1. ®®
Engineering
S p r i n g 2 011
Unique Solutions for Engineering Education
Compression Igniter
Page 68
Pressure data is calculated using the force
measured by a Force Platform. Temperature is
calculated assuming adiabatic compression.
Engineering
Adiabatic COMPRESSION IGNITER
Compression TD-8577 S E E PAG E 6 8
Ignites Paper!
Force
Platform
Page 54

2. New Products
Density Circulation Model Bicycle
ME-6816 Gyroscope
See page 88 ME-6837
Allows students to model, measure Rotating
and understand the complex density
driven circulation associated with heat Chair
transfer through convection. ME-6856
See page 42
New Design
features precision ball
bearings that result in
extremely low-friction for
both the Bicycle Gyroscope
Blue­—­
­ and the Rotating Chair.
Hot­water
Clear­—­
­ Bicycle Gyroscope
Cool­water
Mass Set
Black­—­ ME-6972
Ice­cold­water
See page 42
Model­of­smoke­rising­beneath­an­inversion­layer.­The­rising­
plume­is­caused­by­a­heating­resistor­(not­included)­placed­at­
the­bottom­of­the­tank.
MR 200 Digital/Analog Breadboard
SE-9982
MR 100 Analog Breadboard See page 100
SE-9981
See page 100
Reinventing Edison: Reinventing Morse:
Build Your Own Build Your Own Telegraph
Light Bulb SE-7146
See page 98
SE-7145
See page 98
www.pasco.com/engineering

3. New Products – Table of Contents
Large Structures Set DATA ACQUISITION ................................... 2-7
Computer Interfaces and Sensors .......2-5
ME-7003
See page 18
Graphing Datalogger .....................................6-7
STRUCTURES SYSTEM ....................... 8-20
Baltimore
Truss Bridge MATERIALS ........................................................... 21
3 m long STATICS .............................................................22-25
MECHANICS .................................................26-55
Carts and Tracks ........................................ 26-31
Build this bridge and Projectile Motion ....................................... 32-33
15 other HUGE structures with Springs and Resonance ........................ 34-39
this one comprehensive set! Rotation ............................................................ 40-43
Energy ............................................................... 44-51
Human Body Mechanics ...................... 52-55
Destructible Bridge BIOLOGY ...........................................................56-60
Members ENVIRONMENTAL..................................61-65
ME-7004
See page 13 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ...........66-67
THERMAL .........................................................68-83
Metal Plate Gas Laws......................................................... 68-69
Temperature Sensors ............................. 70-71
Heat Conduction ........................................ 72-73
Equivalent of Heat ..................................... 74-75
Thermal Expansion ................................... 76-77
Breakable Link
Thermoelectric ............................................ 78-79
A broken link can be easily Investigate structural Thermal Radiation ............................................ 80
replaced with a new one by failure by inserting these
simply sliding it onto the posts. breakable links into your Heat Engines................................................. 81-83
structures.
FLUIDS.................................................................84-89
Bernoulli .......................................................... 84-85
CI Load Cell Amplifier Atmospheric Properties Atmospheric Pressure .................................. 86
CI-6464 Chamber ME-6813 Density .............................................................. 87-89
See page 9 See page 69 CIRCUITS .......................................................90-101
Electromagnetism ..................................... 90-93
Coils ........................................................................... 94
Electric Field Mapping .................................. 95
Dual Humidity/Temp/Dew Point Electrostatics ...................................................... 96
PS-2156 Resistance ............................................................ 97
See page 62 Circuits............................................................ 98-101
OPTICS ......................................................... 102-105
Optics Bench ..................................................... 102
Adjustable Focal Lenses .................................................................... 103
Length Lens Human Eye Model .......................................... 104
OS-8494 Diffraction ............................................................ 105
See pages
103, 104
LAB SUPPLIES .................................... 106-109
Mechanical Supplies ......................... 106-107
Rods and Clamps .................................. 108-109
Index .............................................................. 110-112
Contact Information .... Inside back cover
www.pasco.com/engineering 1

4. Data Acquisition—ScienceWorkshop®
PASCO’s Most Powerful Interface Uses PASCO’s
ScienceWorkshop 750 ® DataStudio®
Software
Computer Interface - USB (See page 4)
CI-7650
P Fast: 250,000 Hz
P Built-in function generator
P Built-in DC power supply (300 mA, ±5 V)
P Accessory Power Amplifier (CI-6552A)
increases power to 1 A, ±10 V
P DataStudio Lite included
P NI LabVIEW™ compatible
Order Information:
750 Interface - USB .......................................................... CI-7650
(USB-compatible computers)
DataStudio Software Site License ....................... CI-6871G AC/DC Circuit Board
Power Amplifier (not shown) ................................... CI-6552A (See page 101)
Over 45 ScienceWorkshop Sensors Available
P Analog sensors
P Signal conditioning built-in For sensor specifications, visit CI Load Cell Amplifier
P Sturdy cases for easy
www.pasco.com/engineering/data-acquisition CI-6464
mounting
Acceleration CI-6558 Light, UVA CI-9784
Barometer CI-6531A Magnetic Field CI-6520A
Carbon Dioxide CI-6561 Motion Sensor II CI-6742A
Charge CI-6555 Oxygen Gas CI-6562 This amplifier allows users of the 500
CI Load Cell Amplifier NEW CI-6464 pH CI-6507A and 750 ScienceWorkshop Interfaces to
collect data using the Structures System
Colorimeter CI-6747 Photogate, Accessory ME-9204B 100N and 5N Load Cells. This system has
Conductivity CI-6729 Photogate Head ME-9498A been successfully used at sample rates
Current CI-6556 Photogate/Pulley System ME-6838A up to 10,000 Hz. The sample rate limit
is determined by the interface and
Current, High CI-6740 Pressure Sensor— Absolute CI-6532A computer used.
Dissolved Oxygen CI-6542 Pressure Sensor—Low CI-6534A A separate amplifier is required for
Drop Counter CI-6499 Respiration Rate CI-6535 each load cell.
EKG CI-6539A Rotary Motion CI-6538 See page 9 for more information.
Flow Rate CI-6730A Sound CI-6506B Order Information:
Force CI-6537 Temperature CI-6605A CI Load Cell Amplifier* ...............CI-6464
Force, Economy CI-6746 Temperature, High Accuracy CI-6525 Required for Use:
Force Platform CI-6461 Temperature, High, ScienceWorkshop Interface
Freefall Adapter ME-9207B Type K Probe CI-6536
Load Cell 100N* .................................PS-2200
G-M Tube SN-7927A Temperature with
Type K Probe CI-6526 Load Cell 5N*.......................................PS-2201
Heart Rate CI-6543B *Patents pending
Thermistor Temperature CI-6527A
Humidity, Relative CI-6559
Thermocline CI-6731
Ion Probes
Time-of-Flight Accessory ME-6810
Ion-Selective Electrode
Amplifier Box CI-6738 Voltage CI-6503
Laser Switch ME-9259A
Light CI-6504A Motion Sensor II
Light, Broad Spectrum CI-6630 (CI-6742A)
Photogate/Pulley
Light, High-Sensitivity CI-6604 System
Light, Infrared CI-6628 Rotary Motion (CI-6538) (ME-6838)
2 www.pasco.com/engineering

5. Data Acquisition—ScienceWorkshop®
Use ScienceWorkshop Use ScienceWorkshop sensors in your own
Sensors with NI ELVIS™ circuits without a computer interface
and LabVIEW™
CI Sensor Voltage Monitor
NI ELVIS™ Adapters for CI-6611
PASCO Sensors P Take advantage of PASCO’s numerous fine quality sensors already
mounted in a case and ready to use
To collect data, plug an Analog or Digital
Adapter into the prototyping board and Plug up to five ScienceWorkshop sensors at
insert a sensor. Connect the adapter to a time into the front of the CI Sensor Voltage
the appropriate I/O ports on ELVIS and the Monitor. The sensors’ output voltages are
system is ready to use. accessed at the buss on the back of the
Once data has been collected, students can CI Sensor Voltage Monitor.
use the power and flexibility of LabVIEW
software to display and condition the
data as needed. This system provides the
perfect opportunity for students to learn Back
about digital and analog data processing
techniques.
Force Sensor Fan Accessory
(See page 2) (See page 30)
Front
Force Sensor
Voltage reading is
proportional to the 1 kg
force applied mass
Sensor plugs into
Force Accessory Dynamics System CI Sensor Voltage
Bracket (See page 27) Monitor
The NI ELVIS and LabVIEW software are used to control
the Fan Accessory based on measurements from the Force
Sensor.
Analog NI ELVIS
Adapter
CI-6718
CI Sensor Voltage Monitor
Output voltage from sensor
Digital NI ELVIS The CI Sensor Voltage Monitor accepts any ScienceWorkshop CI sensor, supplies power to
Adapter the sensor, and gives access to the output voltage of the sensor through the terminal strip
CI-6719 on the back of the box. Monitor the output voltage using a voltmeter or an oscilloscope or
(Used with wire the sensor output directly into your own circuit. The instruction sheet includes calibration
Photogates, data for relating the output voltage to the sensor reading (for example, 8 V = 50 Newtons for
Motion Sensor, and a Force Sensor).
Rotary Motion Sensors).
Includes Specifications
NI ELVIS combines instrumentation, data
acquisition and a prototyping board in one unit. CI Sensor Voltage Monitor Accepts all ScienceWorkshop Sensors
For more information on NI LabVIEW™ and Power Adapter: 9 VDC @ 500 mA 5 Voltage Outputs
NI ELVIS, visit www.ni.com. Power adapter: 9 VDC, 500 mA
Calibration Data in Manual
Virtual instruments for using PASCO sensors Not compatible with PASPORT sensors.
are available FREE at www.pasco.com/labview.
Use these VIs to get started or modify them to Order Information:
fit the needs of your laboratory. CI Sensor Voltage Monitor ............................................................................................................................. CI-6611
Order Information: Recommended:
Analog NI ELVIS Adapter ................... CI-6718 Any ScienceWorkshop Sensor .................................................................................................................... See page 2
Digital NI ELVIS Adapter .................... CI-6719 Basic Digital Multimeter ................................................................................................................................... SE-9786A
www.pasco.com/engineering 3

6. Data Acquisition—PASPORT®
Hand-held Computer with Interface PASPORT
XplorerGLX® XplorerGLX Interfaces
(PS-2002) Work Together
PS-2002
Use any combination
P I
ncludesavoltageprobe,twotemperatureprobes,abuilt-in of PASPORT Interfaces
speakerandmicrophone,andsignalgenerator together by plugging the
interfaces into multiple
P FourportsforPASPORTsensors USB ports or a USB hub.
P PrintsdirectlytoselectHPUSBprinters
P UseasaUSBinterfacewhenconnectedtoacomputer
Order Information:
Xplorer GLX............................................................................ PS-2002
Xplorer GLX Power Amplifier................................... PS-2006 p. 7
Connect One PASPORT Sensor Connect Two PASPORT Sensors
to a Computer to a Computer
USBLink
PS-2100A
PS-2009
P D
irectlylinkonePASPORT P TwoPASPORTsensorports
sensortoaUSBport P Built-inTemperatureandVoltage
P semultiplelinksfor
U SensorswithProbes
moresensors P SimpleUSBconnectivity
P 000Hzmaximum
1 tocomputer
samplingrate P Ruggedpolycarbonatecase
withPASPORT
P PoweredthroughUSBport
sensors
Order Information: Order Information:
USB Link ................................................................................................PS-2100A SPARKlink...................................................................................................... PS-2009
Connect Three PASPORT Sensors to a Computer
USBPowerLink
USBConnectiontoComputer
PS-2001
P I
dealforexperimentsusingmultiplesensors
P hreesensorportsinoneUSBconnection
T
P 000HzmaximumsamplingratewithPASPORTSensors
1
P uilt-inUSBhub
B
Desktop or Field Use. PowerLink functions as a computer-based interface
when connected to a USB port, and can also collect data in the field using
LongBatteryLife
Two “C” batteries
a laptop computer. Includes sensor extension cable. (not included) will
provide several days
Order Information:
of use in the field.
PowerLink.................................................................................................. PS-2001
PASCO’s DataStudio® Software
P ontrolsScienceWorkshopandPASPORTInterfaces
C Gotowww.pasco.com/datastudioformoreinformation.
P owerfuldataanalysistools
P
P urve-fitting
C Order Information:
P uilt-incalculator
B DataStudio Software
P scilloscopemodesupportsuptofivetraces
O
Single User.................................... CI-6870G
P unctionGeneratorforScienceWorkshop750Interface
F
P indowsandMACcompatible
W Site License.................................. CI-6871G
4 www.pasco.com/engineering

7. Data Acquisition—PASPORT®
Over 70 PASPORT Sensors Available
For sensor specifications, visit
P P
ASPORTDigitalSensors
www.pasco.com/engineering/data-acquisition
P elf-identifying
S
AnalogAdapter PS-2158 Relay CI-6462 p.7
3-AxisAcceleration/Altimeter PS-2136 p.55 RespirationRate PS-2133
3-AxisAcceleration PS-2119 p.55 RotaryMotion PS-2120 p.40
2-AxisAcceleration PS-2118 Salinity PS-2195 p.62
Accelerometer-Visual PS-2128 p.30 SoilMoisture PS-2163 p.62
BreathRate PS-2187 p.56 SoundLevel PS-2109
CarbonDioxideGas PS-2110 p.58,63 Spectrometer PS-2635 p.6,60
Charge PS-2132 Spirometer PS-2152 p.56,84
Chemistry PS-2170 p.66 Temperature PS-2125 p.70
Colorimeter PS-2121 p.67 Temperature-Array PS-2157 p.71
Conductivity PS-2116A p.67 Temperature-FastResponse PS-2135 p.70
Current(High) PS-2193 p.94 Temperature-Quad PS-2143 p.70
CurrentProbeNEW PS-2184 Temperature-Skin/Surface PS-2131 p.70
DigitalAdapter PS-2159 p.7 Temperature-StainlessSteel PS-2153 p.70
DisplacementSensor PS-2204 p.8,15 Temperature-TypeK PS-2134 p.71
DropCounter PS-2117 p.67 Temperature-TypeK-4port PS-2127 p.71
DualLoadCellAmplifier PS-2205 p.9 Temp/SoundLevel/Light PS-2140
DualLoadCellAmplifierSet PS-2206 p.9 Temperature-Non-contact PS-2197 p.64
EKG PS-2111 p.57 Thermocline PS-2151 p.65
Ethanol PS-2194 p.58,63 Time-of-FlightAccessory ME-6810 p.32
FlowRate/Temperature PS-2130 p.65 (RequiresDigitalAdapter)
Force PS-2104 p.25 Turbidity PS-2122 p.65
Force(HighResolution) PS-2189 p.91 UVA PS-2149
ForcePlatform PS-2141 p.54 Voltage/Current PS-2115 p.78
ForcePlatform(2-axis) PS-2142 p.54 Voltage(1MHz2-channel) PS-2190 p.7
FreefallAdapter ME-9207B p.2 WaterQuality PS-2169 p.64
Galvanometer PS-2160 WaterQualityColorimeter PS-2179 p.65
Geiger-Muller SN-7927A Weather PS-2154A
GeneralScience PS-2168 Weather/AnemometerSensor PS-2174 p.61
Goniometer PS-2137 p.56 WindVelocityAccessory ME-6812
GPSPosition PS-2175 p.6,61
HeartRate(Exercise) PS-2129
HeartRate(HandGrip) PS-2186 p.57 CurrentProbe
Humidity/Temp/DewPoint PS-2124A
Humidity/Temp/DewPoint–DualNEW PS-2156 p.62 PS-2184
LaserSwitch ME-9259A p.35
The PS-2184 attaches
Light PS-2106A
Light(BroadSpectrum) PS-2150
to a PASCO voltage sensor
Light(HighSensitivity) PS-2176 p.105 to allow the measurement of current between -4 A and +4 A.
Light(Infrared) PS-2148 The probe contains a precision 0.10 ohm resistor and allows
LightLevel PS-2177 the precise measurement of the
Light(UVA) PS-2149 voltage drop across the resistor.
LoadCellAmplifierSet PS-2199 p.9 The current is
LoadCell,5N PS-2201 p.9
measured
LoadCell,100N PS-2200 p.9
by creating a Current Current
MagneticField PS-2112
MagneticField(2-axis) PS-2162 p.94
DataStudio
calculation: I=V/R. Voltage
Motion(Ultra-SonicPositionSensor) PS-2103A p.20,25 Sensor
Oxygen,Dissolved PS-2108 p.59 (notincluded)
OxygenGas PS-2126A p.58
Specifications
pH PS-2102 p.66 Resistor: 0.10 Ohm, 3.0W, 1.0%
pHFlatElectrode PS-2182 Maximum Current: 4A
pH/ORP/ISE PS-2147
Maximum Voltage: 10V
Photogate,Accessory ME-9204B
(RequiresDigitalAdapter)
Maximum Voltage Without Damage: 30V
PhotogateHead ME-9498A p.44 Terminals: 4mm Banana Jacks
(RequiresDigitalAdapter)
Pressure-Absolute PS-2107 The current is calculated from the voltage
Pressure-Barometer/LowPressure PS-2113A across the precision 0.10 ohm resistor.
Pressure-Dual PS-2181 p.82
Order Information:
Pressure-Quad PS-2164 p.84
Pressure-Relative PS-2114 Current Probe.......................................................................................... PS-2184
Pressure/Temperature PS-2146 p.69
www.pasco.com/engineering 5

8. Data Acquisition—PASPORT®
Special Features of the Xplorer GLX®
1. Remote Datalogging
Take data anywhere, anytime with the Xplorer GLX. Display and analyze the data on
the Xplorer GLX screen. Later, just connect the Xplorer GLX to the USB port on your
computer and all stored data can be downloaded ready for writing reports or further
analysis. Data can also be stored on a USB flash drive and printed
directly to many HP printers.
Equipment Shown:
Rocket Engine Test Bracket....................................... ME-6617
Xplorer GLX............................................................................. PS-2002
The Xplorer GLX is shown with the Rocket Engine
Force Sensor.......................................................................... PS-2104 Test Bracket attached to a Force Sensor. Students
Lab Stand.................................................................................. PS-2526 can measure and graphically display the impulse of
Estes™ and other model rocket engines.
See.pages.108-109.for.rods.and.clamps.
2. Record Latitude and Longitude
of Sensor Measurements
GPS.Position.Sensor
PS-2175
The GPS Position sensor utilizes satellite triangulation
to determine the sensor’s position and velocity
in outdoor environments. Obtain sensor data
simultaneously linked to your latitude, longitude,
altitude, and velocity. Pinpoints your location in the Car acceleration was measured with an Acceleration Sensor, and position and velocity were
world and reports the latitude and longitude with a measured with the GPS Position sensor, then plotted on an aerial photo in My World soft-
resolution of 2 meters. This data can be imported ware. The size of the plotted data point indicates the speed of the car, and the data is color
into My World GIS™ software to overlay sensor data coded to indicate the car’s centripetal acceleration.
on maps or aerial photos. Relative Position Mode Order Information:
enables a higher resolution (0.2 meters), suitable
for experiments involving bicycles or people running GPS Position Sensor......................................................................... PS-2175
or walking, in which the position in the world is not Recommended:
required. 3-Axis.Acceleration.Altimeter.................................................... PS-2136..
My.World.GIS.Software.Student.License. ........................ SE-7382C.
(For.volume.licensing,.see.www.pasco.com/myworld/)
3. Display Full-scan Spectra with
Ocean Optics Red Tide Spectrometer
Emission.Spectrometer.System.for.Xplorer.GLX
PS-2635
P U
. ses.Ocean.Optics.Red.Tide.Spectrometer
P . ull-scan.spectroscopy.without.a.computer!
F
Light from a Hydrogen tube is sampled using
The Xplorer GLX controls the Ocean Optics Red Tide the fiber optics cable connected to the Ocean
Spectrometer which detects the spectrum using a 2048 Optics Spectrometer. The Spectrometer is
pixel CCD linear array. The Xplorer GLX does a full sweep plugged into the USB port on the Xplorer GLX.
(Light Source sold separately.
in less than 1 second.
Absorption Spectrometer System
Specifications for Xplorer GLX on page 66.
Range: VIS-NIR, 350-1000 nm
Optical Resolution: 2 nm Order Information:
Includes Emission Spectrometer System for Xplorer GLX..................................... PS-2635
Required:
Ocean Optics Red Tide Spectrometer
Xplorer.GLX.......................................................................................................................... PS-2002.
Fiber Optics Cable Shown in use with::
USB Cable Spectral.Tube.Power.Supply................................................................................... SE-9460.
License key for Ocean Optics GLX feature set Hydrogen.Tube................................................................................................................... SE-9461.
6 www.pasco.com/engineering

9. Data Acquisition—PASPORT®
4. Control a Relay Using Xplorer GLX
Calculator Functions The Xplorer GLX controls the Relay
to turn a light on when the temperature
Relay sensor above the bulb reads less than
25 °C. Shown in use with EM-8678
CI-6462 Charge/Discharge Circuit (see page 101).
P S
. ingle-pole.
Double-throw.switch
P . se.with.Xplorer.GLX.Interface
U
P . or.Sense.and.Control.projects
F
Order Information:
Relay. .................................................................................................... CI-6462
Required for use with Xplorer GLX:
Digital.Adapter............................................................................... PS-2159.
5. Power and Measure Circuits
Power.Amplifier.for.the.Xplorer.GLX
PS-2006
P A
. mplifies.the.signal.output.from.the.Xplorer.GLX
P . uilt-in.current.sensor
B
P . 0.V,.1.A
1
P . ignals.available:
S Xplorer.GLX.Power.Amplifier
DC,.Sine,.Square,. Generate an AC signal to power the RLC
Graph shows driving voltage and voltage
Triangle,.Sawtooth circuit. drop across the resistor.
Control the output signal from the GLX
Power Amplifier and monitor
all measurements directly from
the Xplorer GLX.
1.MHz.2-channel.Voltage.Sensor
Measure two channels simultaneously at up to
1 MHz sampling rate. It has three gain settings with full-
scale input ranges of ±10 V, ±1 V, and ±0.1 V.
1.MHz.2-channel. For more experiments
using the GLX
Voltage.Sensor Power Amplifier
PS-2190 see pages 29 and 37.
P . easure.two.channels.at.sample.
M The CI-6512 RLC Circuit Board is perfect for studying introductory
rates.up.to.1.MHz. AC circuit theory. Vary all parameters, including resistance, capacitance,
and even the inductance of the coil by using the included iron core.
Use the Xplorer GLX and the PS-2190 Specifications Order Information:
1 MHz Voltage Sensor to measure the Xplorer GLX
phase shift between the driving voltage Two differential channels
Power Amplifier................................................. PS-2006
and the resulting current in an RLC Circuit. 1 MHz max sample rate
Compare the voltage drop across the 1 MHz 2-channel
resistor to the voltages across the inductor ± 10 V max input Voltage Sensor.................................................... PS-2190
and capacitor. All measurements can be Three gain settings Required for use:
made directly using the displays and tools Xplorer.GLX............................................................ PS-2002. p..4.
Overvoltage protection
included with the Xplorer GLX. Recommended:
RLC.Circuit.Board. ............................................. CI-6512. p..101.
Short.Patch.Cords............................................. SE-7123. .
www.pasco.com/engineering 7

10. Structures System – Overview
Structures Overview Measure support forces
Experience real-world design building a large variety of structures. This reconfigurable
system allows students to measure static and dynamic forces using load cells, and with a Force Platform
still have time to redesign and test again. See the following pages for ordering Measure the support forces of a crane by connecting
information, and details on individual structures sets. it to a Force Platform (PS-2141) using the special
Force Platform Structures Bracket (ME-6988A). The
Numerical displays of load cell forces are generated in PASCO’s Force Platform is supported by four individual load
DataStudio® software. cells which combine to measure the total vertical
See page 4. force on the platform. These four readings can also
be viewed separately, to measure the unequal forces
on the crane supports.
Load Cell Amplifier Set Tower.Crane
See page 9
2.3 m tall
Large Slotted
Mass Set
See page 107
Motion Sensor
See page 5
Xplorer GLX®
Hand-held Computer Displacement of the bridge is measured by the
See page 4 Xplorer GLX and the Motion Sensor as the 1/2 kg
masses are added to the mass hanger. Crane built
using the
Large Structures Set
shown on
page 18.
Measure bridge deflection with a
Displacement Sensor
The PS-2204 Displacement Sensor measures
the travel of a spring-loaded indicator pressed
against a bridge as the bridge is loaded. It
consists of a PASPORT sensor which plugs
into the included Digital Indicator, a digital
travel indicator which has its own digital LED
readout and can be used as a stand-alone
device. When the PASPORT sensor is plugged
into a PASPORT interface, the reading can be
recorded.
See page 15 for more uses.
Specifications
Maximum Travel: 10 mm N to +100 N
Maximum Sample Rate: 5 Hz Force Platform (PS-2141)
Resolution: 0.013 mm (0.0005 in)
Order Information: ME-6988A Includes
Displacement Sensor............... PS-2204 Brackets (2)
Shown in use with:
Hooked.Mass.Set. ....................... SE-8759. p..107. PS-2204 Includes Screws (4)
Small.“A”.Base. ............................ ME-8976. p..109. Sensor
60.cm.long.Steel.Rod. Order Information:
(threaded).......................................... ME-8977. p..109. Bracket
Force Platform
Dial Gauge
Required for use: Structures Bracket......................... ME-6988A
PASPORT.Interface.(p..4) Force Platform................................... PS-2141 p. 54
8 www.pasco.com/engineering

11. Structures System – Load Cells and Amplifiers
Choice of Load Cell Amplifiers:
CI.Load.Cell.Amplifier Dual.Load.Cell.Amplifier Load.Cell.Amplifier
CI-6464 PS-2205 (6.ports)
PS-2198
This Load Cell Amplifier can accommodate
The Amplifier accepts either the 100N load up to six load cells and only needs a single
This amplifier allows users of the 500
cell or the 5N load cell or a combination USBLink (PS-2100A) to connect to the
and 750 ScienceWorkshop Interfaces to of both. The maximum data sample rate is USB port on a computer. This is useful for
collect data using the Structures System 1000 Hz for each port. doing an extensive analysis of a bridge by
100N and 5N Load Cells. This system has inserting six load cells at various points
A PASCO PASPORT USB interface is
been successfully used at sample rates required: Use a USBLink (PS-2100A) for in the structure to see if theory matches
up to 10,000 Hz. The sample rate limit just one Load Cell Amplifier or use an reality.
is determined by the interface and Xplorer GLX (PS-2002) or PowerLink The Amplifier accepts either the 100N load
computer used. (PS-2001) for multiple Load Cell Amplifiers. cell or the 5N load cell or a combination
A separate amplifier is required for of both. The maximum data sample rate is
each load cell. 500 Hz for each port.
Order Information:
Order Information: Order Information:
Load Cell Amplifier*
CI Load Cell Amplifier*................CI-6464 Dual Load Cell Amplifier*..........PS-2205 (6 ports). ................................................PS-2198
Required for Use: Required for Use: Required for Use:
ScienceWorkshop Interface....p..2 PASPORT.Interface.........................p..4 PASPORT.Interface......................p..4
Load.Cell.100N*..................................PS-2200. Load.Cell.100N*..................................PS-2200. Load.Cell.100N*...............................PS-2200.
Load.Cell.5N*....................................PS-2201.
Load.Cell.5N*.......................................PS-2201. Load.Cell.5N*.......................................PS-2201.
Also available at a discount:
Also available at a discount: Also available at a discount:
Load Cell and
CI Load Cell and Load Cell and Amplifier Set*.......................... PS-2199
Amplifier Set*.......................... CI-6465 Dual Amplifier Set*. ............ PS-2206 Set Includes:
Set Includes: Set Includes: Load.Cell.Amplifier*..
CI.Load.Cell.Amplifier*.. Dual.Load.Cell.Amplifier*.. (PS-2198)
(CI-6464) (PS-2205) Load.Cell.100N*..
Load.Cell.100N*.. Load.Cell.100N*.. (qty.4).(PS-2200)
(PS-2200) (PS-2200) Required for use:
Required for use: Required for use: PASPORT..
ScienceWorkshop Interface.(p..2) PASPORT.Interface.(p..4) Interface.(p..4)
Two types of Load Cells:
Load cells are available in two different ranges: ±100 N and ± 5 N. These load cells are
designed to be inserted into structures without changing the length of the member. A load Load Cell 5N
(PS-2201)
cell attached to two shorter beams is equal in length to a longer beam. Both types of load
cells can be used with the same amplifier in any combination. The semi-transparent case
lets students see the strain gauge and beam inside.
Load.Cell. Load.Cell.5N
100N PS-2201
PS-2200
Specifications Specifications 2 1/4”
Range: -100 N to +100 N Range: -5 N to +5 N
Accuracy: ±1% (± 1 N) Accuracy: ±1% (±0.05 N)
Resolution: 0.02 N Resolution: 0.001 N
Load Cell 100N
Safe Overload: -150 N to +150 N Safe Overload: -7.5 N to +7.5 N (PS-2200)
Order Information: Order Information:
Mix 5N and 100N load cells on the same amplifier
100 N Load Cell*............... PS-2200 5 N Load Cell*.................... PS-2201
*Patents pending
www.pasco.com/engineering 9

12. Structures System – Truss Set
Truss Set
ME-6990
Through Truss
P Teach the basics of trusses with Verticals
P Demonstrate the properties
of I-Beams
Plastic I-Beams
Plastic Connectors
Steel Thumb Screws
Use the Truss Set to
build a variety of
structures to investigate Measure the compression
the principles of trusses. and tension in the I-Beam
The ABS plastic I-Beams members by adding
fasten securely together using optional Load Cells.
the provided connectors and thumb
screws. Load cells can be inserted
anywhere into the design by replacing one
beam at a time. Students can load
the truss by hanging weights.
Construction is easy: I-Beams fit into the connectors and are secured I-Beams key into the load cell and
with thumb screws. Thumb screws are also slotted so a screwdriver can be used. are fastened with thumb screws.
Students can construct a roof truss
to study how the roof is supported
in buildings.
Deck Truss Bridge
Kingpost Roof Truss
Truss Set Includes
I-Beam #5 (8) 24 cm long
Order Information:
I-Beam #4 (18) 17 cm long
I-Beam #3 (18) 11.5 cm long Truss Set* ................................................................................ ME-6990
I-Beam #2 (8) 8 cm long Recommended:
Load Cell Amplifier Set*
I-Beam #1 (8) 5.5 cm long (includes four load cells) ............................................... PS-2199 p. 9
Connectors (14), Screws (75), and Instruction manual *Patents pending
10 www.pasco.com/engineering

13. Structures System – Bridge Set
Bridge Set Warren with Verticals
Cross bracing Verticals to
support road
ME-6991 1.5 m long bed
P Larger quantity of I-beams and connectors
P Study the principles of bridge
construction
P Road bed and car add realism
to bridges
P Add Load Cells to see
dynamic loading as car
traverses bridge Car with Mass
The Bridge Set includes all the I-beams and connectors required to build the
Flexible Road Bed structures shown on this page. Special cord locks allow tensioning of cord (cables)
for cross bracing. A flexible plastic road bed clips to the cross-beams and, using
load cells, the tension and compression of each element can be displayed in real time.
Add Load Cells to measure forces
anywhere in the structure.
Howe
A positive value represents
compression.
Pratt
Warren
Students can build several types of fundamental bridges,
including Howe, Pratt, and Warren bridges.
Design your own roller coaster! Deck Truss
80 cm long
Add Load Cells to measure the
forces needed to support the track Waddell
as the car goes up and over the “A” Truss
loop. See p. 45 for more roller
coasters.
1 m long
Bridge Set Includes
I-beam #5 (16) 24 cm long Starter bracket
I-beam #4 (36) 17 cm long Cord tensioning clips (32)
I-beam #3 (36) 11.5 cm long Yellow cord (1 roll) The Waddell “A” Truss uses a cord (cable) for the
I-beam #2 (16) 8 cm long Instruction manual center vertical member.
I-beam #1 (16) 5.5 cm long
Connectors (28)
Order Information:
Screws (150)
Flexible road bed (3 m) Bridge Set* ............................................................................. ME-6991
Track coupler Recommended:
Road bed clips (24) Load Cell Amplifier Set*
Car with flag and mass (includes four load cells) .............................................. PS-2199 p. 9
*Patents pending
www.pasco.com/engineering 11

14. Structures System – Advanced Set
Advanced.Structures.Set Camelback.
ME-6992B Truss.Bridge
P B
. uild.larger.bridges 1.4 m long
P . uild.cranes,.catapults,.cars
B
The Advanced Structures Set includes more
components to build a larger variety of structures.
Axles and pulleys allow construction of cranes,
cars and even a working catapult!
See pages 13, 14, 16 and 17
for more examples of
Advanced Structures.
Add Load Cells to measure forces
anywhere in the structure.
Falling mass
Catapult Use pulleys to
investigate
60 cm tall mechanical Angle.Crane
Throws a projectile over 10 meters! advantage. 1.5 m tall
Wheels allow catapult to move.
Straight
Flexible I-Beams Connector
Mass Set
Flat Members
For cross-bracing
Round Connector
Suspension.
Bridge
2.2 m long
Advanced Structures Set Includes
Force Platform Bracket (2) Round and Flat Connectors (6 ea.) Flexible.I-Beams
I-Beam #5 (24) 24 cm long PAStrack Fasteners (6) Dramatically demonstrate
I-Beam #4 (54) 17 cm long Angle and Straight Connectors (24 ea.) structural failure
I-Beam #3 (54) 11.5 cm long Sliding Connector (12)
I-Beam #2 (24) 8 cm long Pulleys, O-rings, Spacers (12 ea.)
I-Beam #1 (24) 5.5 cm long Collets (24) Order Information:
Flex I-Beam #5 (10) 24 cm long Drive Wheel with Rubber Tire (4) Advanced Structures Set*............. ME-6992B
Flex I-Beam #4 (18) 17 cm long Structures Rod Clamps (2) Shown in use with:
Flex I-Beam #3 (18) 11.5 cm long Screws (300) Load.Cell..Amplifier.Set*.
Flat Beams (16 ea. of 3 lengths) Yellow Cord (1 roll) (includes.four.load.cells)................. PS-2199
Axles (2 ea. of 3 lengths) Instruction Manual Hooked.Mass.Set. ................................ SE-8759 .
Connectors (42) Large.Slotted.Mass.Set.................... ME-7566
Cord Tensioning Clips (32) *Patents pending
12 www.pasco.com/engineering

15. Structures System – Hydraulics/Destruction
Destructible.Bridge.Members
ME-7004
Because the standard blue I-beams are so strong, it requires too
much weight to break them. To investigate structural failure, we
have created a bridge member that is weaker, and has a fail-safe
mechanism so the bridge will not catastrophically collapse.
In addition, you can measure the tension and the displacement
during the failure.
Destructible Bridge
Fixture
The black metal plate of the Destructible
Bridge Fixture allows the Breakable Link
to stretch and fail but keeps the bridge
from falling down completely.
Breakable
Link
Metal plate
The Destructible Bridge Fixture
is reusable. A broken link can be
easily replaced with a new one by
simply sliding it onto the posts.
Displacement Sensor
Load Cell Includes
As each weight is added, the stretch of the Breakable Link is measured with the Destructible Bridge Fixtures (2)
Displacement Sensor and the tension in the member is measured with the Load Cell. Breakable Links
The tension decreases when the link is in the final stage of failure.
(100 each of two
different strengths)
A tensile stress tester can be constructed from the Advanced
Structure Set. Using a 100 N Load Cell and the Displacement
Sensor, Young’s Modulus for the material can be determined.
Order Information:
Destructible Bridge
Members.................................... ME-7004
Advanced..
Structures.Set*...................... ME-6992B. p..12.
Load.Cell...
Amplifier.Set*......................... PS-2199. p..9.
Displacement.Sensor........ PS-2204. p..8.
Large.Slotted...
Mass.2.kg.Set......................... ME-7589. p..107.
Destructible.Bridge..
Members.Spares.................. ME-7005. p..19.
*Patents pending
www.pasco.com/engineering 13

16. Structures System – Hydraulics
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Structures
ME-6984
Drawbridge
Add a hydraulic/pneumatic ram to make your structures
is built using
move and do work. Not only will students see the
Large Structures Set
cranes and bridges in action, they can directly
shown on page 18.
measure the pressure and volume to calculate
how much work was done.
Student uses a syringe to raise
the drawbridge.
Valves are used with the syringe to
pump up this fork lift. The use of
different size syringes shows how
a smaller force requires a greater
number of pumps to do the same
amount of work as a larger force.
Pressure and volume are
recorded as the weight is
lifted, and the work done is
the area under the curve.
An Ideal Gas Law Syringe (TD-8596A), which has
an internal thermistor, is used to pump air into the
cylinder. A Pressure/Temperature Sensor (PS-2146) Rotary Motion
records the air pressure and temperature while Sensor
the Rotary Motion Sensor (PS-2120) records the
movement.
Pressure
Sensor
The weight is lifted using a syringe of water
to fill the master cylinder. An Absolute Pressure
Sensor (PS-2107) measures the pressure and a Rotary
Motion Sensor (PS-2120) records the movement of the piston.
Order Information:
Hydraulic/Pneumatic Structures .................................................... ME-6984
Includes Shown in use with:
Master Cylinder Large Structures Set* .............................................................................. ME-7003
Pressure Sensor “T” Advanced Structures Set* ................................................................... ME-6992B
Check Valves and Tubing Steel Rod (45 cm) ........................................................................................ ME-8736
10 ml Syringe Absolute Pressure Sensor.................................................................... PS-2107
20 ml Syringe Rotary Motion Sensor .............................................................................. PS-2120
60 ml Syringe Pressure/Temperature Sensor .......................................................... PS-2146
Drive belt for Rotary Motion Sensor Ideal Gas Law Syringe ............................................................................ TD-8596A
(Not shown) *Patents pending
14 www.pasco.com/engineering