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1. Presented by:
Herlinda Santillan
Gomez
SELECTED TOPICS IN
SOCIAL STUDIES Part
I

3. Why does Britain have high
levels of teen pregnancy than
other European countries?

4. Why do man tend to earn more
money than woman?

5. Why is there a need to
formulate international treaties
and agreements among
nations?

7. -Study of group interaction were
process is vital; from this, pattern of
behavior evolve.
-Relationship is developed and group
life is achieved.
SOCIOLOGY:

8. *( Aguste Comte)
Father of sociology,
- Science of social
phenomena, subject to
natural and invariable
laws, the discovery of
which is the object of
investigation.

9. *(Kingsley Davis)-
Sociology is a general
science of society, social
institution, collective
behavior, social behavior
man in relation to men.
*(Joseph
Fichter)-
Sociology is a
scientific study of
patterned shared
human behavior.

10. SOCIETY
-is a group of individuals who
share a common territory, interact
with each other, and have a common
culture.

11. SOCIAL INTERACTION
-process by w/c people act and react in
relation to others. In this
process, language, gestures and symbols
were used.
- Much of what we do everyday is
interaction, this happens because almost all
human behavior is oriented toward other
people since they are constantly aware of the
effects that their actions and reaction have
upon others.

12. People accomplish some aim and is
always directed toward specific other
people. Normally we interact w/ our
family, neighbors, friends, teacher
etc. (involve formal and informal
pattern)
- Personal proximity is however
not always needed in social
interaction (letter, telephone, and
internet).

13. -Society has a social structure which is
the organized relationship among
components of the social system.
- This structure is made up of
intertwining social statuses and social
roles.

14. Elements of Social
Interaction
Status
Ascribe Achieve
Role

15. ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION
I. STATUSES- status means “prestige” in
sociology status refers particularly to a
position in social structure, any position
that determines where a person “fits”
within the society.
-According to Macionis (2004) status is the
most important component of social
interaction.
-Represent socially defined position (bank
president /bank teller).

16. SOCIAL STATUS
- is the position within the social
network.
- That is to say it is one’s place in the
overall structure (ex. Doctor, etc.)

17. SOCIAL ROLE
- is the behaviors and attitudes that
pertain to a particular social status.
- Individuals occupy many statuses
simultaneously at a given time.
- We occupy status, but play a role
- So each status calls forth different social role
behaviors.

19. Two Classification of Status:
1. Ascribed Status- assigned to people
without effort on this part. Social received
at birth or involuntarily assumed later in
the life course.( being a
mother, teenager, senior citizen)

20. 2. Achieved Status- social
position that is assumed
voluntarily and that reflects
significant measure of personal
ability and efforts. Attained
through the personal effort of the
individual.

21. - So in essence
ascribed status is
WHO YOU ARE
and achieve
status is WHAT
YOU DO.

22. - It has to be noted that what
people achieve is heavily shape by
the opportunity structure (son on
squatters compare to son of rich
businessmen living in Forbes Park
in Makati)

23. ROLES- collection of cultural defined
rights, obligation and expectations that
accompany a status in a social system.
- Pattern of social behavior attached to a
particular status.
- With so many roles and statuses, overlap
may occur. When this in a case many roles and
statuses experience role conflict.

24. ROLE CONFLICT- occurs when
one playing two roles at the time
that are governed by
incompatible norms.
Ex. If you are a police officer and
you pull over your wife for
speeding, your role of husband
and lawman are in conflict.

25. SOCIALIZATION - process where
people learn how to play their roles
by observing and interacting w/ other
people who are more experience
than themselves.
- When one occupies too many goals
one can experience role strain.

26. Reasons- Others expect too much
of……
- You expect too much of
yourself
Variables- Your level of tolerance to
stress
Remedies- You can alter the
expectation of other people.
- Alter the expectation of yourself
- Drop out the social roles or
role.

27. ROLE FAILURE- when one cannot perform the
social role that he off her has taken on.
- So for example, if I set out to play the role of a
professor, but I could not teach effectively I would
be fired.
- When we acquire new roles it is likely we will
experience role ambiguity.
- When one drops out of a role it is likely we will
experience role ambiguity.

28. ROLE AMBIGUITY- occur when one
unsure how to play a certain social
role.
- A simple cure is to keep your
mouth shut and observe your
environment. This will allow you to
learn the norms and thus cure your
role ambiguity.

29. FRAMEWORKS USED IN INTERACTION
 A. Defining the Situation- process by w/
people interpret and evaluate the social
context to select appropriate attitudes and
behavior.
 - our behavior is determined not only by our
status and role but by the definition of the
situation, a stage of deliberation and
examination during w/c we define and
interpret the social context in which we find
ourselves, asses our interest, and select
specific attitudes or behaviors accordingly.
 - We construct our own social reality.
According to Thomas if people define situation

30. B. Presentation of the self-
All of us has an image of how
we want to be seen by others.
FRAMEWORKS USED IN
INTERACTION

31. C. Negotiated Order- People can reconstruct
social reality through the process of internal
change as they take a different view of
everyday behavior.
- reshape reality by negotiating changes
in patterns of social interaction.
NEGOTIATION- refers to the attempt of
one to reach agreement w/ others concerning
some objectives
(Bargaining, mediating, trading off).
FRAMEWORKS USED IN INTERACTION

32. TYPES OF SOCIAL
INTERACTION
 1. Exchange- involve when
people do something for each
other with the expressed
purpose of receiving a reward
or return.

33. TYPES OF SOCIAL INTERACTION
2. Cooperation- collaborative
effort between people to achieve
a common goal.

34. 3. Conflict- direct struggle between
individuals or group over commonly
valued resources or goals.
TYPES OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

35. 4. Competition- from of conflict in
which there agreement in the means
that can be use to pursue an end.
- More rules and limits that impose on
the interaction (rules employed in
given sports).
TYPES OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

36. 5. Negotiation- In this process, two
or more competing parties reach a
mutually satisfactory
agreement, however when the
negotiation fails, conflict or coercion
sometimes occurs.
TYPES OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

37. 6. Coercion- one-sided, one
imposing an action or behavior on
another (relationship between the
guard and the prisoner, master and
slaves)
- use physical force like that
between group of rallies’ of
demonstrators
- involve the use of social sanction
such as
TYPES OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

38. SOCIOLOGY AND ITS
RELATION TO OTHER SOCIAL
SCIENCES....

39. Anthropology:
the science of human beings;
especially : the study of human beings and
their ancestors through time and space and in
relation to physical character, environmental
and social relations, and culture.

40. The relation between sociology and
anthropology is widely recognized today.
Anthropology is " concerned not with
particular man but with man in groups, with
races and peoples and their happenings and
doings". According to Hoebel, " Sociology
and Social Anthropology are, in their
broadest sense one and the same".
Sociology has borrowed many concepts
log, cultural patterns, cultural
configuration, etc., from socio-cultural
anthropology. Anthropology as a discipline
is so closely related to sociology that the
two are frequently indistinguishable.

42. Political science deals with the political
activities of man. It studies social groups
organized under the sovereignty of the
state. " Historically, sociology has its main
root in politics and philosophy of history "-
Morries Ginsberg. " Political is embedded in
the social that if political science remains
distinct from sociology, it will be because of
the breadth of the field calls for the
specialist, not because there are any well-
defined boundaries marking it off from
sociology"- Garner. Sociology is the science
of state and government. Sociology is the
young science and political science is older
science.

44. (Thomas)- " Economics is, in fact, but one
branch of the comprehensive science of
sociology ".
-study of wealth and on the other and more
important side a part of the study of man ".
Sociologists have contributed to the study
of different aspects of economic
organization.
Sociology studies all kinds of social
relationships but economics deals with only
those social relationships which are
economic.

46. sciences. Psychology has been defined as
the study of human behaviour. In the words
of Thouless, " Psychology is the positive
science of human experience and behaviour
". As Krech and Crutchfield define, " Social
Psychology is the science of the behaviour
of the individual in society ". Social
psychology helps us a great deal in facing
several social problems. Murphy " Social
psychology is the study of the way in which
the individual becomes members of and
functions in a social groups ". Sociology
analyses social processes but social
psychology analysis mental processes of
man

47. History :
a narration of the events which have
happened among mankind, including an
account of the rise and fall of nations, as
well as of other great changes which have
affected the political and social condition of
the human race.