric
shock to their nucleus
accumbens.
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7. Oldes & Milner (1950s)
Results + Findings:
â˘The rats became addicted with pressing the lever.
â˘They preferred pressing the lever to eating or
drinking -- Many starved themselves.
â˘They ran across the electrified grid to reach the lever.
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8. Sackeim, Luber et al. (2007)
Aim: Treat severely depressed patients who
have not responded to treatment, with deep
brain stimulation.
Friday, October 18, 13
9. Sackeim, Luber et al. (2007)
Procedure:
â˘Implanted electrodes
into the nucleus
accumbens of the
depressed patients.
â˘Turned on the
stimulator, which sent
electrical signals to the
pleasure centers.
â˘Turned the stimulator
on and off over a
period of a few weeks.
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10. Sackeim, Luber et al. (2007)
Results and Findings:
â˘Most results showed that it was effective short
term, but not long term.
â˘It produced short term pleasure, instant
gratification that did not last.
â˘Did not treat long term depression
â˘Some patients found more motivation right after
the stimulation.
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11. Axmacher (2010)
Aim: The relation between the nucleus accumbens
and the formation of surprising events
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12. Axmacher (2010)
Procedure:
â˘Implanted electrodes in
the nucleus accumbens
and the hippocampus.
â˘Showed participants
various images
â˘ie. Face on red
background and house
on green background
â˘Used EEG to see brain
patterns
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13. Axmacher (2010)
Results + Findings:
â˘Switching the images activated the two different
areas of the brain
â˘The hippocampus, to the nucleus accumbens,
back to the hippocampus.
â˘Allows prediction of memory formation.
â˘The pleasure centers do not only activate
âpleasurableâ memories, but also responds to bad
experiences.
â˘Something scary can release dopamine.
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15. Depression
â˘NAc role in pathophysiology of
depression
â˘Hypothesized that adhedonia produced
from NAc dysfunction
â˘Stress, Drugs produce depressive
phenotype->
â˘Change functions in NAc->
â˘Inhibited Dopaminergic activity in NAc
Friday, October 18, 13
16. Work Cited
Hanson, Dirk. "Addiction Inbox: The Nucleus Accumbens." Addiction Inbox. N.p., n.d. Web. 18
Oct. 2013. <http://addiction-dirkh.blogspot.com/2010/02/nucleus-accumbens.html>.
"How does the reward center in the brain work? - Curiosity." Curiosity : Discovery Channel. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2013. <http://curiosity.discovery.com/question/reward-center-in-brain-work>.
"NIMH ¡ Brain Stimulation Therapies."NIMH ¡ Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. <http://
www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/brain-stimulation-therapies/brain-stimulationtherapies.shtml#Lisanby>.
"Science Daily." Science Daily. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2013. <www.sciencedaily.com>.
"THE BRAIN FROM TOP TO BOTTOM."Brain from top to bottom. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2013.
<http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_03/i_03_cr/i_03_cr_par/i_03_cr_par.html>
"What is the nucleus accumbens? - Functions of the Brain - Sharecare."Expert Health
Information - Questions and Answers - Sharecare. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2013. <http://
www.sharecare.com/health/functions-of-the-brain/what-is-the-nucleus-accumbens>.
" This Strange Experiment from the 1950s. Motherboard | Home | Motherboard. N.p., n.d. Web.
16 Oct. 2013. <http://motherboard.vice.com/read/wireheading-1950s-wetware-hacking>.
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