Understanding Reclaimed Water Ld West Conference

65

1 ZweigWhite Land Development West 2007 | Conference and Expo | December 4-5, 2007

Brandon Squire, P.E.
Mr. Squire is a professional engineer in Arizona. His
engineering practice is focused on forward planning for water
production and distribution, water storage systems,
wastewater collection, and treatment systems. Practice focus
on water/wastewater systems.

Doug Patriquin, LEED AP
Mr. Patriquin is a LEED accredited professional. His
engineering practice is focused on working with clients to
develop strategies for LEED certification that maximize
credits, from forward planning through design and
construction.


Overview
Definitions – What is reclaimed water?
Applications – How is it used?
History
Quick Stats
Current and Emerging Technology
Regulations – What do governments require?
Q&A


Why “reclaimed water” matters
Water, a finite, non-renewable resource.
Potable water usage continues to climb, through
increasing population and land development.
Reclaimed water allows us to extend the life of
our most valuable resource.
U.S. per capita daily water usage is highest in the
world.


Why “reclaimed water” matters
Luckily, we have access to advanced
reclaimed technology.

Water is too valuable to use once!


What is “Reclaimed Water”?
Reclaimed Water: Water that is treated for use.
Recycled Water: The internal use of water by the original user before
discharge.
Reuse: The use of untreated or slightly treated water in a different
process or application.


What is “Reclaimed Water”?
Indirect potable reuse: The introduction of reclaimed water to a surface
water or groundwater system that ultimately is used as a potable water
supply.
Dual distribution systems: Reclaimed water is delivered through a
parallel network of distribution mains separate from the potable water
distribution system. The reclaimed water distribution system becomes a
third water utility, in addition to wastewater and potable water. (One of the
oldest municipal dual distribution systems in the U.S., in St. Petersburg,
Florida, began operation in 1977.)


Typical Use Criteria
Secondary treatment - Minimum
Confine application to authorized areas:
minimize runoff
confine direct and windblown spray
keep spray away from food and drinking water
Microbial elimination
Public notification and signage
Pipes, valves, outlets, controllers, tank trucks shall be
marked “purple pipe”
Back flow prevention devices shall be used at potable
connections


Typical Current Uses
The United States uses 9.8 billion gallons of reclaimed water per day.
That volume is increasing 15% annually. Typical uses include:

Urban / Recreation
Water features
Car wash
Snow
Fire Protection
Street Cleaning
Golf
Sports fields
Play Grounds
Agriculture Irrigation
Construction
Dust Control
Concrete

Industrial
Cooling towers
Pulp and Paper
Textiles
Salt water intrusion barrier
Dual Plumbing
Toilet Flushing
Power Generation
Steam
Hydropower
Hatcheries


Aquifer Recharge
Direct/Indirect Potable reuse
Environmental
Wetlands
Stream Augmentation
Ponds


Direct/Indirect Potable uses
NEWater – Singapore
Windhoek, Namibia – Goreangab Water Reclamation
Plant
Water Factory 21 – Orange California
Aurora, CO – Prairie Waters
Las Vegas, NV – Lake Mead


Statistics


Reclaimed Water Statistics
Overview of current water reuse regulations and
guidelines, as of 2004:

25 states have adopted regulations
16 states have guidelines or design standards
9 states have no regulations or guidelines


In 1975, approximately 679 MGD of effluent was reused.

In 1995, effluent reuse jumped up to 1.06 billion gallons
per day.


In 2004, 9.8 billion gallons per day of reclaimed water was
used for a beneficial purpose.
According to the WaterReuse Associations reclaimed water
use is growing at an estimated rate of 15% per year.


California Usage


Where does Arizona’s Water Come From?
Currently, Arizona Arizona Water Use
gets water from
four sources:
• Colorado River Colorado River
• Streams within 40% 2,800,000 AF
the state, including Groundwater
the Gila, Salt, 19% 2,900,000 AF
Verde, and Agua Surface Water
1,400,000 AF
Fria rivers 39% Effluent
• Groundwater
2% 140,000 AF
• Reclaimed water
(this is the only
source that has
the potential to
increase)


Prescott Valley, Arizona
Town development on Hold
October 29th & 30th
Auctioned 2,724 Ac-ft of reclaimed water
100 year assured water supply (ADWR)
Minimum Bid of $22,500 per Ac-ft
Winning bid = $24,650


History of Reclaimed Water
Reuse has been around in some form since the advent of “sewers.”

3000 BC – Minoan civilization in ancient Greece uses wastewater for agricultural
irrigation.
1500 – Germany uses sewage farms for wastewater disposal.
1833 – Legal use of sewers instituted in Boston
1890 – Mexico City uses wastewater drainage canals to irrigate agricultural areas.
1906 – Jersey City, NJ, begins chlorination of water supply.
1906 – The earliest reference to water quality requirements for reuse of wastewater in
Oxnard, CA.
1926 – Grand Canyon Nat’l Park uses reclaimed water in dual system for toilets,
sprinklers, cooling water, and boiler feed water.
1929 – The City of Pomona, CA begins to use reclaimed water for irrigation of lawns and
gardens.
1942 – Bethlehem Steel begins using reclaimed water.
1955 – Industrial water is supplied from wastewater treatment plant in Japan.
1956 – Direct potable reuse occurred in Chanute, Kansas. During a 5 month period,
chlorinated secondary effluent was collect behind the dam on the Neosho River and used
as intake water for the city’s water treatment plant. The most serious problem was that of
public acceptance, due to a pale yellow color, an unpleasant taste and odor, and foaming
of the water.

History of Reclaimed Water
1960 – California encourages wastewater reclamation and reuse in State Water Code.
1968 – Direct potable reuse begun at water reclamation plant in Namibia. It’s still in use
today.
1971 – AWWA issues reclaimed water statement. The American Water Works Association
encourages responsible use of reclaimed water instead of potable water for irrigation,
industrial, and other non-potable uses within a public drinking water supplier’s service
area when such use can reduce the demands placed on limited supplies of potable water.
1972 - U.S. Congress passes Clean Water Act
1974 - U.S. Congress passes Save Drinking Water Act
1975 – Orange County Water District begins recharging groundwater by directly injecting
reclaimed water into underground aquifers.
1982 – Tucson mandates use of reclaimed water for golf courses, cemeteries, parks, and
school grounds.
1984 – Tucson Water reclaimed water system begins operation. First customers are U of
A farm and golf course.
1986 – Ocotillo Golf Course in Chandler, AZ begins operation using reclaimed water.
1992 – U.S. EPA and U.S. AID first publish Guidelines for Water Reuse
2004 – U.S. EPA and U.S. AID revise Guidelines for Water Reuse
2006 – City of Scottsdale achieves “Safe Yield” by recharging the same about of effluent
as they pull out in groundwater.
2007 – Great presentation: Understanding Reclaimed Water at LD West Conference!

Treatment Technologies


Understanding Treatment Technologies

Many Ways to

Reach the End!

Source: Water Reuse. Metcalf & Eddy, 2007

Understanding Treatment Technologies

Source: Water Recycling and Reuse: The Environmental Benefits. EPA


Primary Treatment
Screen and clarifiers


Secondary Treatment
Biological treatment (Aerobic/Anaerobic/anoxic treatment)
Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBR)
Trickling filters
Oxidation ditch
Plug flow
Deep ShaftTM
Specialized Activated sludge processes
Captor and Linpor
Kaldnes


Tertiary Treatment
Reverse Osmosis

Membrane Bioreactor

Advanced Oxidation


Tertiary Treatment
Filtration
Cloth
Disc
Diamond
Membranes
Micro – 0.1-10µm
Ultra – 0.01-0.03µm
Nano – 0.001-0.005µm
Reverse Osmosis – 0.0001-0.0005µm
Electrodialysis


Tertiary Treatment - Finishing

Disinfection
UV
Chlorine
Ozone
Granular Activated Carbon


Regulations


Federal Regulations

No federal regulations cover water reuse
Clean Water Act - 1972
Safe Drinking Water Act – 1974


Regulations / Guidelines
2004 U.S.EPA Guidelines for Water Reuse
Urban
Industrial
Agricultural
Recreation
Recharge
Case Studies

Many states have guidelines or regulations for the design and
operation of wastewater reuse facilities, but wide discretion in
interpreting EPA’s guidelines has resulted in standards that differ
significantly across the states.


California - Title 22
The California Department of Health
Services
water and treatment reliability criteria for
water recycling under Title 22, Chapter 4, of
the California Code of Regulations.

California Water Code Section 13550-
13556
states that using potable domestic water for
nonpotable uses, including cemeteries, golf
courses, parks, industrial and residential
irrigation, and toilet flushing, is an
unreasonable use of potable water if recycled
water is available.

Nevada
Nevada Administrative Code
Nevada Division of Environmental Quality
Water Technical Sheets
Clark County
Mandates reclaimed water on golf
courses
Eliminate decorative fountains
Commercial Properties


Colorado
Department of Public Health
and Environment
Regulation No. 84
– Category 1
– Category 2
– Category 3


Arizona Guidelines
Arizona Administrative Code
Title 18, Chapter 9 ARTICLE 7:
Direct Reuse of Reclaimed Water
Title 18, Chapter 11 Article 3:
Reclaimed Water Quality Standards
Basic Guidelines


Regulations – Tucson, AZ
Mandates
Any new Golf Course after January 1,
2007 shall utilize irrigation water, unless
otherwise exempted by the board of
supervisors.
Irrigation water: directly served
effluent, reclaimed water or Central
Arizona Project (CAP) water,
pursuant to Title 45, Chapter 3.1, Arizona
Revised Statutes.
Tucson Water Design Standards
Reclaimed Water System Design
Standards


Green
Potential LEED Points Available
Water Efficiency Credits
Credit 1.1: Water Efficient Landscaping: Reduce by 50%
Credit 1.2: Water Efficient Landscaping: No Potable Water Use or
No Irrigation
Credit 2: Innovative Wastewater Technologies
Credit 3.1: Water Use Reduction: 20% Reduction
Credit 3.2: Water Use Reduction: 30% Reduction


Where is the future of Reclaimed
Water?
Public perception
“Toilet to Tap”
Population Growth
Increasing Demand
Future Mandates


Questions and Answers

Thank you for attending.

For more detailed questions, please call Brandon Squire or
Doug Patriquin at 602-944-5500.


Understanding Reclaimed Water Ld West Conference

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