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Scheduling Vegetable Plantings
ATTRA for Continuous Harvest
    A Publication of ATTRA - National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service • 1-800-346-9140 • www.attra.ncat.org

By Janet Bachmann                              Market gardeners try to schedule their planting so they can offer customers a continuous supply of
NCAT Agriculture                               fresh flowers, herbs, and vegetables throughout the growing season. This publication helps growers
Specialist                                     plan planting times and succession planting.
© 2008 NCAT

                                                                                                 annual fi rst-freeze date in the fall. You can
                                                                                                 get these dates for your area from your local
                                                                                                 Extension agent or garden store. You can
                                                                                                 find a USA Frost Zone map online at www.
Contents                                                                                         avant-gardening.com/zone.htm.
Soil Temperature
chart .................................... 2
                                                                                                 Weather has a large influence on timing
                                                                                                 because of its effect on seedling establish-
Succession Planting
chart .................................... 3                                                     ment and crop growth. For example, peas
References ........................ 4                                                            planted at the fi rst possible planting date in
Resources .......................... 4                                                           the spring and then again two weeks later
                                                                                                 will usually mature only one week apart.
                                                                                                 Germination conditions at the time of the
                                                                                                 second planting will likely be much better,
                                                                                                 and the young plants will grow faster as the
                                                                                                 days lengthen, slowly catching up with the
                                                                                                 fi rst crop. This same process happens in
                                                                                                 reverse for fall crops. Even a couple of days’
                                                                                                 difference in midsummer planting dates can
                                               Photo by Edwin Remsberg, USDA/CSREES.
                                                                                                 lead to a harvest date difference of two, or
                                                                                                 even three, weeks. (Ogden, 1992.)
                                                                                                 Two ways to extend the harvest period for


                                               T
                                                       he best approach to planning for          some crops are: 1) to plant varieties with a
                                                       a continuous harvest is to keep good      different number of days to maturity at the
                                                       production records from previous          same time; and 2) to plant the same variety
                                               growing seasons and to compare notes with         multiple times in succession.
                                               other local growers. You also can find informa-
                                                                                                 Sweet corn often is grown in successive
                                               tion in seed catalogs and Extension bulletins.
                                                                                                 plantings to prolong the harvest season. A
                                               You need to know, or be able to estimate:
                                                                                                 good way to stagger sweet corn plantings
                                                    • appropriate planting dates                 is to wait until one crop is 1 to 2 inches
ATTRA—National Sustainable                          • number of days to harvest                  tall before planting the next. Sweet corn
Agriculture Information Service                                                                  tends to emerge more slowly in cool soil
is managed by the National Cen-
ter for Appropriate Technology
                                                    • length of harvest from fi rst to last       (50–55°F) than in warm soil (68–77°F).
(NCAT) and is funded under a                          pickings                                   Standard sweet corn varieties are better for
grant from the United States
Department of Agriculture’s Rural              These factors are affected by several things.     early spring plantings than the super-sweet
Business-Cooperative Service.
Visit the NCAT Web site (www.
                                               Weather, for example, is a major variable.        varieties, since the super-sweet varieties
ncat.org/sarc_current.                         Appropriate planting dates are commonly           won't perform as well in cool soil. Sowing
php) for more informa-
tion on our sustainable
                                               scheduled around the average annual frost-        sweet corn about one week before the aver-
agriculture projects.                          free date in the spring and the average           age frost-free date is a rule of thumb for the
very earliest plantings. On the tail end of               bred to mature in 70 days, while others
                           the planting season, make your last planting              require 100 days.
                           about 80 days before the average fi rst fall               Planting in accordance with optimum soil tem-
                           frost date. In addition to sequential plant-              perature is another common way to schedule
                           ings, you can plant varieties that require                plantings. The table below, Soil Tempera-
                           different lengths of time to reach maturity.              ture Germination Ranges for Select
                           For example, some sweet corn varieties are                Vegetables, provides a quick summary.

                            Soil Temperature Germination Ranges for Select Vegetables
                            TEMP (° F)     PLANT
                            45–85          cabbage, kale, broccoli, collards (germinate well at 85, seedlings prefer 45–65)
                            35–80          lettuce and most salad greens (at more than 80, germination rate drops 50%)
                            35–75          spinach (optimum 68)
                            50–85          onions (optimum 75)
                            45–95          radishes (optimum 85)
                            50–85          beets, Swiss chard (optimum 85)
Related ATTRA               60–85          beans, snap and dry (optimum 80)
Publications
                            70–85          beans, lima (optimum 85)
Community Supported         40–75          peas (optimum 75)
Agriculture (CSA)           60–95          corn (optimum 95)
Market Gardening:           65–82          tomatoes (optimum 80)
A Start-up Guide            60–95          peppers (optimum 85)
                            65–100         cucumbers, melons, squash (optimum 80–95)
                            From: Market News, March 1995.



                           Insects and diseases are another major                    personal plan for successive plantings.
                           factor that can affect production schedul-                The Succession Planting chart, on the
                           ing. In the humid southeast, tomato grow-                 next page, can be used as a template and
                           ers often plant both spring and fall tomato               adapted for your location.
                                                crops because the
                                                early plants succumb                 A beneficial outcome of the Community
                                                to disease in mid-                   Supported Agriculture movement, with
                                                summer. A market                     its heavy emphasis on multiple crops and
                                                gardener in North                    a continuous supply of customer favorites
                                                Carolina reports that                throughout the season, is the development
                                                she sets out tomatoes                of record-keeping and crop-planning sys-
                                                three times during the               tems geared to direct market farmers. A few
                                                growing season. She                  of these can be found through the resources
                                                also notes that squash               listed below. You can find many others
                                                vine borer is so bad in              in the ATTRA publication Community
                                                summer squash that                   Supported Agriculture (CSA).
                                                she only gets about                  The ATTRA publication Market Garden-
                                                two weeks of harvest                 ing: A Start-up Guide also provides ideas
                                                from each planting.                  and resources for vegetable planning and
                                                     Once you have a                 record-keeping. You can fi nd these publi-
                                                     framework of possible           cations at the website, www.attra.ncat.org/
Abundance draws customers at farmers markets.        planting dates, you             attra-pub, or order a free printed copy by
Photo courtesy Jim Lukens, SSAWG.                    can work out your               calling 800-346-9140.

Page 2        ATTRA                                                      Scheduling Vegetable Planting for Continuous Harvest
Succession Planting
                                                           esti-
                 seed      seed      plant      plant                    actual                interval
                                                           mated                   length of
CROP             to flat,   to flat,   to field,   to field,
                                                           days to
                                                                         days to
                                                                                   harvest
                                                                                               between     comments
                 planned   actual    planned    actual                   harvest               plantings
                                                           harvest
arugula                                                        30                               2 weeks    best in cool weather
beans, bush                                                    60                               2 weeks    summer
beans, lima                                                    65                                  *       summer
beans, pole                                                  60-70                                 *       summer
beets                                                        40-70                              2 weeks    spring & fall
broccoli                                                   60-70 f.t.                           2 weeks    spring & fall
cabbage                                                    70-80 f.t.                           3 weeks    spring & fall
carrots                                                      85-95                              3 weeks    spring & fall
cauliflower                                                 50-65 f.t.                           2 weeks    spring & fall
collards                                                    60-100                                 *       fall
corn, sweet                                                 70-100                              2 weeks    summer
cucumbers                                                      60                              4-5 weeks   summer
edamame                                                        70                                  *       summer
eggplants                                                    65 f.t.                            8 weeks    summer
kale                                                         40-50                              2 weeks    spring & fall
kohlrabi                                                     50-60                              2 weeks    spring & fall
lettuce, head                                                70-85                              2 weeks    spring & fall
lettuce, leaf                                                40-50                              2 weeks    best in cool weather
muskmelons                                                   80-90                              2 weeks    summer
okra                                                           70                                  *       summer
onions, dry                                                90-120 f.t.                             *
onions, green                                                  85                              2-3 weeks
greens                                                       30-60                              2 weeks    best in cool weather
peas                                                         55-70                                 *       spring & fall
peas,
                                                               65                                  *       summer
southern
peppers                                                    60-70 f.t.                              *       summer
potatoes                                                       90                                  *       spring & fall
pumpkins                                                    90-120                                 *       summer
radishes                                                     25-30                              2 weeks    best in cool weather
radishes,
                                                             60-75                                 *       spring & fall
daikon
spinach                                                      50-60                              2 weeks    spring & fall

squash, summer                                               45-60                             4-8 weeks summer

squash, winter                                              90-120                                 *       summer

tomatoes                                                   65-90 f.t.                              2       summer

turnips                                                      35-40                              2 weeks    best in cool weather




www.attra.ncat.org                                                                                                ATTRA           Page 3
Reference:                                                   Markets. Growing Small Farms: Farm Planning and
Ogden, Shepherd. 1992. Step by Step Organic                  Record Keeping. www.ces.ncsu.edu/chatham/ag/
Gardening. Harper Collins Publishers. p. 113-114.            SustAg/farmrecords.html
                                                             Hitt, Alex. 2007. Organic Vegetable Production &
Resources:                                                   Marketing in the South. Southern Sustainable
Delahaut, K.A. and L.K. Binning. Fresh Market Veg-           Agriculture Working Group. CD-ROM (Word only).
etable Production Planting and Harvest Dates. Univer-         This new resource follows Alex and Betsy Hitt’s
sity of Wisconsin Extension. 2 p. Online at www.uwex.         system, including soil building, pest management,
edu/ces/wihort/fruitveggies/HarvestDates.htm                  planting, and much more. The section on record keep-
                                                              ing includes the questions Alex asks when he plans
Jauron, Richard. 2007. Planting and Harvest Times             for continuous harvest. Available for $15 plus $7.50
for Garden Vegetables. Iowa State University Exten-           shipping from: Southern SAWG, c/o Buckingham
sion Service. 2 p. Online at www.extension.iastate.edu/       Business Services. P.O. Box 22. Hillsborough, NC
Publications/PM534.pdf                                        27278, www.ssawg.org
Anon. 2008. Recommended planting dates by month and          Teaching Direct Marketing and Small Farm Viability:
week. Southern Exposure Seed Exchange Catalog. 1 p.          Resources for Instructors. Center for Agroecology &
Evans, Erv. 1999. Growing a Fall Vegetable Garden.           Sustainable Food Systems. University of Santa Cruz.
North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension. 3       Designed to be placed in a one-inch, three-ring binder
p. Online at www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/hil/hil-8001.html     so that sections can be easily removed and copied
                                                               for class use. Available from CASFS for $30.00 (tax
Hume, Ed. Fall and Winter Vegetable Planting Guide.            and binder included) plus $4.00 shipping. CAFS, UC
Online at www.humeseeds.com/falwint.htm                        Santa Cruz. 1156 High St., Santa Cruz, CA 95064,
Gruver, Joel. Crop Scheduling for Continuous                   831-459-3240. Or download free of charge from:
Harvest/Planning Spreadsheets for CSA and Farmers’             http://casfs.ucsc.edu/publications/index.html




                                                               Scheduling Vegetable Planting for
                                                               Continuous Harvest
                                                               By Janet Bachmann
                                                               NCAT Agriculture Specialist
                                                               © 2008 NCAT
                                                               Cathy Svejkovsky, Editor
                                                               Amy Smith, Production
                                                               This publication is available on the Web at:
                                                               www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/continuousharvest.html
                                                               or
                                                               www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/PDF/continuousharvest.pdf
                                                               IP323
                                                               Slot 216
                                                               Version 060208

Page 4      ATTRA

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Scheduling Vegetable Plantings for Continuous Harvest

  • 1. Scheduling Vegetable Plantings ATTRA for Continuous Harvest A Publication of ATTRA - National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service • 1-800-346-9140 • www.attra.ncat.org By Janet Bachmann Market gardeners try to schedule their planting so they can offer customers a continuous supply of NCAT Agriculture fresh flowers, herbs, and vegetables throughout the growing season. This publication helps growers Specialist plan planting times and succession planting. © 2008 NCAT annual fi rst-freeze date in the fall. You can get these dates for your area from your local Extension agent or garden store. You can find a USA Frost Zone map online at www. Contents avant-gardening.com/zone.htm. Soil Temperature chart .................................... 2 Weather has a large influence on timing because of its effect on seedling establish- Succession Planting chart .................................... 3 ment and crop growth. For example, peas References ........................ 4 planted at the fi rst possible planting date in Resources .......................... 4 the spring and then again two weeks later will usually mature only one week apart. Germination conditions at the time of the second planting will likely be much better, and the young plants will grow faster as the days lengthen, slowly catching up with the fi rst crop. This same process happens in reverse for fall crops. Even a couple of days’ difference in midsummer planting dates can Photo by Edwin Remsberg, USDA/CSREES. lead to a harvest date difference of two, or even three, weeks. (Ogden, 1992.) Two ways to extend the harvest period for T he best approach to planning for some crops are: 1) to plant varieties with a a continuous harvest is to keep good different number of days to maturity at the production records from previous same time; and 2) to plant the same variety growing seasons and to compare notes with multiple times in succession. other local growers. You also can find informa- Sweet corn often is grown in successive tion in seed catalogs and Extension bulletins. plantings to prolong the harvest season. A You need to know, or be able to estimate: good way to stagger sweet corn plantings • appropriate planting dates is to wait until one crop is 1 to 2 inches ATTRA—National Sustainable • number of days to harvest tall before planting the next. Sweet corn Agriculture Information Service tends to emerge more slowly in cool soil is managed by the National Cen- ter for Appropriate Technology • length of harvest from fi rst to last (50–55°F) than in warm soil (68–77°F). (NCAT) and is funded under a pickings Standard sweet corn varieties are better for grant from the United States Department of Agriculture’s Rural These factors are affected by several things. early spring plantings than the super-sweet Business-Cooperative Service. Visit the NCAT Web site (www. Weather, for example, is a major variable. varieties, since the super-sweet varieties ncat.org/sarc_current. Appropriate planting dates are commonly won't perform as well in cool soil. Sowing php) for more informa- tion on our sustainable scheduled around the average annual frost- sweet corn about one week before the aver- agriculture projects. free date in the spring and the average age frost-free date is a rule of thumb for the
  • 2. very earliest plantings. On the tail end of bred to mature in 70 days, while others the planting season, make your last planting require 100 days. about 80 days before the average fi rst fall Planting in accordance with optimum soil tem- frost date. In addition to sequential plant- perature is another common way to schedule ings, you can plant varieties that require plantings. The table below, Soil Tempera- different lengths of time to reach maturity. ture Germination Ranges for Select For example, some sweet corn varieties are Vegetables, provides a quick summary. Soil Temperature Germination Ranges for Select Vegetables TEMP (° F) PLANT 45–85 cabbage, kale, broccoli, collards (germinate well at 85, seedlings prefer 45–65) 35–80 lettuce and most salad greens (at more than 80, germination rate drops 50%) 35–75 spinach (optimum 68) 50–85 onions (optimum 75) 45–95 radishes (optimum 85) 50–85 beets, Swiss chard (optimum 85) Related ATTRA 60–85 beans, snap and dry (optimum 80) Publications 70–85 beans, lima (optimum 85) Community Supported 40–75 peas (optimum 75) Agriculture (CSA) 60–95 corn (optimum 95) Market Gardening: 65–82 tomatoes (optimum 80) A Start-up Guide 60–95 peppers (optimum 85) 65–100 cucumbers, melons, squash (optimum 80–95) From: Market News, March 1995. Insects and diseases are another major personal plan for successive plantings. factor that can affect production schedul- The Succession Planting chart, on the ing. In the humid southeast, tomato grow- next page, can be used as a template and ers often plant both spring and fall tomato adapted for your location. crops because the early plants succumb A beneficial outcome of the Community to disease in mid- Supported Agriculture movement, with summer. A market its heavy emphasis on multiple crops and gardener in North a continuous supply of customer favorites Carolina reports that throughout the season, is the development she sets out tomatoes of record-keeping and crop-planning sys- three times during the tems geared to direct market farmers. A few growing season. She of these can be found through the resources also notes that squash listed below. You can find many others vine borer is so bad in in the ATTRA publication Community summer squash that Supported Agriculture (CSA). she only gets about The ATTRA publication Market Garden- two weeks of harvest ing: A Start-up Guide also provides ideas from each planting. and resources for vegetable planning and Once you have a record-keeping. You can fi nd these publi- framework of possible cations at the website, www.attra.ncat.org/ Abundance draws customers at farmers markets. planting dates, you attra-pub, or order a free printed copy by Photo courtesy Jim Lukens, SSAWG. can work out your calling 800-346-9140. Page 2 ATTRA Scheduling Vegetable Planting for Continuous Harvest
  • 3. Succession Planting esti- seed seed plant plant actual interval mated length of CROP to flat, to flat, to field, to field, days to days to harvest between comments planned actual planned actual harvest plantings harvest arugula 30 2 weeks best in cool weather beans, bush 60 2 weeks summer beans, lima 65 * summer beans, pole 60-70 * summer beets 40-70 2 weeks spring & fall broccoli 60-70 f.t. 2 weeks spring & fall cabbage 70-80 f.t. 3 weeks spring & fall carrots 85-95 3 weeks spring & fall cauliflower 50-65 f.t. 2 weeks spring & fall collards 60-100 * fall corn, sweet 70-100 2 weeks summer cucumbers 60 4-5 weeks summer edamame 70 * summer eggplants 65 f.t. 8 weeks summer kale 40-50 2 weeks spring & fall kohlrabi 50-60 2 weeks spring & fall lettuce, head 70-85 2 weeks spring & fall lettuce, leaf 40-50 2 weeks best in cool weather muskmelons 80-90 2 weeks summer okra 70 * summer onions, dry 90-120 f.t. * onions, green 85 2-3 weeks greens 30-60 2 weeks best in cool weather peas 55-70 * spring & fall peas, 65 * summer southern peppers 60-70 f.t. * summer potatoes 90 * spring & fall pumpkins 90-120 * summer radishes 25-30 2 weeks best in cool weather radishes, 60-75 * spring & fall daikon spinach 50-60 2 weeks spring & fall squash, summer 45-60 4-8 weeks summer squash, winter 90-120 * summer tomatoes 65-90 f.t. 2 summer turnips 35-40 2 weeks best in cool weather www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA Page 3
  • 4. Reference: Markets. Growing Small Farms: Farm Planning and Ogden, Shepherd. 1992. Step by Step Organic Record Keeping. www.ces.ncsu.edu/chatham/ag/ Gardening. Harper Collins Publishers. p. 113-114. SustAg/farmrecords.html Hitt, Alex. 2007. Organic Vegetable Production & Resources: Marketing in the South. Southern Sustainable Delahaut, K.A. and L.K. Binning. Fresh Market Veg- Agriculture Working Group. CD-ROM (Word only). etable Production Planting and Harvest Dates. Univer- This new resource follows Alex and Betsy Hitt’s sity of Wisconsin Extension. 2 p. Online at www.uwex. system, including soil building, pest management, edu/ces/wihort/fruitveggies/HarvestDates.htm planting, and much more. The section on record keep- ing includes the questions Alex asks when he plans Jauron, Richard. 2007. Planting and Harvest Times for continuous harvest. Available for $15 plus $7.50 for Garden Vegetables. Iowa State University Exten- shipping from: Southern SAWG, c/o Buckingham sion Service. 2 p. Online at www.extension.iastate.edu/ Business Services. P.O. Box 22. Hillsborough, NC Publications/PM534.pdf 27278, www.ssawg.org Anon. 2008. Recommended planting dates by month and Teaching Direct Marketing and Small Farm Viability: week. Southern Exposure Seed Exchange Catalog. 1 p. Resources for Instructors. Center for Agroecology & Evans, Erv. 1999. Growing a Fall Vegetable Garden. Sustainable Food Systems. University of Santa Cruz. North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension. 3 Designed to be placed in a one-inch, three-ring binder p. Online at www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/hil/hil-8001.html so that sections can be easily removed and copied for class use. Available from CASFS for $30.00 (tax Hume, Ed. Fall and Winter Vegetable Planting Guide. and binder included) plus $4.00 shipping. CAFS, UC Online at www.humeseeds.com/falwint.htm Santa Cruz. 1156 High St., Santa Cruz, CA 95064, Gruver, Joel. Crop Scheduling for Continuous 831-459-3240. Or download free of charge from: Harvest/Planning Spreadsheets for CSA and Farmers’ http://casfs.ucsc.edu/publications/index.html Scheduling Vegetable Planting for Continuous Harvest By Janet Bachmann NCAT Agriculture Specialist © 2008 NCAT Cathy Svejkovsky, Editor Amy Smith, Production This publication is available on the Web at: www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/continuousharvest.html or www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/PDF/continuousharvest.pdf IP323 Slot 216 Version 060208 Page 4 ATTRA