This document provides an overview of computer hardware components, data storage and representation, computer categories, and trends in information technology. It describes the central processing unit, primary and secondary storage, input/output devices, and how data is processed through batch and online methods. Examples are given of different computer types from mainframes to supercomputers, and generations from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits. Memory sizing, busses, and microprocessors are also outlined.

1. 6.1 6. COMPUTERS AND INFORMATION PROCESSING

5. COMPUTER COMPONENTS BUSES 6.5 INPUT DEVICES SECONDARY STORAGE PRIMARY STORAGE CPU OUTPUT DEVICES COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES

14. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) CONTROL UNIT 6.14 RAM PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY ARITHMETIC/LOGIC UNIT ROM CLOCK

15. BUSES DATA BUS ADDRESS BUS CONTROL BUS 6.15 CPU PRIMARY STORAGE INPUT DEVICES OUTPUT DEVICES SECONDARY STORAGE

16. ADDRESSES IN MEMORY Each location can hold one BYTE Each location has an ADDRESS 6.17 101 102 103 201 301 202 203 302 303

25. SEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSING SEQUENTIAL PARALLEL 6.27 TASK 1 RESULT TASK 2 RESULT Program CPU Program CPU Program CPU TASK 2 CPU TASK 3 CPU TASK 1 RESULT

27. EXAMPLES OF MICROPROCESSORS 6.29

28. USES OF MICROPROCESSORS 6.30 NAME USE 80486 PCs 68040 MAC QUADRAS PENTIUM PCs PENTIUM PRO PCs PENTIUM (MMX) MULTIMEDIA PENTIUM II HIGH-END PCs, WORKSTATIONS PowerPC HIGH-END PCs, WORKSTATIONS ALPHA COMPAQ & DEC WORKSTATIONS PENTIUM III HIGH END PCs, SERVERS, WKST

31. CLIENT / SERVER CLIENT SERVER USER INTERFACE APPLICATION FUNCTION DATA APPLICATION FUNCTION NETWORK RESOURCES 6.33 REQUESTS DATA, SERVICE

37. TRACKS AND SECTORS EACH TRACK HOLDS SAME AMOUNT OF DATA SECTOR 6.39 TRACKS DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0 START OF TRACKS

46. BATCH PROCESSING 6.50 KEYBOARD INPUT BATCH OF TRANSACTIONS SORTED TRANSACTION FILE OLD MASTER FILE NEW MASTER FILE VALIDATE AND UPDATE ERROR REPORTS REPORTS

47. ON-LINE PROCESSING 6.50 TRANSACTIONS KEYBOARD PROCESS / UPDATE MASTER FILE MASTER FILE IMMEDIATE INPUT IMMEDIATE PROCESSING IMMEDIATE FILE UPDATE

49. 6.53 6. COMPUTERS AND INFORMATION PROCESSING