Texas Forensic Mental Health Conference Presenter: Dr. Salter Presentation: Violence #4

1. Violent OffendersViolent Offenders
Anna C. SalterAnna C. Salter

2. AgendaAgenda
Violent ThinkingViolent Thinking
Lonnie AthensLonnie Athens
Treating Violent OffendersTreating Violent Offenders

3. Theories of ViolenceTheories of Violence
Loss of ControlLoss of Control
Product of Distorted ThinkingProduct of Distorted Thinking

4. Loss of ControlLoss of Control
Impulse ControlImpulse Control
Stop and ThinkStop and Think
Exit Risky SituationsExit Risky Situations

5. Loss of ControlLoss of Control
 Interviews 20 Violent OffendersInterviews 20 Violent Offenders
 Meaning Units = PhrasesMeaning Units = Phrases
Loss of ControlLoss of Control
12%12%
(Polaschek et a., 2010)(Polaschek et a., 2010)

6. Violent SchemasViolent Schemas
Violence is NormalViolence is Normal
No ChoiceNo Choice
Hostile Attribution BiasHostile Attribution Bias
Social StatusSocial Status
Self ImageSelf Image
Victim Deserved It (Widget Theory)Victim Deserved It (Widget Theory)

7. Violence is NormalViolence is Normal

8.  Normal for disciplineNormal for discipline
 Normal for achieving goalsNormal for achieving goals

9. Elway: Attacked Officer – StabbedElway: Attacked Officer – Stabbed
in Headin Head
 ““I feel like it was justified. The only thingI feel like it was justified. The only thing
was my objective wasn’t fully completed.was my objective wasn’t fully completed.
But other than that.”But other than that.”
Q. “What was your objective?”Q. “What was your objective?”
A. “To kill him. I wasn’t stabbing him just toA. “To kill him. I wasn’t stabbing him just to
be stabbing.”be stabbing.”

10. Elway: Effect on Victims?Elway: Effect on Victims?
A. “Probably none.”A. “Probably none.”
Q. “Why not?”Q. “Why not?”
A. “Cause none of them are dead or paralyzed.”A. “Cause none of them are dead or paralyzed.”
Q. “So it wouldn’t have any effect?”Q. “So it wouldn’t have any effect?”
A. “I think it will on certain people – like young,A. “I think it will on certain people – like young,
someone 14 or probably people who live in ansomeone 14 or probably people who live in an
area where it’s pretty much peaceful andarea where it’s pretty much peaceful and
nonviolent so it would be strange to seenonviolent so it would be strange to see
anything violent.”anything violent.”

11. ElwayElway
““ The rest of us live in a pretty violent atmosphereThe rest of us live in a pretty violent atmosphere
and it’s pretty normal – anybody who works inand it’s pretty normal – anybody who works in
DOC it wouldn’t have any effect unless they’reDOC it wouldn’t have any effect unless they’re
dead or paralyzed or give them a big scar ondead or paralyzed or give them a big scar on
their face so they have to look at it every day.their face so they have to look at it every day.
So if I attack an officer that’s what I’d try to do,So if I attack an officer that’s what I’d try to do,
so they’re dead or paralyzed or they have toso they’re dead or paralyzed or they have to
see it every day and know I did it to them.”see it every day and know I did it to them.”

12. Hit a Man on a Bike with His CarHit a Man on a Bike with His Car
Just to See What It Would Do toJust to See What It Would Do to
HimHim
““Do I consider myself a criminal? No.Do I consider myself a criminal? No.
Basically just doing stuff, just breaking theBasically just doing stuff, just breaking the
law.”law.”

13. Why Not a Criminal?Why Not a Criminal?
““A criminal is one who terminally focuses onA criminal is one who terminally focuses on
doing crime. They don’t just think aboutdoing crime. They don’t just think about
it on the spur of the moment. Criminalsit on the spur of the moment. Criminals
plan it more. They scheme. I don’t everplan it more. They scheme. I don’t ever
scheme.”scheme.”

14. Home Invasion Looking for Drugs:Home Invasion Looking for Drugs:
Killed a Man and a 7 MonthKilled a Man and a 7 Month
Pregnant Woman – Couple Had NoPregnant Woman – Couple Had No
DrugsDrugs
““ It was part of the way I was living. It didn’tIt was part of the way I was living. It didn’t
feel right or wrong. Actually, it didn’t feelfeel right or wrong. Actually, it didn’t feel
wrong. It felt I was forced to do somethingwrong. It felt I was forced to do something
I really didn’t want to do, but . . . itI really didn’t want to do, but . . . it
happened.”happened.”

15. No ChoiceNo Choice
““She wouldn’t listen to me unless I hit herShe wouldn’t listen to me unless I hit her
first.”first.”
(Polaschek et a., 2010, p. 87)(Polaschek et a., 2010, p. 87)

16. No ChoiceNo Choice
““How else was I going to get through to himHow else was I going to get through to him
that schoolwork was important?”that schoolwork was important?”
(Polaschek et a., 2010, p. 87)(Polaschek et a., 2010, p. 87)

17. Violence is NormalViolence is Normal
Meaning UnitsMeaning Units
46%46%
(Polaschek et al., 2010)(Polaschek et al., 2010)

18. Gang MemberGang Member
Q. Do you feel bad about the people you killed?Q. Do you feel bad about the people you killed?
A. I don't talk about that. . . . When the incidentA. I don't talk about that. . . . When the incident
first took place I didn't have no remorse at allfirst took place I didn't have no remorse at all
because I thought it was the right thing. But Ibecause I thought it was the right thing. But I
have thought about it and I think I was wrong forhave thought about it and I think I was wrong for
what took place on that day.what took place on that day.

19. Q.Q. How do you know you were wrong?How do you know you were wrong?
A. The situation and the circumstances. Cause I didn'tA. The situation and the circumstances. Cause I didn't
have to do it. It was all over territory and I had tohave to do it. It was all over territory and I had to
prove my loyalty. I thought that was right. That's whatprove my loyalty. I thought that was right. That's what
I had to do to be accepted in the GangsterI had to do to be accepted in the Gangster
Disciples. . . . You're the first person I ever saidDisciples. . . . You're the first person I ever said
anything about it to. . . . It was absolutely wrong. Itanything about it to. . . . It was absolutely wrong. It
was an utter mistake.was an utter mistake.

20.  ““But you have to understand that. You may haveBut you have to understand that. You may have
grown up in a different family. But I grew up Chicagogrown up in a different family. But I grew up Chicago
where people die every day. In order to be in awhere people die every day. In order to be in a
certain organization you have to do certain things.certain organization you have to do certain things.
And me being brainwashed in that way I had to doAnd me being brainwashed in that way I had to do
that thing. And it protected me. Because I could gothat thing. And it protected me. Because I could go
to somebody and they would protect me. ‘Hey man,to somebody and they would protect me. ‘Hey man,
let's go shoot up those n. . . . Let's take their familylet's go shoot up those n. . . . Let's take their family
hostage and teach them a lesson.’ That's how I washostage and teach them a lesson.’ That's how I was
taught.”taught.”

21. ““Violent prisoners spoke of violence as aViolent prisoners spoke of violence as a
routine occurrence between people thatroutine occurrence between people that
hardly needs explaining and that could behardly needs explaining and that could be
helpful in achieving some personal andhelpful in achieving some personal and
social goals.”social goals.”
(Polaschek et a., 2010, p. 86)(Polaschek et a., 2010, p. 86)

22. ““Violence ‘resolves’ conflicts, ‘persuades’Violence ‘resolves’ conflicts, ‘persuades’
others to do things, can be exhilarating orothers to do things, can be exhilarating or
simply make you feel better, and usually itsimply make you feel better, and usually it
makes others treat you with respect.”makes others treat you with respect.”
(Polaschek et a., 2010, p. 86)(Polaschek et a., 2010, p. 86)

23. Self ImageSelf Image

24.  ““I guess when you’re young, you want toI guess when you’re young, you want to
be feared, you want to be respected.”be feared, you want to be respected.”

25. Shot an Officer, a Deputy andShot an Officer, a Deputy and
Escaped from VehicleEscaped from Vehicle

26. Pride in ViolencePride in Violence
““I had a lot of time. I didn’t want to do the time. II had a lot of time. I didn’t want to do the time. I
had to do something for myself. I tried to helphad to do something for myself. I tried to help
myself. I owed that to myself to try to regainmyself. I owed that to myself to try to regain
my freedom. I was going to leave the countrymy freedom. I was going to leave the country
and never come back. I was quite young then,and never come back. I was quite young then,
compared to what I am now and fearless [pridecompared to what I am now and fearless [pride
expression] -- intrepid at that time --and didn’texpression] -- intrepid at that time --and didn’t
think the way I think now. I would be morethink the way I think now. I would be more
concerned about my welfare now and my familyconcerned about my welfare now and my family
– something happen to me what would they– something happen to me what would they
think – then I didn’t consider those things.”think – then I didn’t consider those things.”

27. Violent Self ImageViolent Self Image
““I’m a man, and I want to be treated like a man. .I’m a man, and I want to be treated like a man. .
. I don’t care who a person is or who they think. I don’t care who a person is or who they think
they are either; they better not play around withthey are either; they better not play around with
me. I’ll show them who in the hell they’reme. I’ll show them who in the hell they’re
playing with. They’ll find out fast they aren’tplaying with. They’ll find out fast they aren’t
fucking with any boy when they fuck with me. . .fucking with any boy when they fuck with me. . .
I’ve ruined more than one good man in myI’ve ruined more than one good man in my
time, and Jack, I’ll do it again too. That’s thetime, and Jack, I’ll do it again too. That’s the
way I am and that’s the way I’ll be until the day Iway I am and that’s the way I’ll be until the day I
die.”die.”
(Athens, 1997, p. 57)(Athens, 1997, p. 57)

28. ““My son was getting into fights at school.My son was getting into fights at school.
So I taught both sons to box after school,So I taught both sons to box after school,
so they could defend themselves. I didn’tso they could defend themselves. I didn’t
want my sons looking like [cowards] orwant my sons looking like [cowards] or
being walking [being walking [sic]sic] over by every Tom,over by every Tom,
Dick, or Harry. Everyone needs respect.”Dick, or Harry. Everyone needs respect.”
(Polaschek et a., 2010, p. 87)(Polaschek et a., 2010, p. 87)

29. Self-Images and InterpretationsSelf-Images and Interpretations
 NonviolentNonviolent
 Occasionally ViolentOccasionally Violent
 Continually ViolentContinually Violent

30. Nonviolent Self Image: AggravatedNonviolent Self Image: Aggravated
AssaultAssault
““[My husband] thought I had a lot of sense for my[My husband] thought I had a lot of sense for my
age. He considered me a pretty good wife, andage. He considered me a pretty good wife, and
he knew that I had enough class for him to takehe knew that I had enough class for him to take
me anywhere. I was intelligent and a goodme anywhere. I was intelligent and a good
conversationalist and hostess. . . I felt like aconversationalist and hostess. . . I felt like a
lady and wanted to be treated like a lady, butlady and wanted to be treated like a lady, but
my husband was getting crazy and thenmy husband was getting crazy and then
embarrassing me in front of everybody behindembarrassing me in front of everybody behind
his jealousy.”his jealousy.”
(Athens, 1997, p. 59)(Athens, 1997, p. 59)

31. Incipiently Violent Sex Images: CriminalIncipiently Violent Sex Images: Criminal
HomicideHomicide
““I didn’t care about anything. I let myself goI didn’t care about anything. I let myself go
completely. . . I was a bitter and bad-temperedcompletely. . . I was a bitter and bad-tempered
person. . . I felt rejected and like a stupid foolperson. . . I felt rejected and like a stupid fool
for letting my husband mistreatment. I wasfor letting my husband mistreatment. I was
getting fed up and easily angered by things. Igetting fed up and easily angered by things. I
made a lot of awful threats to people, but theymade a lot of awful threats to people, but they
thought it was mostly just big talk. Everybodythought it was mostly just big talk. Everybody
thought that I would do little real action besidesthought that I would do little real action besides
get drunk, scream and cuss, and throw thingsget drunk, scream and cuss, and throw things
at people until I passed out.”at people until I passed out.” (Athens,(Athens,
1997, p. 58)1997, p. 58)

32. Violent Self ImageViolent Self Image
““I’m a man, and I want to be treated like a man. .I’m a man, and I want to be treated like a man. .
. I don’t care who a person is or who they think. I don’t care who a person is or who they think
they are either; they better not play around withthey are either; they better not play around with
me. I’ll show them who in the hell they’reme. I’ll show them who in the hell they’re
playing with. They’ll find out fast they aren’tplaying with. They’ll find out fast they aren’t
fucking with any boy when they fuck with me. . .fucking with any boy when they fuck with me. . .
I’ve ruined more than one good man in myI’ve ruined more than one good man in my
time, and Jack, I’ll do it again too. That’s thetime, and Jack, I’ll do it again too. That’s the
way I am and that’s the way I’ll be until the day Iway I am and that’s the way I’ll be until the day I
die.”die.”
(Athens, 1997, p. 57)(Athens, 1997, p. 57)

33. Self-Image/Social StatusSelf-Image/Social Status
Meaning Units = PhrasesMeaning Units = Phrases
20 violent offenders20 violent offenders
57% of Meaning Units57% of Meaning Units
Self ImageSelf Image
(Polaschek et al., 2010)(Polaschek et al., 2010)

34. Victim Deserved ItVictim Deserved It
(Widget Theory)(Widget Theory)

35. 16-Year-Old After Battery and16-Year-Old After Battery and
Attempted Homicide of Female StaffAttempted Homicide of Female Staff
Member: LeroyMember: Leroy
 ““It didn’t matter who was in the booth, . . I wasIt didn’t matter who was in the booth, . . I was
gonna go, and it didn’t matter who was there.gonna go, and it didn’t matter who was there.
I was gonna fight them and take them down.I was gonna fight them and take them down.
It’s not very hard to take that little punyIt’s not very hard to take that little puny
pathetic staff down. I’d rather be dead thanpathetic staff down. I’d rather be dead than
locked up. .. . I told the staff six months ago Ilocked up. .. . I told the staff six months ago I
was gonna get out no matter what, and when Iwas gonna get out no matter what, and when I
got out I was gonna strip them naked and draggot out I was gonna strip them naked and drag
their assess down the hall and put them in thattheir assess down the hall and put them in that
room where they put us.”room where they put us.”

36. LeroyLeroy
 Staff alone in boothStaff alone in booth
 Left booth to make snack for unitLeft booth to make snack for unit
 His door unlockedHis door unlocked
 ““Don’t hurt me”Don’t hurt me”
 Beat her head on floor repeatedly –Beat her head on floor repeatedly –
multiple skull fracturesmultiple skull fractures
 Stripped her, dragged her 117’ and left herStripped her, dragged her 117’ and left her

37. LeroyLeroy
 ““I heard it crack when her head hit. At first itI heard it crack when her head hit. At first it
surprised me. I told her to shut up, but shesurprised me. I told her to shut up, but she
wouldn’t. She cried louder. . . I slammed herwouldn’t. She cried louder. . . I slammed her
dead down on the floor. I had a limited time todead down on the floor. I had a limited time to
get out of there. I was running out of time.get out of there. I was running out of time.
The guards were checking every ten minutes.The guards were checking every ten minutes.
I slammed her head against the floor fourI slammed her head against the floor four
more times because she wouldn’t shut up. Imore times because she wouldn’t shut up. I
was fixing to break her neck. Every time Iwas fixing to break her neck. Every time I
slammed her head on the floor, I heard herslammed her head on the floor, I heard her

38. LeroyLeroy
 ““She was quiet for a minute after the third timeShe was quiet for a minute after the third time
and I thought that was it, but then she startedand I thought that was it, but then she started
moving again, so I did it two more times. Imoving again, so I did it two more times. I
thought she was dead. I didn’t care. I wasthought she was dead. I didn’t care. I was
gonna kill any staff. It didn’t matter to me.”gonna kill any staff. It didn’t matter to me.”

39. LeroyLeroy
 ““Q. Do you know the difference in rightQ. Do you know the difference in right
and wrong?”and wrong?”
 A. “I don’t think about right and wrong. I’mA. “I don’t think about right and wrong. I’m
cold-hearted.”cold-hearted.”

40. LeroyLeroy
 Q. “Did you think you were doing anythingQ. “Did you think you were doing anything
wrong?”wrong?”
 A. “No, cause I was thinking I got threeA. “No, cause I was thinking I got three
minutes to leave before they come.”minutes to leave before they come.”

41. Impact on Victim: LeroyImpact on Victim: Leroy
At sentencingAt sentencing
 Headaches every day, sometimes excruciatingHeadaches every day, sometimes excruciating
 DizzinessDizziness
 NauseaNausea
 Permanent loss of smell and tastePermanent loss of smell and taste
 Neck and back painNeck and back pain
 Some days couldn’t get out of bedSome days couldn’t get out of bed
 Couldn’t driveCouldn’t drive
 Wouldn’t be aloneWouldn’t be alone
 Nightmares, flashbacksNightmares, flashbacks

42. Impact on Victim: LeroyImpact on Victim: Leroy
 Sensitive to light, noise and motionSensitive to light, noise and motion
 Left alone for a few hours – locked self inLeft alone for a few hours – locked self in
bathroombathroom

43. Impact on Victims:Impact on Victims:
Leroy’s ResponseLeroy’s Response
 ““I’m not sure? I’m not going to go off intoI’m not sure? I’m not going to go off into
the guessing. I only know what they put inthe guessing. I only know what they put in
the files and none of that has beenthe files and none of that has been
substantiated. . . It’s only her side of thesubstantiated. . . It’s only her side of the
story, the side of the story that they wantstory, the side of the story that they want
to portray. “to portray. “

44. Leroy’s ResponseLeroy’s Response
 ““All this was is battery. I got railroaded.”All this was is battery. I got railroaded.”

45. Callousness: EthanCallousness: Ethan
Robbed and beat 86 year-old womanRobbed and beat 86 year-old woman
Robbed 74 year-old womanRobbed 74 year-old woman

46. Impact on Victim: EthanImpact on Victim: Ethan
DeterioratedDeteriorated
Unable to live aloneUnable to live alone
Incoherent within monthsIncoherent within months

47. Ethan: NarcissismEthan: Narcissism
 Q. “How do you feel about little old ladyQ. “How do you feel about little old lady
deteriorating? “deteriorating? “
 A. “She took a deposition. Are you sure it’s him?A. “She took a deposition. Are you sure it’s him?
She didn’t want to say it was me. She started toShe didn’t want to say it was me. She started to
waiver. She was a school teacher. She knew theywaiver. She was a school teacher. She knew they
were going to hang me. She didn’t want that towere going to hang me. She didn’t want that to
happen. I believe. She told a story about somehappen. I believe. She told a story about some
horse thieves . . . the posse came along and arrestedhorse thieves . . . the posse came along and arrested
all of them. . . a young boy was there and they triedall of them. . . a young boy was there and they tried
to hang him too . . she asked the detective was thisto hang him too . . she asked the detective was this
right? That’s the parable she tried to tell him. Iright? That’s the parable she tried to tell him. I
believe it was a message to me. . . I will always honorbelieve it was a message to me. . . I will always honor
her for that as I honor all women.”her for that as I honor all women.”

48. EthanEthan
 Q. “She got beaten.”Q. “She got beaten.”
 A. “Yes, but she resisted. This woman foughtA. “Yes, but she resisted. This woman fought
me as hard as anybody could fight. I know howme as hard as anybody could fight. I know how
it looks. I was not intending to use any moreit looks. I was not intending to use any more
force than I needed to. This woman fought meforce than I needed to. This woman fought me
fiercely. Never for one moment did she admit.fiercely. Never for one moment did she admit.
I was saying, ‘Lady, lady please.’ Yes, she gotI was saying, ‘Lady, lady please.’ Yes, she got
beat but I know in my heart I didn’t do itbeat but I know in my heart I didn’t do it
sadistically and I didn’t do it any more than wassadistically and I didn’t do it any more than was
necessary.necessary.


49. EthanEthan
 ““We are in a society that lacks mercy.We are in a society that lacks mercy.
They want to punish a guy forever.”They want to punish a guy forever.”

50. Attacked Officers in JailAttacked Officers in Jail
 That incident in the county jail it wasn’t personal. ItThat incident in the county jail it wasn’t personal. It
wasn’t one of those things that officer so and so iswasn’t one of those things that officer so and so is
working today – whoever was working – it was goingworking today – whoever was working – it was going
to happen. . . You go into that situation knowing . . .to happen. . . You go into that situation knowing . . .
Just like if you go in a robbery with a gun, you don’tJust like if you go in a robbery with a gun, you don’t
think you are going to kill someone. But you knowthink you are going to kill someone. But you know
you need to take the gun in the robbery because youyou need to take the gun in the robbery because you
might need to kill someone. Of course that’s wrong.might need to kill someone. Of course that’s wrong.
But you don’t care. Why should I care? That’s whyBut you don’t care. Why should I care? That’s why
you need to get to the point where you care.you need to get to the point where you care.

52. Shallow AffectShallow Affect
 Q. “ Were you ever in love?”Q. “ Were you ever in love?”
 A. “I was very much emotionally attachedA. “I was very much emotionally attached
to all of them in a sense. I don’t want toto all of them in a sense. I don’t want to
say I was in love with them because I stillsay I was in love with them because I still
don’t know what love is.”don’t know what love is.”

53. Shallow Affect (continued)Shallow Affect (continued)
 ““I exposed myself – I did in some sense – II exposed myself – I did in some sense – I
don’t mean any disrespect when I say this –don’t mean any disrespect when I say this –
women – you demand some kind ofwomen – you demand some kind of
connection – you hunger for something moreconnection – you hunger for something more
than a mutual friendship. Eventually they worethan a mutual friendship. Eventually they wore
me down in the sense that I did tell themme down in the sense that I did tell them
certain things but I did this in a way that if theycertain things but I did this in a way that if they
said something to someone else I would knowsaid something to someone else I would know
who said it.”who said it.”

54. Interaction of Genes andInteraction of Genes and
EnvironmentEnvironment
Males with low MAOA activity alleleMales with low MAOA activity allele
(specific gene)(specific gene)
++
Childhood maltreatmentChildhood maltreatment
Increased antisocial behaviorIncreased antisocial behavior
(Beaver, 2008)(Beaver, 2008)

55. Genetic Contribution to ViolentGenetic Contribution to Violent
BehaviorBehavior
½ Variance in antisocial behavior½ Variance in antisocial behavior
Due to genetic factorsDue to genetic factors
( Beaver, 2008; Mason & Frick, 1994; Miles( Beaver, 2008; Mason & Frick, 1994; Miles
& Carey, 1997; Rhee & Wald, 2002)& Carey, 1997; Rhee & Wald, 2002)

56. Genetics & EnvironmentGenetics & Environment
InteractiveInteractive
(Rowe, 2002; Rutter, 2006; Walsh, 2002)(Rowe, 2002; Rutter, 2006; Walsh, 2002)

59. Violence Delinquency ScaleViolence Delinquency Scale
 How many times past 12 months hurt someoneHow many times past 12 months hurt someone
badly enough to require medical attentionbadly enough to require medical attention
 Used a weapon to get something fromUsed a weapon to get something from
someonesomeone
 Took part in a group fightTook part in a group fight
(Beaver, 2008)(Beaver, 2008)

60. Violent AdolescentsViolent Adolescents
3 samples3 samples
Pretrial AssessmentPretrial Assessment
Institutional AssessmentInstitutional Assessment
Assessment Before ReleaseAssessment Before Release
(Lodewijks et al., 2010)(Lodewijks et al., 2010)

61. Impact of Protective FactorsImpact of Protective Factors
00 1 or more1 or more
Pretrial AssessmentPretrial Assessment
High riskHigh risk 40%40% 6%6%
Low riskLow risk 1212 66
(Lodewijks et al., 2010)(Lodewijks et al., 2010)

62. Impact of Protective FactorsImpact of Protective Factors
Institutional AssessmentInstitutional Assessment
High riskHigh risk 8686 5454
Low riskLow risk 4444 1313
Pre-ReleasePre-Release
High riskHigh risk 7878 3333
Low riskLow risk 3838 33
(Lodewijks et al., 2010)(Lodewijks et al., 2010)

63. Protective FactorsProtective Factors
Adolescent Violent OffendersAdolescent Violent Offenders
 Prosocial involvementProsocial involvement
 Strong social supportStrong social support
 Strong attachments & bondsStrong attachments & bonds
 Positive attitude towards interventionPositive attitude towards intervention
and authorityand authority
 Strong commitment to school & workStrong commitment to school & work
 Resilient personalityResilient personality
(Lodewijks et al., 2010)(Lodewijks et al., 2010)

64. Which Factors?Which Factors?
 Strong social supportStrong social support
 Strong attachments to prosocial adultsStrong attachments to prosocial adults

65. PsychopathyPsychopathy

66. Adolescent Psychopathy &Adolescent Psychopathy &
ViolenceViolence
Age RangeAge Range HighHigh LowLow
Younger (13 - 15.5)Younger (13 - 15.5) 52%52% 12%12%
Mid (15.5 - 18)Mid (15.5 - 18) 64%64% 54%54%
Older (18 - 20.5)Older (18 - 20.5) 48%48% 33%33%
(Forth, 1995)(Forth, 1995)

67. High Vs Low PsychopathyHigh Vs Low Psychopathy
AdolescentsAdolescents
10 or More10 or More
Violent ActsViolent Acts
 High PsychopathyHigh Psychopathy 64%64%
 Low PsychopathyLow Psychopathy 37%37%
(Forth, 1995)(Forth, 1995)

68. Psychopathic AdolescentsPsychopathic Adolescents
 More criminal actsMore criminal acts
 More types of criminal actsMore types of criminal acts
 Earlier age of onset for violent & nonviolentEarlier age of onset for violent & nonviolent
offensesoffenses
 More likely to have threatened with a weaponMore likely to have threatened with a weapon
 More likely to commit robbery & arsonMore likely to commit robbery & arson
 More likely to commit a sexual offenseMore likely to commit a sexual offense
(Forth & Burke, 1998)(Forth & Burke, 1998)

69. Psychopathic Adolescent SexPsychopathic Adolescent Sex
OffendersOffenders
 Threatened moreThreatened more
 Used more severe violenceUsed more severe violence
(Gretton et al., 1994)(Gretton et al., 1994)

70. Adolescent Psychopathy &Adolescent Psychopathy &
RecidivismRecidivism
N = 189N = 189
HighHigh LowLow
NonviolentNonviolent 66%66% 27%27%
ViolentViolent 31%31% 12%12%
(Gretton et al., 1994)(Gretton et al., 1994)

71. Adolescent Psychopathy &Adolescent Psychopathy &
RecidivismRecidivism
N = 189N = 189
HighHigh LowLow
Months toMonths to
RecidivismRecidivism 1616 2727
(Gretton et al., 1994)(Gretton et al., 1994)

72. Protective FactorsProtective Factors
Adolescent Violent OffendersAdolescent Violent Offenders
 Prosocial involvementProsocial involvement
 Strong social supportStrong social support
 Strong attachments & bondsStrong attachments & bonds
 Positive attitude towards interventionPositive attitude towards intervention
and authorityand authority
 Strong commitment to school & workStrong commitment to school & work
 Resilient personalityResilient personality
(Lodewijks et al., 2010)(Lodewijks et al., 2010)