W. Kempton, "The Grid-Integrated Electric Vehicle," in Electric Vehicle Integration into Modern Power Networks, DTU, Copenhagen, 2010
1. Electric Vehicle Integration into Modern Power Networks
DTU - Technical University of Denmark
Department of Electrical Engineering
This course is intended for professionals of electric power and control systems, power system
consultants, researchers and post-graduate and ph.d.-students.
the Grid-Integrated
Electric Vehicle
by
Willett Kempton
College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Center for Carbon-free Power Integration
University of Delaware
Lyngby, Denmark, 22 Sep 2010
3. What is an EV...
WHEN DRIVING?
• Must perform as a Motor Vehicle
• Must meet codes and safety standards
• Must meet driver expectations for
mobility, performance
4. What is an EV...
WHEN PLUGGED IN?
• A Load (Conventional View)
• A Smart Load (1st refinement)
• A Storage Resource (2nd refinement)
• Distributed Storage at the ends of the
distribution system
• A dispatchable storage resource for a
world of variable generation
9. Basic GIV/V2G Math
• US car used 1 hour/day, parked 23 h/d
• Battery 150 km, daily travel = 50 km, thus
• Most storage unused most days
• Drive train output = 100 kW
• Practical power via US grid = 10 - 20
kW
• In EU, some residential only 3.6 - 6 kW
• Cars as significant power? Compare:
• Average load with power in cars, by
country
10. How Much Power in cars?
Denmark UK USA
Light vehicles
(106) 1.9 28.5 191
Vehicle GW 29 427 2,865
(@ 15 kW each)
Avg. Electric
Load (GW) 3.6 40 417
12. Three Components of GIV
• VSL: Vehicle Smart Link
• Control charging, report to server
• Log or predict next trips and times
• EVSE: Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment
• Grid location, internet portal, power
connection, interconnect permit
• Aggregation Server
• Real time operation of a set of vehicles
14. Vehicle Smart link (VSL) in
Car
• No moving parts, fits • Automotive-grade Linux
under dash computer
• Receives signal from
coalition server
• Reports capacity and
current state back to
coalition server
• Attempt to predict next
use of car (time, distance)
22. Motivation
• TSOs control many-MW power plants
• EVs 3–19 kW
• TSOs require predictable power
resources
• Cars drive away, sometimes unpredictably
• Contract minimum:
• 1 MW minimum for PJM regulation market (US)
• 10 MW minimum for Energinet.dk
23. The Aggregator
• Provides a single, large, stable and
reliable power source
• TSO does not see details of single cars,
only sees aggregate
• Aggregator participates in TSO market
• Bids in power market
• Dispatches TSO Requests to vehicles
24. Aggregator software
manages complexity
• Insure each vehicle is has enough charge
for next trip, while dispatching idle
storage capacity
• Calculate how much capacity to offer in
the market
• Dispatch ISO/TSO regulation service
requests
• And other services ...
28. Sequence of Markets
• High-value markets, are ancillary services
(A/S)
• Frequency regulation
• Spinning reserves
29. Sequence of Markets
• Later -- larger markets, lower value per kW
• Defer upgrades to distribution feeders,
transformers
• Peak load reduction, valley filling
• Power factor correction
• Balancing wind, reducing ramp rate
• Shifting solar peak to load peak
38. Patents
• Patent Applications, 2007-2010:
• U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2007/0282495 A1
"System and Method for Assessing Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)
Integration" filed May 2007 (UD; Kempton and Tomic)
• U.S. Patent application publication No. "Hierarchical Priority
and Control Algorithms for the Grid-Integrated Vehicle", filed
March 2009, (UD; Kempton)
• Three US and PCT applications in 2010, Electric Vehicle
Station Equipment for Grid-Integrated Vehicles; Electric
Vehicle Equipment for Grid-Integrated Vehicles; Aggregator
Server for Grid-Integrated Vehicles. Filed Sept 2010 (UD;
Kempton and co-inventors)
39. So even when your car is
parked, it is working
earning money for you