SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 5
Download to read offline
BIOLOGY
                                                                                                                   AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

                                             CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
                                                  Fourth Edition                                                   • Photosynthesis is the process by which
                                                                                                                     autotrophic organisms use light energy to make
   Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor
                                                                                                                     sugar and oxygen gas from carbon dioxide and
                                                                                                                     water
                               CHAPTER 7
                              Photosynthesis:
                         Using Light to Make Food
                                                                                                                                              Carbon             Water                             Glucose          Oxygen
                                                               Lecture 5                                                                      dioxide
                                                                                                                                                                              PHOTOSYNTHESIS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                     gas



                              From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
                                        Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
                                                                                                                   Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings




7.2 Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts                                                                           • The location and structure of chloroplasts
                                                                                                                                                                                                   Chloroplast

• In most plants, photosynthesis occurs primarily                                                                                                                         LEAF CROSS SECTION                       MESOPHYLL CELL

  in the leaves, in the chloroplasts                                                                                                                    LEAF


                                                                                                                                                                                                       Mesophyll

• A chloroplast contains:
        – stroma, a fluid
        – grana, stacks of thylakoids                                                                                                                                         CHLOROPLAST          Intermembrane space

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Outer

• The thylakoids contain chlorophyll
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                membrane




        – Chlorophyll is the green pigment that captures                                                                                                                            Granum                                      Inner
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                membrane
          light for photosynthesis                                                                                                        Grana               Stroma
                                                                                                                                                                                              Stroma                    Thylakoid
                                                                                                                   Figure 7.2                                                                             Thylakoid     compartment
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings                                           Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings




7.3 Plants produce O2 gas by splitting water
                                                                                                                                               Experiment 1




• The O2 liberated by photosynthesis is made
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Not
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      labeled
                                                                                                                                               Experiment 2
  from the oxygen in water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Labeled

                                                                                                                                    Figure 7.3B




                                                                                                                                                      Reactants:




                                                                                                                                                      Products:



                                       Figure 7.3A                                                                                  Figure 7.3C

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings                                           Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           1
7.4 Photosynthesis is a redox process, as is cellular                                                               7.5 Overview: Photosynthesis occurs in two stages
    respiration                                                                                                         linked by ATP and NADPH
• Water molecules are split apart and electrons                                                                     • The complete process of photosynthesis
  and H+ ions are removed, leaving O2 gas                                                                             consists of two linked sets of reactions:
        – These electrons and H+ ions are transferred to                                                                    – the light reactions and the Calvin cycle
          CO2, producing sugar
                                                                                                                    • The light reactions convert light energy to
                    Reduction
                                                                                                                      chemical energy and produce O2

                                                 Oxidation                                                          • The Calvin cycle assembles sugar molecules
  Figure 7.4A
                                                                                         Oxidation
                                                                                                                      from CO2 using the energy-carrying products of
                                                                                                                      the light reactions
                                                                                                        Reduction
                                                               Figure 7.4B

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings                                            Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings




 • An overview of photosynthesis                                                                                    THE LIGHT REACTIONS: CONVERTING
                                                                                                                    SOLAR ENERGY TO CHEMICAL ENERGY
                                                  H2 O                                       CO2                    7.6 Visible radiation drives the light reactions
                                                                           Chloroplast

                   Light
                                                                                                                    • Certain wavelengths of visible light drive the
                                                                           NADP+                                      light reactions of photosynthesis
                                                                            ADP
                                                                            + P
                                             LIGHT                                          CALVIN
                                          REACTIONS                                         CYCLE
                                           (in grana)                                     (in stroma)                                           Gamma                                                     Micro-   Radio
                                                                                                                                                                X-rays           UV            Infrared
                                                                                                                                                 rays                                                     waves    waves
                                                                            ATP
                                                       Ele
                                                          ctro             NADPH
                                                                 ns

                                                                                                                                                                                       Visible light


                                                  O2                                         Sugar

                                                                                                                                                                                    Wavelength (nm)
             Figure 7.5                                                                                                      Figure 7.6A

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings                                            Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings




                                                                                                                    7.7 Photosystems capture solar power

                                                                                          Reflected
                                                             Light                        light                     • Each of the many light-harvesting
                                                                                                                      photosystems consists of:
                    Chloroplast

                                                                                                                            – an “antenna” of chlorophyll and other pigment
                                                                                                                              molecules that absorb light
                                                                                                                            – a primary electron acceptor that receives excited
                                                                                                                              electrons from the reaction-center chlorophyll
                                           Absorbed
                                           light


                                                       Transmitted
                                                       light

                 Figure 7.6B

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings                                            Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings




                                                                                                                                                                                                                           2
• Excitation of
                                                     Primary
                                                electron acceptor                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Primary

                                                                                                                                                                                      chlorophyll in
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                electron acceptor


                                                                                                                                                                                      a chloroplast

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Other
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     compounds


                                                                                                                                           PHOTOSYSTEM
               Photon

                                                                                                     Reaction center




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Photon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Chlorophyll
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       molecule
                                                                                                            Pigment
                                                                                                            molecules
                                                                                                            of antenna
        Figure 7.7C                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Figure 7.7B

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings                                                                                                           Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings




7.8 In the light reactions, electron transport chains
    generate ATP, NADPH, and O2
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Where do the electrons come from that keep
• Two connected photosystems collect photons of                                                                                                                                       the light reactions running?
  light and transfer the energy to chlorophyll                                                                                                                                      • In photosystem I, electrons from the bottom of
  electrons                                                                                                                                                                           the cascade pass into its P700 chlorophyll
• The excited electrons are passed from the
  primary electron acceptor to electron transport
  chains
        – Their energy ends up in ATP and NADPH



Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings                                                                                                           Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings




 • Photosystem II regains electrons by splitting                                                                                                                                   THE CALVIN CYCLE:
                                                                                                                                                                                   CONVERTING CO2 TO SUGARS
   water, leaving O2 gas as a by-product
                                                                                                                                                                                   7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the
                                                                                                                             El

                                                                                                              Primary
                                                                                                                                ec
                                                                                                                                     tro
                                                                                                                                           n
                                                                                                                                               tra
                                                                                                                                                                                        Calvin cycle
                                                                                                         electron acceptor                           ns
                                                                                                                                                        p   or
                                                                                                                                                              t

                                                                                                                                                                                   • The Calvin cycle occurs
                        Primary                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         INPUT
                   electron acceptor                        El
                                                               ec
                                                                    tro
                                                                          n
                                                                              tra
                                                                                    ns
                                                                                       p
                                                                                                                                                                                     in the chloroplast’s
                                                                                           or
                                                                                             tc
                                                                                                  ha
                                                                                                    in                                                                               stroma
                                                                                                                                                            Photons                        – This is where carbon                                                                                    CALVIN
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     CYCLE
                                                                                                                                                                                             fixation takes place and
                                                           Energy for                                                                                                                        sugar is manufactured
                                                          synthesis of
                                                                                                          PHOTOSYSTEM I


                    PHOTOSYSTEM II                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         OUTPUT:
                                                     by chemiosmosis                                                                                                  Figure 7.8                                                                                       Figure 7.10A

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings                                                                                                           Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 3
• Details of the
 • The Calvin cycle constructs G3P using                                                                                                      Calvin cycle                                                                  INPUT:        3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              CO2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    In a reaction catalyzed by
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    rubisco, 3 molecules of CO2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    are fixed.


         – carbon from atmospheric CO2                                                                                                          Step 1 Carbon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1
                                                                                                                                                fixation.
         – electrons and H+ from NADPH
                                                                                                                                                                                                               3 P                        P              6               P
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           RuBP                                  3-PGA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             6   ATP
                                                                                                                                                                                                         3 ADP
         – energy from ATP                                                                                                                      Step 2 Energy
                                                                                                                                                consumption and redox.                                                                                                       6 ADP + P
                                                                                                                                                                                                        3     ATP                         CALVIN             2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  4       CYCLE                              6 NADPH
 • Energy-rich sugar is then converted into                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  6 NADP+
   glucose                                                                                                                                      Step 3 Release of one
                                                                                                                                                molecule of G3P.                                                       5          P                      6               P
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           G3P                                   G3P
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               3


                                                                                                                                                Step 4 Regeneration
                                                                                                                                                of RuBP.                                                                                                                 Glucose
                                                                                                                                                                                                                       OUTPUT:        1              P                   and other
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              G3P
                                                                                                                                                                                                        Figure 7.10B
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings                                                                   Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings




PHOTOSYNTHESIS REVIEWED AND
EXTENDED
                                                                                                                                            • Many plants make more sugar than they need
7.11 Review: Photosynthesis uses light energy to
     make food molecules                                                                                                                            – The excess is stored in roots, tuber, and fruits
• A summary                                                                                                                                         – These are a major source of food for animals
  of the
                                                                                                 Chloroplast

                                                Light
  chemical
  processes                                                                 Photosystem II
                                                                               Electron

  of photo-
                                                                              transport                        CALVIN
                                                                                chains                         CYCLE      Stroma
                                                                            Photosystem I


  synthesis                                                                          Ele
                                                                                         ctr   ons

                                                                                                                             Cellular
                                                                                                                             respiration
                                                                                                                             Cellulose
                                                                                                                             Starch
                                                                                                                              Other
                                                                           LIGHT REACTIONS                 CALVIN CYCLE       organic
                                                 Figure 7.11                                                                  compounds


Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings                                                                   Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings




7.12 C4 and CAM plants have special adaptations
     that save water                                                                                                                        • Leaf cross section

• Most plants are C3 plants, which take CO2
  directly from the air and use it in the Calvin
  cycle
        – In these types of plants, stomata on the leaf
          surface close when the weather is hot

        – This causes a drop in CO2 and an increase in
          O2 in the leaf
                                                                                                                                                                                                               • Stomata, open and closed
        – Photorespiration may then occur

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings                                                                   Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         4
• Photorespiration in a C3 plant                                                                            • Some plants have special adaptations that
                                                                                                               enable them to save water
                                                                                                                     – Special cells in C4
                                                                                                                       plants—corn and
                                                                                                                       sugarcane—incorporate                                                          4-C compound

                                                                      CALVIN                                           CO2 into a four-carbon
                                                                      CYCLE
                                                                                                                       molecule
                                                                                                                     – This molecule can then
                                                                                                                       donate CO2 to the                                                                  CALVIN
                                                                 2-C compound
                                                                                                                       Calvin cycle                                                                       CYCLE




                                Figure 7.12A                                                                                                                                           Figure 7.12B
                                                                                                                                                                                                         3-C sugar

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings                                    Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings




 • The CAM plants—pineapples, most cacti, and
   succulents—employ a different mechanism
         – They open their
           stomata at night and
           make a four-carbon
                                                                                             4-C compound
           compound                                                                  Night



         – It is used as a CO2                                                       Day

           source by the same cell
           during the day                                                                       CALVIN
                                                                                                CYCLE




                                                                                               3-C sugar
                                                                      Figure 7.12C

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings




                                                                                                                                                                                                                     5

More Related Content

What's hot

polyaniline nanofiber based pH sensors
polyaniline nanofiber  based pH sensorspolyaniline nanofiber  based pH sensors
polyaniline nanofiber based pH sensorsSanwarHossain10
 
Short Lifetimes of Light Emitting Polymers
Short Lifetimes of Light Emitting PolymersShort Lifetimes of Light Emitting Polymers
Short Lifetimes of Light Emitting PolymersJeffrey Gold
 
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MDMO-PPV AND MDMO-PPV/ [6,6]-PHENYL C61-BUTYRIC ACID 3-...
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MDMO-PPV AND MDMO-PPV/ [6,6]-PHENYL C61-BUTYRIC ACID 3-...OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MDMO-PPV AND MDMO-PPV/ [6,6]-PHENYL C61-BUTYRIC ACID 3-...
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MDMO-PPV AND MDMO-PPV/ [6,6]-PHENYL C61-BUTYRIC ACID 3-...ijoejournal
 
Synthesis and properties of Polyaniline
Synthesis and properties of PolyanilineSynthesis and properties of Polyaniline
Synthesis and properties of PolyanilineAwad Albalwi
 
Innovative Phosphorous Removal and Recovery Strategies
Innovative Phosphorous Removal and Recovery StrategiesInnovative Phosphorous Removal and Recovery Strategies
Innovative Phosphorous Removal and Recovery StrategiesWaterWeUpTo
 
Journal of Brazilian Chemical Society
Journal of Brazilian Chemical SocietyJournal of Brazilian Chemical Society
Journal of Brazilian Chemical SocietyRafael Cossiello
 
Formation of Porphyrin Nanowires via Beta-Cyclodextrin-Adamantane Host-Guest ...
Formation of Porphyrin Nanowires via Beta-Cyclodextrin-Adamantane Host-Guest ...Formation of Porphyrin Nanowires via Beta-Cyclodextrin-Adamantane Host-Guest ...
Formation of Porphyrin Nanowires via Beta-Cyclodextrin-Adamantane Host-Guest ...Logan Fenimore
 
Adsorption characteristics of a cationic porphyrin on nanoclay at various pH
Adsorption characteristics of a cationic porphyrin on nanoclay at various pHAdsorption characteristics of a cationic porphyrin on nanoclay at various pH
Adsorption characteristics of a cationic porphyrin on nanoclay at various pHZachary Rice
 
AP Bio Ch 7 Photosynthesis PPT
AP Bio Ch 7 Photosynthesis PPTAP Bio Ch 7 Photosynthesis PPT
AP Bio Ch 7 Photosynthesis PPTzernwoman
 
Liu_et_al-2012-Chemistry_-_A_European_Journal
Liu_et_al-2012-Chemistry_-_A_European_JournalLiu_et_al-2012-Chemistry_-_A_European_Journal
Liu_et_al-2012-Chemistry_-_A_European_JournalXihan Chen
 
Kim pol
Kim polKim pol
Kim polElyn R
 
New J. Chem., 2015,39, 931-937
New J. Chem., 2015,39, 931-937New J. Chem., 2015,39, 931-937
New J. Chem., 2015,39, 931-937Sedigheh Abedi
 
Chemical and electrochem method of synthesis of polyaniline and polythiophene...
Chemical and electrochem method of synthesis of polyaniline and polythiophene...Chemical and electrochem method of synthesis of polyaniline and polythiophene...
Chemical and electrochem method of synthesis of polyaniline and polythiophene...Mugilan Narayanasamy
 

What's hot (19)

A dendronised polymer for bulk heterojunction solar cells
A dendronised polymer for bulk heterojunction solar cellsA dendronised polymer for bulk heterojunction solar cells
A dendronised polymer for bulk heterojunction solar cells
 
polyaniline nanofiber based pH sensors
polyaniline nanofiber  based pH sensorspolyaniline nanofiber  based pH sensors
polyaniline nanofiber based pH sensors
 
Short Lifetimes of Light Emitting Polymers
Short Lifetimes of Light Emitting PolymersShort Lifetimes of Light Emitting Polymers
Short Lifetimes of Light Emitting Polymers
 
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MDMO-PPV AND MDMO-PPV/ [6,6]-PHENYL C61-BUTYRIC ACID 3-...
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MDMO-PPV AND MDMO-PPV/ [6,6]-PHENYL C61-BUTYRIC ACID 3-...OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MDMO-PPV AND MDMO-PPV/ [6,6]-PHENYL C61-BUTYRIC ACID 3-...
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MDMO-PPV AND MDMO-PPV/ [6,6]-PHENYL C61-BUTYRIC ACID 3-...
 
Synthesis and properties of Polyaniline
Synthesis and properties of PolyanilineSynthesis and properties of Polyaniline
Synthesis and properties of Polyaniline
 
Innovative Phosphorous Removal and Recovery Strategies
Innovative Phosphorous Removal and Recovery StrategiesInnovative Phosphorous Removal and Recovery Strategies
Innovative Phosphorous Removal and Recovery Strategies
 
8 7. photosynthesis
8 7. photosynthesis8 7. photosynthesis
8 7. photosynthesis
 
Journal of Brazilian Chemical Society
Journal of Brazilian Chemical SocietyJournal of Brazilian Chemical Society
Journal of Brazilian Chemical Society
 
Formation of Porphyrin Nanowires via Beta-Cyclodextrin-Adamantane Host-Guest ...
Formation of Porphyrin Nanowires via Beta-Cyclodextrin-Adamantane Host-Guest ...Formation of Porphyrin Nanowires via Beta-Cyclodextrin-Adamantane Host-Guest ...
Formation of Porphyrin Nanowires via Beta-Cyclodextrin-Adamantane Host-Guest ...
 
OBC
OBCOBC
OBC
 
Adsorption characteristics of a cationic porphyrin on nanoclay at various pH
Adsorption characteristics of a cationic porphyrin on nanoclay at various pHAdsorption characteristics of a cationic porphyrin on nanoclay at various pH
Adsorption characteristics of a cationic porphyrin on nanoclay at various pH
 
AP Bio Ch 7 Photosynthesis PPT
AP Bio Ch 7 Photosynthesis PPTAP Bio Ch 7 Photosynthesis PPT
AP Bio Ch 7 Photosynthesis PPT
 
Liu_et_al-2012-Chemistry_-_A_European_Journal
Liu_et_al-2012-Chemistry_-_A_European_JournalLiu_et_al-2012-Chemistry_-_A_European_Journal
Liu_et_al-2012-Chemistry_-_A_European_Journal
 
Koti
KotiKoti
Koti
 
SIRFinalPaper1
SIRFinalPaper1SIRFinalPaper1
SIRFinalPaper1
 
Kim pol
Kim polKim pol
Kim pol
 
New J. Chem., 2015,39, 931-937
New J. Chem., 2015,39, 931-937New J. Chem., 2015,39, 931-937
New J. Chem., 2015,39, 931-937
 
Chemical and electrochem method of synthesis of polyaniline and polythiophene...
Chemical and electrochem method of synthesis of polyaniline and polythiophene...Chemical and electrochem method of synthesis of polyaniline and polythiophene...
Chemical and electrochem method of synthesis of polyaniline and polythiophene...
 
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
 

Viewers also liked

AVReporter Schneider Electric M221 plc impulse counter
AVReporter Schneider Electric M221 plc impulse counterAVReporter Schneider Electric M221 plc impulse counter
AVReporter Schneider Electric M221 plc impulse counterAvreporter KONsys
 
Russell Hancock about Silicon Valley 10-10-2011 at AIM event
Russell Hancock about Silicon Valley 10-10-2011 at AIM eventRussell Hancock about Silicon Valley 10-10-2011 at AIM event
Russell Hancock about Silicon Valley 10-10-2011 at AIM eventKennisKring Amsterdam
 
Product & Marketing Portfolio 2013
Product & Marketing Portfolio 2013Product & Marketing Portfolio 2013
Product & Marketing Portfolio 2013Zain Master
 
Blank book presentation1
Blank book presentation1Blank book presentation1
Blank book presentation1catherineca
 
FrontEnd Conf Zurich 2013
FrontEnd Conf Zurich 2013FrontEnd Conf Zurich 2013
FrontEnd Conf Zurich 2013John Peebles
 
Hien phap my duoc lam ra nhu the nao nguyen canh binh
Hien phap my duoc lam ra nhu the nao  nguyen canh binhHien phap my duoc lam ra nhu the nao  nguyen canh binh
Hien phap my duoc lam ra nhu the nao nguyen canh binhNguyen Tuan
 
Presentatie overgang Gerritje de Booij
Presentatie overgang Gerritje de BooijPresentatie overgang Gerritje de Booij
Presentatie overgang Gerritje de BooijIneke Zweers
 
Reasearch contents pages newest
Reasearch contents pages newestReasearch contents pages newest
Reasearch contents pages newestkellyben123
 
NEW NIGERIA DEVELOPMENT COMPANY PRESENTATION
NEW NIGERIA DEVELOPMENT COMPANY PRESENTATIONNEW NIGERIA DEVELOPMENT COMPANY PRESENTATION
NEW NIGERIA DEVELOPMENT COMPANY PRESENTATIONOsa Okundaye Odmd
 
Building Strategic Thinking Capacity at Microsoft - Lesson Learned
Building Strategic Thinking Capacity at Microsoft - Lesson LearnedBuilding Strategic Thinking Capacity at Microsoft - Lesson Learned
Building Strategic Thinking Capacity at Microsoft - Lesson LearnedKaihan Krippendorff
 
Evaluation 1
Evaluation 1Evaluation 1
Evaluation 1EDPRICE93
 
Document Capture Technologies, Inc. ($DCMT), Third Quarter 2011 Update
Document Capture Technologies, Inc. ($DCMT), Third Quarter 2011 UpdateDocument Capture Technologies, Inc. ($DCMT), Third Quarter 2011 Update
Document Capture Technologies, Inc. ($DCMT), Third Quarter 2011 UpdateProActive Capital Resources Group
 
éRase una vez
éRase una vezéRase una vez
éRase una vezamapola08
 

Viewers also liked (20)

AVReporter Schneider Electric M221 plc impulse counter
AVReporter Schneider Electric M221 plc impulse counterAVReporter Schneider Electric M221 plc impulse counter
AVReporter Schneider Electric M221 plc impulse counter
 
16
1616
16
 
Russell Hancock about Silicon Valley 10-10-2011 at AIM event
Russell Hancock about Silicon Valley 10-10-2011 at AIM eventRussell Hancock about Silicon Valley 10-10-2011 at AIM event
Russell Hancock about Silicon Valley 10-10-2011 at AIM event
 
Debt Resolve (OTCBB: DRSV) - White Paper - July 2011
Debt Resolve (OTCBB: DRSV) - White Paper - July 2011Debt Resolve (OTCBB: DRSV) - White Paper - July 2011
Debt Resolve (OTCBB: DRSV) - White Paper - July 2011
 
Product & Marketing Portfolio 2013
Product & Marketing Portfolio 2013Product & Marketing Portfolio 2013
Product & Marketing Portfolio 2013
 
Blank book presentation1
Blank book presentation1Blank book presentation1
Blank book presentation1
 
FrontEnd Conf Zurich 2013
FrontEnd Conf Zurich 2013FrontEnd Conf Zurich 2013
FrontEnd Conf Zurich 2013
 
Hien phap my duoc lam ra nhu the nao nguyen canh binh
Hien phap my duoc lam ra nhu the nao  nguyen canh binhHien phap my duoc lam ra nhu the nao  nguyen canh binh
Hien phap my duoc lam ra nhu the nao nguyen canh binh
 
VTUS Feb 2012 bio presentation
VTUS Feb 2012 bio presentationVTUS Feb 2012 bio presentation
VTUS Feb 2012 bio presentation
 
Arcis Exec Summary
Arcis Exec Summary Arcis Exec Summary
Arcis Exec Summary
 
VTUS Cowen Final March 2012
VTUS Cowen Final March 2012VTUS Cowen Final March 2012
VTUS Cowen Final March 2012
 
Presentatie overgang Gerritje de Booij
Presentatie overgang Gerritje de BooijPresentatie overgang Gerritje de Booij
Presentatie overgang Gerritje de Booij
 
Reasearch contents pages newest
Reasearch contents pages newestReasearch contents pages newest
Reasearch contents pages newest
 
NEW NIGERIA DEVELOPMENT COMPANY PRESENTATION
NEW NIGERIA DEVELOPMENT COMPANY PRESENTATIONNEW NIGERIA DEVELOPMENT COMPANY PRESENTATION
NEW NIGERIA DEVELOPMENT COMPANY PRESENTATION
 
Building Strategic Thinking Capacity at Microsoft - Lesson Learned
Building Strategic Thinking Capacity at Microsoft - Lesson LearnedBuilding Strategic Thinking Capacity at Microsoft - Lesson Learned
Building Strategic Thinking Capacity at Microsoft - Lesson Learned
 
Daily Dose Equities - Exosomes from human cd34
Daily Dose Equities - Exosomes from human cd34Daily Dose Equities - Exosomes from human cd34
Daily Dose Equities - Exosomes from human cd34
 
Evaluation 1
Evaluation 1Evaluation 1
Evaluation 1
 
MHCC Web Business Plan 12 20-2011
MHCC Web Business Plan 12 20-2011MHCC Web Business Plan 12 20-2011
MHCC Web Business Plan 12 20-2011
 
Document Capture Technologies, Inc. ($DCMT), Third Quarter 2011 Update
Document Capture Technologies, Inc. ($DCMT), Third Quarter 2011 UpdateDocument Capture Technologies, Inc. ($DCMT), Third Quarter 2011 Update
Document Capture Technologies, Inc. ($DCMT), Third Quarter 2011 Update
 
éRase una vez
éRase una vezéRase una vez
éRase una vez
 

Similar to Bio

Similar to Bio (15)

Photosynthesis
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
Photosynthesis
 
Photosynthesis
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
Photosynthesis
 
Chapter-10-Photosynthesis.ppt
Chapter-10-Photosynthesis.pptChapter-10-Photosynthesis.ppt
Chapter-10-Photosynthesis.ppt
 
10_Lecture_Presentation.ppt
10_Lecture_Presentation.ppt10_Lecture_Presentation.ppt
10_Lecture_Presentation.ppt
 
10_Lecture_Presentation.pptx
10_Lecture_Presentation.pptx10_Lecture_Presentation.pptx
10_Lecture_Presentation.pptx
 
10 photosynthesis
10 photosynthesis10 photosynthesis
10 photosynthesis
 
Chapter10 photosynthesis-151125144911-lva1-app6892
Chapter10 photosynthesis-151125144911-lva1-app6892Chapter10 photosynthesis-151125144911-lva1-app6892
Chapter10 photosynthesis-151125144911-lva1-app6892
 
Chapter10 photosynthesis-151125144911-lva1-app6892
Chapter10 photosynthesis-151125144911-lva1-app6892Chapter10 photosynthesis-151125144911-lva1-app6892
Chapter10 photosynthesis-151125144911-lva1-app6892
 
Chloroplasts pigments
Chloroplasts pigmentsChloroplasts pigments
Chloroplasts pigments
 
Chloroplasts
ChloroplastsChloroplasts
Chloroplasts
 
7th.ch4.sect1.photosynthesis
7th.ch4.sect1.photosynthesis7th.ch4.sect1.photosynthesis
7th.ch4.sect1.photosynthesis
 
Photosynthesis
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
Photosynthesis
 
Photosynthesis
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
Photosynthesis
 
Doubled sided revision poster
Doubled sided revision posterDoubled sided revision poster
Doubled sided revision poster
 
CHLOROPLAST AND CHLOROPHYLL
CHLOROPLAST AND CHLOROPHYLLCHLOROPLAST AND CHLOROPHYLL
CHLOROPLAST AND CHLOROPHYLL
 

Recently uploaded

3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptxmary850239
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxiammrhaywood
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRATanmoy Mishra
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphNetziValdelomar1
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentXsasf Sfdfasd
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICESayali Powar
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesCeline George
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational PhilosophyShuvankar Madhu
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxraviapr7
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptxSandy Millin
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepobaje godwin sunday
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.raviapr7
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxraviapr7
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxDr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxSaurabhParmar42
 

Recently uploaded (20)

3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and step
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
 

Bio

  • 1. BIOLOGY AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition • Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophic organisms use light energy to make Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor sugar and oxygen gas from carbon dioxide and water CHAPTER 7 Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food Carbon Water Glucose Oxygen Lecture 5 dioxide PHOTOSYNTHESIS gas From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 7.2 Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts • The location and structure of chloroplasts Chloroplast • In most plants, photosynthesis occurs primarily LEAF CROSS SECTION MESOPHYLL CELL in the leaves, in the chloroplasts LEAF Mesophyll • A chloroplast contains: – stroma, a fluid – grana, stacks of thylakoids CHLOROPLAST Intermembrane space Outer • The thylakoids contain chlorophyll membrane – Chlorophyll is the green pigment that captures Granum Inner membrane light for photosynthesis Grana Stroma Stroma Thylakoid Figure 7.2 Thylakoid compartment Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 7.3 Plants produce O2 gas by splitting water Experiment 1 • The O2 liberated by photosynthesis is made Not labeled Experiment 2 from the oxygen in water Labeled Figure 7.3B Reactants: Products: Figure 7.3A Figure 7.3C Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1
  • 2. 7.4 Photosynthesis is a redox process, as is cellular 7.5 Overview: Photosynthesis occurs in two stages respiration linked by ATP and NADPH • Water molecules are split apart and electrons • The complete process of photosynthesis and H+ ions are removed, leaving O2 gas consists of two linked sets of reactions: – These electrons and H+ ions are transferred to – the light reactions and the Calvin cycle CO2, producing sugar • The light reactions convert light energy to Reduction chemical energy and produce O2 Oxidation • The Calvin cycle assembles sugar molecules Figure 7.4A Oxidation from CO2 using the energy-carrying products of the light reactions Reduction Figure 7.4B Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • An overview of photosynthesis THE LIGHT REACTIONS: CONVERTING SOLAR ENERGY TO CHEMICAL ENERGY H2 O CO2 7.6 Visible radiation drives the light reactions Chloroplast Light • Certain wavelengths of visible light drive the NADP+ light reactions of photosynthesis ADP + P LIGHT CALVIN REACTIONS CYCLE (in grana) (in stroma) Gamma Micro- Radio X-rays UV Infrared rays waves waves ATP Ele ctro NADPH ns Visible light O2 Sugar Wavelength (nm) Figure 7.5 Figure 7.6A Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 7.7 Photosystems capture solar power Reflected Light light • Each of the many light-harvesting photosystems consists of: Chloroplast – an “antenna” of chlorophyll and other pigment molecules that absorb light – a primary electron acceptor that receives excited electrons from the reaction-center chlorophyll Absorbed light Transmitted light Figure 7.6B Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 2
  • 3. • Excitation of Primary electron acceptor Primary chlorophyll in electron acceptor a chloroplast Other compounds PHOTOSYSTEM Photon Reaction center Photon Chlorophyll molecule Pigment molecules of antenna Figure 7.7C Figure 7.7B Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 7.8 In the light reactions, electron transport chains generate ATP, NADPH, and O2 • Where do the electrons come from that keep • Two connected photosystems collect photons of the light reactions running? light and transfer the energy to chlorophyll • In photosystem I, electrons from the bottom of electrons the cascade pass into its P700 chlorophyll • The excited electrons are passed from the primary electron acceptor to electron transport chains – Their energy ends up in ATP and NADPH Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Photosystem II regains electrons by splitting THE CALVIN CYCLE: CONVERTING CO2 TO SUGARS water, leaving O2 gas as a by-product 7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the El Primary ec tro n tra Calvin cycle electron acceptor ns p or t • The Calvin cycle occurs Primary INPUT electron acceptor El ec tro n tra ns p in the chloroplast’s or tc ha in stroma Photons – This is where carbon CALVIN CYCLE fixation takes place and Energy for sugar is manufactured synthesis of PHOTOSYSTEM I PHOTOSYSTEM II OUTPUT: by chemiosmosis Figure 7.8 Figure 7.10A Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 3
  • 4. • Details of the • The Calvin cycle constructs G3P using Calvin cycle INPUT: 3 CO2 In a reaction catalyzed by rubisco, 3 molecules of CO2 are fixed. – carbon from atmospheric CO2 Step 1 Carbon 1 fixation. – electrons and H+ from NADPH 3 P P 6 P RuBP 3-PGA 6 ATP 3 ADP – energy from ATP Step 2 Energy consumption and redox. 6 ADP + P 3 ATP CALVIN 2 4 CYCLE 6 NADPH • Energy-rich sugar is then converted into 6 NADP+ glucose Step 3 Release of one molecule of G3P. 5 P 6 P G3P G3P 3 Step 4 Regeneration of RuBP. Glucose OUTPUT: 1 P and other compounds G3P Figure 7.10B Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings PHOTOSYNTHESIS REVIEWED AND EXTENDED • Many plants make more sugar than they need 7.11 Review: Photosynthesis uses light energy to make food molecules – The excess is stored in roots, tuber, and fruits • A summary – These are a major source of food for animals of the Chloroplast Light chemical processes Photosystem II Electron of photo- transport CALVIN chains CYCLE Stroma Photosystem I synthesis Ele ctr ons Cellular respiration Cellulose Starch Other LIGHT REACTIONS CALVIN CYCLE organic Figure 7.11 compounds Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 7.12 C4 and CAM plants have special adaptations that save water • Leaf cross section • Most plants are C3 plants, which take CO2 directly from the air and use it in the Calvin cycle – In these types of plants, stomata on the leaf surface close when the weather is hot – This causes a drop in CO2 and an increase in O2 in the leaf • Stomata, open and closed – Photorespiration may then occur Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4
  • 5. • Photorespiration in a C3 plant • Some plants have special adaptations that enable them to save water – Special cells in C4 plants—corn and sugarcane—incorporate 4-C compound CALVIN CO2 into a four-carbon CYCLE molecule – This molecule can then donate CO2 to the CALVIN 2-C compound Calvin cycle CYCLE Figure 7.12A Figure 7.12B 3-C sugar Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The CAM plants—pineapples, most cacti, and succulents—employ a different mechanism – They open their stomata at night and make a four-carbon 4-C compound compound Night – It is used as a CO2 Day source by the same cell during the day CALVIN CYCLE 3-C sugar Figure 7.12C Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 5