1. Social Stratification in the
Philippines

2. Distinct social classes during pre-
colonial times:
 1. datus or chiefl class
 2. maharlika or nobility class
 3. Timagua or the common class
 4. Alipin or the dependent classes
Social mobility was possible but intermarriage
between social classes was discouraged.

3. Criteria for Leadership:
 Wealth
 Personal ability
Social Classes during Spanish Times
1. Upperclass
2. Freemen
3. Peninsulares
4. Creoles, mestizos, insulares

4. Social Classes during the American
Period
 1. small cosmopolitan upper class
 2. large, indigenous lower class
Opportunities for Social Mobility:
1. Gradual Filipinization of positions in offices
and institutions like the church, government,
business and education
Result: small and weak middle class, more evident
in urban than rural areas

5. The Northern and Southern Kalinga
 Southern Kalinga- Criteria for Social Class
Position:
1. wealth 3. connection
2. courage
Northern Kalinga- Criteria for Social Class
Position:
1. Ownership of land 3.wealth differentials
2. Hagabi* (ceremonial bench)

6. Negrito Tribes
 Very simple substratification structure
 Criteria for Social Class Position:
1. means of family background
2. personal characteristics
* Hagabi is a status symbol that represents the
highest social rank.

7. Muslim Society = part-closed and part-open sub
stratification
 Is further divided into three:
 Hereditary aristocracy (datu or sultan)
Criteria to be a sultan: wealth and followers
 Freemen
 Slaves
Over-all Criteria in this society:
1.Amt. of property 3.differences in prestige
2. no. of slaves owned 4. connection with
influential political leaders
5. Personal qualities

8. Rural Coomunities
 According to J.N. Anderson, social classes and statuses of rural communities
are as follows:
 1. medium landlords, small owners, owner-farmers,
owner tenants
 2. small owners, owner-farmers, owner tenants
 3. tenants
 4. laborers, agricultural workers, underemployed,
unemployed
 5. regularly employed in non agricultural occupations
 6. pensionado and OFWs

9. Bikol Community
 Divided into 2:
1. big people (dakung ato)
2. little people: sadit na tao
Criteria: 1. land ownership
2. Education and occupation
3. Style of life
4. Attitudes
5. Behavior patterns
6. Participation in community affairs
7. Inconsequential things

10. EDCOR (economic development
corps) of the Phil. Army
 1. officers (landlords)
 2. settlers (tenants)
 3. enlisted men (police)
Industrial corporations: Haciendas:
-stockholders -land owners
-executives -labor contractors
-laborers -laborers

11. Urban Classification Systems
 Chinese  Upper-stratum: Euro-
 Indians American elite
 Spaniards  Transition: Chinese,
Indians
 Americans
 British
 Politicians in power,
successful professionals,
 Dutch landlords, businessmen,
 German industrialists, financiers

12.  Middle class- recently emerged class and is very small.
 Members are highly mobile intellectuals, civil
servants, teachers, clerical workers, merchants,
mechanic tradesmen, small businessmen and property
owners on a scale.
 The lower class is made up of 2 subclasses:
 A. Cosmopolitan
 B. Provinciano
 Indicators of the over-all social class stratification
systems: land ownership and family prestige
 Secondary indicators are: cultural-linguistic
identity, religion, education and occupation

13.  Trivia:
 In rural areas, landlord-tenant relationship,
which is more social than economic in nature, is
encrusted with reciprocity of obligations.
 Slaves in the Muslim Society can obtain freedom
by purchasing it, marrying a member of another
social class, by seeking adoption from someone
other than a slave or by escaping.