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Insurance Coverage for IP Claims under
I         C          f    Cl i     d
CGL Advertising Injury Provisions
July 24, 2012



                        © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
Presenter
  Richard D. Porotsky, Jr., Esq.
  Ri h d D P t k J E
  Cincinnati ^ 513.977.8256
  richard.porotsky@dinslaw.com




                                   © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
CGL Insurance Coverage for IP Claims

Possible duty to defend as “advertising injury”
   patent, trademark, trade dress, copyright, misappropriation
    trade secrets


“litigation explosion“

“Riddle wrapped up in a mystery inside an
 enigma”
    Hartford Cas v SoftwareMedia com 2012 U S Dist LEXIS 38731*30 (D Utah Mar
              Cas. v. SoftwareMedia.com,   U.S.           38731 30 (D. Utah, Mar.
     20, 2012) (citing W. Churchill)




                                              © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
CGL Coverage for Intellectual Property (IP) Claims


Which types of IP cases covered by CGL policies?
      as opposed to separate IP insurance
      always send to the insurer!


What facts and allegations are important?

What is the impact of rules on duty to defend?

What is the effect of recent policy revisions?
                              polic re isions?



                                      © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
Brief Overview of the Duty to Defend
   e O e e o t e uty           ee d


Duty to Defend Suits -- Very Broad
  Defend under reservation of rights if need investigation
  One claim-all claims rule
  Scope of the pleadings rule




                                 © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
Duty to Defend ‘98 ISO Form: Coverage B
          Personal and Advertising Injury Liability




                            © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
Details o t e Duty to Defend
 eta s of the uty      ee d

One claim-all claims rule:
    insurer required to defend "both" a covered negligence claim and
     noncovered intentional tort claim

    Preferred Mutual Ins Co v Thompson (1986) 23 Ohio St 3d 78
                      Ins. Co. v.       (1986),        St.3d


Applied to recent IP case
  pp
    Trade dress, unfair competition, and breach of contract

    Bridge Metal Industries, LLC, et al. v. The Travelers, 812 F. Supp.2d
         g                  ,    ,                        ,          pp
     527, 535 (S.D.N.Y. 2011)




                                            © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
Details o t e Duty to Defend
 eta s of the uty      ee d
“Scope of the pleadings” rule:
   Where
  “Where . . . the allegations do state a claim which is
   potentially or arguably within the policy coverage, or
   there is some doubt . . ., the insurer must [defend].”
     City of Willoughby Hills v. Cinti Ins. Co. (1984), 9 Ohio St.3d 177, 459
      N.E.2d 555, syl. (intentional defamation).



Applied to recent IP case
  Complaint “Liberally co st ued
   Co p a t be a y construed”
  Defend unless “no possible factual or legal basis”
      Bridge Metal, 812 F.Supp.2d at 535 (trade dress, unfair comp).




                                                        © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
Details o Duty to Defend
  eta s of uty      ee d

But the duty is not limitless
   No duty if allegations “indisputably outside” scope of coverage
      Cincinnati Ins. Co. v. Anders, 99 Ohio St.3d 156, 2003-Ohio-3048, ¶¶ 21
       & 51 (homeowner’s negligent failure to disclose defect)
            (homeowner s                               defect).


Applied to recent IP case:
   No duty where allegations show no coverage exists
   “Conclusory ‘buzz words’ . . . Insufficient”
      James River Ins. Co. v. Bodywell Nutrition, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
        16402, *6 (S.D. Fla., Feb. 1, 2012) (excluding trade mark; no
           g )
        slogan)


                                            © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
Coverage Content -- ISO Form -- 1986 Terms

 “Advertising injury” means injury arising out of one
  Advertising injury
    of more of the following offenses:
    a.
    a Oral or written publication…that slanders or libels …
                      publication that
    b. …that violates a person’s right of privacy
    c. Misappropriation of advertising ideas or style of
       doing business; or
    d. Infringement of copyright, title or slogan.




                                   © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
CGL Insurance Coverage for Patent Infringement?

Early Boundaries Drawn – Patent Infringement
   Synergystex Internat'l, Inc. v. Motorist's Mut. Ins.,
    Medina Ohio App. No. 2290-M (1994 WL 395626)
      1986 ISO form – no patent
      Patent infringement = “make, use, or sell,” not advertising
      No duty to defend

   Weiss v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. (6th Cir. 2002),
    283 F.3d 790, 797-98
                 ,
      Follows Synergystex
      No duty to defend



                                         © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
Creative, Newer Arguments re Patent Claims

Hyundai Motor Am. v. Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co.,
                      Nat l
 600 F.3d 1092, 1101 (9th Cir. 2010):
  "infringement of a patented advertising method could
   constitute a misappropriation of advertising ideas“
  Unique case -- Duty to defend patent claim


Dish Network Corp. et al. v. Arch Speciality Ins.,
 et al 659 F 3d 1010 (10th Cir 2011)
    al.,   F.3d            Cir.
  Same – requires a defense


                               © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
Proving Coverage as Advertising Injury


Elements required for coverage as “Advertising Injury”
                                   Advertising Injury

        (1)      an enumerated offense
        (2)      advertising activity
        (3)      causal connection / nexus
        (4)      no applicable exclusions


-Westfield Cos v OKL Can Line (1st Dist.), 155 Ohio App 3d 747 804 N E 2d 45
           Cos. v.                   Dist )         App.3d 747,    N.E.2d 45,
   2003-Ohio-7151, ¶ 12; SoftwareMedia.com, 2012 U.S. Dist LEXIS 38731,*30;
   Bridge Metal, 812 F.Supp. 2d at 536




                                               © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
Case Study: Westfield v. OKL

                             COMPLAINT
                       (in the underlying matter)
 Plaintiff Alcoa alleges:
 1. This is an action for patent infringement arising under the
 Patent Laws of the United States, 35 U.S.C. §§ 271 et seq.; for
 federal unfair competition arising under the Trademark (Lanham) Act
 of 1946, as amended, 15 U S C §§ 1121 and 1125; and for unfair
    1946     amended       U.S.C.
 competition under the common law…
                                  ***
 3. Defendant . . . (“OKL”) . . . is engaged in the business of
 manufacturing, marketing, servicing, and selling equipment for use
 with machinery used in the production of aluminum cans. . .



                                         © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
9. By about 1993, Alcoa had developed and was
manufacturing, marketing, and selling retrofit products,
including the ribbed, swept-box shaped, liquid bearing ram
support . . .


10. Alcoa’s can b d
10 Al       ’     bodymaking machines containing th
                         ki       hi        t i i the
ribbed swept-box shaped fluid bearing ram support and its
retrofit and remanufactured products were and are
appropriately marked with the ‘167 and ‘131 patent
                               167      131
numbers pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 287.




                                    © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
12.
12 OKL has manufactured and sold . . . retrofit products
                                                 products,
and particularly the ribbed swept-box shaped liquid bearing
ram support, without license . . .
                           ***
13. The retrofit and remanufactured liquid bearing ram
supports marketed and sold by OKL and Palmer-Tech are
not marked with any OKL insignia or other marking
identifying OKL as the source of the products. The OKL
liquid bearing ram supports are confusingly similar in
appearance, shape, and design to the liquid bearing ram
support marketed by Alcoa . . .




                                      © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
COUNT I
    PATENT INFRINGEMENT -- ‘167 PATENT
14.
14 Alcoa realleges and incorporates by reference
ach of the allegations of Paragraphs 1-13 above as if
fully set forth herein.


                        ***
                    COUNT III
       FEDERAL UNFAIR COMPETITION
24. Alcoa realleges and incorporates by reference
ach of the allegations of Paragraphs 1 13 above as if
                                     1-13
fully set forth herein.



                                 © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
27. The O . . . products, by reason of their identical distinctive
2         OKL                              f
features and similar overall configuration, create a false
description, representation, or designation of origin, and results in
either actual confusion or a likelihood of confusion among
members of the purchasing public . . .
     b      f h      h i        bli


28. Aware of Alcoa’s trade dress rights and in willful disregard
                                     g                        g
thereof, OKL intentionally and illegally copied the distinctive
features and configuration of Alcoa’s [product].


29. As a result of OKL’s and Palmer-Tech’s wrongful acts, Alcoa
has been damaged by loss of sales, revenues, and profits, and
loss of business reputation and diminished goodwill among the
purchasers and potential purchasers of OKL [products] . .
                                            [products].




                                         © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
Prong #1 – Enumeration under OKL’s 1998 ISO Form

“14. “Personal and advertising injury” means injury . . . arising out of:

                                   * * *

   d. Oral or written publication of material that slanders or libels

   e.   . . . th t violates a person’s right of privacy;
              that i l t            ’ i ht f i

   f. . . . use of another’s advertising idea in your “advertisement”; or

  g. Infringing upon another’s copyright, trade dress or slogan in
  your ‘advertisement’.”




                                           © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
Prong #2 -- Advertisement / Advertising in OKL case

 Allegations of advertising ?
    “marketing” and customer “confusion”
    “Trade-dress infringement necessarily involves advertising
      Trade-dress                                   advertising”

        Westfield v. OKL, at ¶ ¶ 15-17; see also Bridge Metal, at 542.



Allegation of “Advertisement” required by some policies
    web page or traditional print/broadcast “notice”


 Westfield v. OKL result:
    duty to defend patent and trade dress claims in the suit




                                                      © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
Prong #2 – further policyholder arguments

 NGK Metals Corp. v. National Union Fire Ins. Co. (Apr. 29,
                  p                                ( p     ,
  2005), E.D. Tenn. No. 1:04-CV-56 (2005 WL 1115925)
    trademark merely appearing on a product is advertisement
    product itself is effectively the advertisement
    Defense required




                                          © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
Prong #3 -- Causation

Any “limit” to “inherently advertising”?
   all trade dress and trademark claims covered?


“Causal connection" or "nexus“ requirement
   often insufficient to preclude duty to defend
                          p           y
   OKL, ¶ 18.
     “Arising out of" does not require proximate cause
     Confusion caused by the policyholder was enough




                                  © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
Attempts to Limit Coverage for IP Claims


Limiting Court Decisions
  Focus on Prong #3 – causation
  Or on non-advertising factual “gravamen”
                       g          g


New Exclusionary Language in Policy




                               © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
Prong #3 – limits -- cases finding no causat o
  o g          ts             d g o causation

 Advance Watch. Co., Ltd. v. Kemper Nati’l Ins. Co , 99 F.3d
   d a ce atc Co , td           e pe at       s Co.,       3d
  795, 806-07 (6th Cir. 1996) (Michigan law)
    No duty to defend trademark and trade dress claims
    alleged harm from “infringement not advertising"
                         infringement,   advertising
    Now discredited in Ohio and Michigan


 Premier Pet Products, LLC v. Travelers Prop. Cas. Co., 678
  F.Supp.2d 409, 419-21 (E.D. Va. 2010)
    Rejected that trademark inherently involves advertising
    Complaint focused on “use” and “sale” of offending products



                                       © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
Prong #2 & 3: New Exclusionary Language

New Restricted Definitions of Advertisement
  Requires a “paid” notice
     Feldman L
      F ld     Law G
                   Group, P C et al. v. Lib t M t l I
                          P.C., t l     Liberty Mutual Ins., 2012
      U.S. App. LEXIS 7787, *3-7 (2nd Cir. April. 18, 2012)
        Copyright and trade dress claims re jewelry
     May change the result in OKL case & NGK Metals cases?


  Def’n requires items “other than a website”
     SoftwareMedia.com, at*9 & n.13 & *32



                                     © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
New exclusion added – 2001 ISO Form


2001 Form Now Excludes:

   Personal
  “’Personal and advertising injury’ arising out of the
                                injury
   infringement of copyright, patent, trademark, trade
   secret or other intellectual property rights.”

  “However, this exclusion does not apply to
   infringement, in your ‘advertisement,’ of copyright,
   trade dress or slogan.“



                                  © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
Cases u de new e c us o – 2001 ISO Form
      under e exclusion    00 SO o


Capital Specialty Ins v Indus Elecs LLC 2009 U S
                   Ins. v. Indus. Elecs, LLC,     U.S.
 Dist. LEXIS 95830, at *7-8 (W.D. Ky., Oct. 14, 2009).
      misuse of customer lists and pricing
      no allegations about advertising in the Complaint
      exclusion applied


James River Ins. Co. v. Bodywell Nutrition LLC, 2012
 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16402 (S.D. Fla., Feb. 1, 2012)
      No allegations removed this beyond mere trademark infringement
      No advertising involved




                                        © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
Case Study: Hartford Cas. Ins. v. Softwaremedia.com
         y
                 Underlying Complaint Allegations
                      Microsoft v. SoftwareMedia.com

  “This is an action by Microsoft Corporation to obtain injunctive relief and recover
   damages arising from infringements of Microsoft’s copyrights and other
   violations by SoftwareMedia.com . . . “

  “From at least 2007 to the present, Defendants have actively engaged in a
   fraudulent bait-and-switch scheme in connection with their sale of
   Microsoft products.”

  Involves sales of Microsoft software licenses and sales of Microsoft “Software
   Assurance,” a less expensive separate software maintenance support product
   “which is not a license and creates no license rights.”

  Upon information and belief . . . intent to deceive Microsoft and Defendants'
   customers, and to retain for Defendants the significant price difference between
   licenses and Software Assurance.




                                                  © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
Microsoft v. Softwaremedia.com
           First Claim – Copyright Infringement
Repeats and incorporates allegations above
   p              p           g
   By this conduct, including advertising activities and
    unauthorized use of Microsoft's software … Defendants
    misappropriated Microsoft's advertising ideas and style
          pp p                               g            y
    of doing business and infringed Microsoft's copyrights,
    titles, slogans and trademarks

 Defendants
“Defendants' have infringed the copyrights in
 Microsoft’s software “
Caused or contributed to infringement by customers
                                g       y
 who believed they had purchased valid licenses after
 “being misled or deceived by Defendants.”


                                  © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
Microsoft v. Softwaremedia.com
     Second Claim – Trademark Infringement
Defendants had a license to use certain Microsoft
 marks per Agreement
By engaging in bait-and-switch fraud and other
 practices in this Complaint, SoftwareMedia failed to
 satisfy conditions for use of Microsoft's marks
Yet, SoftwareMedia continued use of Microsoft's
 marks included the stylized 'Microsoft Gold
 Certified Partner logo . . . in connection with its
           Partner'
 deceptive sales practices with the willful and
 calculated purposes of misleading customers . . .

                               © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
Microsoft v. Softwaremedia.com
              Fourth Claim – Fraud
. . . Incorportating allegations above, referencing
 the bait-and-switch fraud

        Fifth Claim – Breach of Contract
. . . Incorportating allegations above, referencing
 the bait-and-switch fraud




                              © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
Duty to Defend Ruling: Hartford v. SoftwareMedia.com
   y                g

“Gravamen of the 2010 Microsoft Complaint”
  Tied to “Fraudulent bait and switch scheme”

No duty to defend
  “Fraudulent schemes” not listed
  Internet ad e se e e c uded
      e e advertisement excluded
    All on-line with no reference to print ads


Hartford Cas. Ins. v. SoftwareMedia.com, 2012
 U.S. Dist LEXIS 38731 (D. Utah, Mar. 20, 2012)

                                © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
Prong #4 – Key traditional exclusion: knowledge / intent


                              This insurance does not apply to:
                              a. “Personal and advertising
                              injury”:
                              (1) . . . C
                                        Caused b . . . th iinsured .
                                                d by       the   d
                              . . with the knowledge that the act
                              would violate the rights of another
                              and would inflict [i j ]
                                  d      ld i fli t [injury].
                                               ***




                                 © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
Prong #4 – Key traditional exclusion: breach of contract

Policies Exclude Claims Arising From Breach of
 Contract
    Ohio Disc. Merch., Inc. v. Westfield Ins. Co. (Ohio App. 5th
     Dist.), 2006 Ohio 4999, ¶ 57
       “copyrighted photographs on the bobblehead boxes arguably
        constitutes 'advertisement,' as defined in the policy"
       no duty to defend because it was contractual


    But see Looney Ricks Kiss Architects, Inc. v. State Farm Fire
     & Cas 677 F 3d 250 256 (5th Cir 2012)
       Cas.,    F.3d 250,         Cir.
       defense required despite contract claim
       The IP claim could have existed independent of contract


                                         © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com
Questions?
  Richard D. Porotsky, Jr., Esq.
  Ri h d D P t k J E
  Cincinnati ^ 513.977.8256
  richard.porotsky@dinslaw.com




                                   © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL   | www.dinsmore.com

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"Insurance Coverage for IP Claims under CGL Advertising Injury Provisions," National Constitution Center Conferences

  • 1. Insurance Coverage for IP Claims under I C f Cl i d CGL Advertising Injury Provisions July 24, 2012 © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 2. Presenter Richard D. Porotsky, Jr., Esq. Ri h d D P t k J E Cincinnati ^ 513.977.8256 richard.porotsky@dinslaw.com © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 3. CGL Insurance Coverage for IP Claims Possible duty to defend as “advertising injury” patent, trademark, trade dress, copyright, misappropriation trade secrets “litigation explosion“ “Riddle wrapped up in a mystery inside an enigma”  Hartford Cas v SoftwareMedia com 2012 U S Dist LEXIS 38731*30 (D Utah Mar Cas. v. SoftwareMedia.com, U.S. 38731 30 (D. Utah, Mar. 20, 2012) (citing W. Churchill) © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 4. CGL Coverage for Intellectual Property (IP) Claims Which types of IP cases covered by CGL policies? as opposed to separate IP insurance always send to the insurer! What facts and allegations are important? What is the impact of rules on duty to defend? What is the effect of recent policy revisions? polic re isions? © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 5. Brief Overview of the Duty to Defend e O e e o t e uty ee d Duty to Defend Suits -- Very Broad Defend under reservation of rights if need investigation One claim-all claims rule Scope of the pleadings rule © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 6. Duty to Defend ‘98 ISO Form: Coverage B Personal and Advertising Injury Liability © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 7. Details o t e Duty to Defend eta s of the uty ee d One claim-all claims rule:  insurer required to defend "both" a covered negligence claim and noncovered intentional tort claim  Preferred Mutual Ins Co v Thompson (1986) 23 Ohio St 3d 78 Ins. Co. v. (1986), St.3d Applied to recent IP case pp  Trade dress, unfair competition, and breach of contract  Bridge Metal Industries, LLC, et al. v. The Travelers, 812 F. Supp.2d g , , , pp 527, 535 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 8. Details o t e Duty to Defend eta s of the uty ee d “Scope of the pleadings” rule:  Where “Where . . . the allegations do state a claim which is potentially or arguably within the policy coverage, or there is some doubt . . ., the insurer must [defend].” City of Willoughby Hills v. Cinti Ins. Co. (1984), 9 Ohio St.3d 177, 459 N.E.2d 555, syl. (intentional defamation). Applied to recent IP case Complaint “Liberally co st ued Co p a t be a y construed” Defend unless “no possible factual or legal basis”  Bridge Metal, 812 F.Supp.2d at 535 (trade dress, unfair comp). © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 9. Details o Duty to Defend eta s of uty ee d But the duty is not limitless No duty if allegations “indisputably outside” scope of coverage Cincinnati Ins. Co. v. Anders, 99 Ohio St.3d 156, 2003-Ohio-3048, ¶¶ 21 & 51 (homeowner’s negligent failure to disclose defect) (homeowner s defect). Applied to recent IP case: No duty where allegations show no coverage exists “Conclusory ‘buzz words’ . . . Insufficient” James River Ins. Co. v. Bodywell Nutrition, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16402, *6 (S.D. Fla., Feb. 1, 2012) (excluding trade mark; no g ) slogan) © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 10. Coverage Content -- ISO Form -- 1986 Terms “Advertising injury” means injury arising out of one Advertising injury of more of the following offenses: a. a Oral or written publication…that slanders or libels … publication that b. …that violates a person’s right of privacy c. Misappropriation of advertising ideas or style of doing business; or d. Infringement of copyright, title or slogan. © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 11. CGL Insurance Coverage for Patent Infringement? Early Boundaries Drawn – Patent Infringement Synergystex Internat'l, Inc. v. Motorist's Mut. Ins., Medina Ohio App. No. 2290-M (1994 WL 395626) 1986 ISO form – no patent Patent infringement = “make, use, or sell,” not advertising No duty to defend Weiss v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. (6th Cir. 2002), 283 F.3d 790, 797-98 , Follows Synergystex No duty to defend © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 12. Creative, Newer Arguments re Patent Claims Hyundai Motor Am. v. Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co., Nat l 600 F.3d 1092, 1101 (9th Cir. 2010): "infringement of a patented advertising method could constitute a misappropriation of advertising ideas“ Unique case -- Duty to defend patent claim Dish Network Corp. et al. v. Arch Speciality Ins., et al 659 F 3d 1010 (10th Cir 2011) al., F.3d Cir. Same – requires a defense © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 13. Proving Coverage as Advertising Injury Elements required for coverage as “Advertising Injury” Advertising Injury (1) an enumerated offense (2) advertising activity (3) causal connection / nexus (4) no applicable exclusions -Westfield Cos v OKL Can Line (1st Dist.), 155 Ohio App 3d 747 804 N E 2d 45 Cos. v. Dist ) App.3d 747, N.E.2d 45, 2003-Ohio-7151, ¶ 12; SoftwareMedia.com, 2012 U.S. Dist LEXIS 38731,*30; Bridge Metal, 812 F.Supp. 2d at 536 © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 14. Case Study: Westfield v. OKL COMPLAINT (in the underlying matter) Plaintiff Alcoa alleges: 1. This is an action for patent infringement arising under the Patent Laws of the United States, 35 U.S.C. §§ 271 et seq.; for federal unfair competition arising under the Trademark (Lanham) Act of 1946, as amended, 15 U S C §§ 1121 and 1125; and for unfair 1946 amended U.S.C. competition under the common law… *** 3. Defendant . . . (“OKL”) . . . is engaged in the business of manufacturing, marketing, servicing, and selling equipment for use with machinery used in the production of aluminum cans. . . © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 15. 9. By about 1993, Alcoa had developed and was manufacturing, marketing, and selling retrofit products, including the ribbed, swept-box shaped, liquid bearing ram support . . . 10. Alcoa’s can b d 10 Al ’ bodymaking machines containing th ki hi t i i the ribbed swept-box shaped fluid bearing ram support and its retrofit and remanufactured products were and are appropriately marked with the ‘167 and ‘131 patent 167 131 numbers pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 287. © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 16. 12. 12 OKL has manufactured and sold . . . retrofit products products, and particularly the ribbed swept-box shaped liquid bearing ram support, without license . . . *** 13. The retrofit and remanufactured liquid bearing ram supports marketed and sold by OKL and Palmer-Tech are not marked with any OKL insignia or other marking identifying OKL as the source of the products. The OKL liquid bearing ram supports are confusingly similar in appearance, shape, and design to the liquid bearing ram support marketed by Alcoa . . . © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 17. COUNT I PATENT INFRINGEMENT -- ‘167 PATENT 14. 14 Alcoa realleges and incorporates by reference ach of the allegations of Paragraphs 1-13 above as if fully set forth herein. *** COUNT III FEDERAL UNFAIR COMPETITION 24. Alcoa realleges and incorporates by reference ach of the allegations of Paragraphs 1 13 above as if 1-13 fully set forth herein. © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 18. 27. The O . . . products, by reason of their identical distinctive 2 OKL f features and similar overall configuration, create a false description, representation, or designation of origin, and results in either actual confusion or a likelihood of confusion among members of the purchasing public . . . b f h h i bli 28. Aware of Alcoa’s trade dress rights and in willful disregard g g thereof, OKL intentionally and illegally copied the distinctive features and configuration of Alcoa’s [product]. 29. As a result of OKL’s and Palmer-Tech’s wrongful acts, Alcoa has been damaged by loss of sales, revenues, and profits, and loss of business reputation and diminished goodwill among the purchasers and potential purchasers of OKL [products] . . [products]. © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 19. Prong #1 – Enumeration under OKL’s 1998 ISO Form “14. “Personal and advertising injury” means injury . . . arising out of: * * * d. Oral or written publication of material that slanders or libels e. . . . th t violates a person’s right of privacy; that i l t ’ i ht f i f. . . . use of another’s advertising idea in your “advertisement”; or g. Infringing upon another’s copyright, trade dress or slogan in your ‘advertisement’.” © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 20. Prong #2 -- Advertisement / Advertising in OKL case  Allegations of advertising ?  “marketing” and customer “confusion”  “Trade-dress infringement necessarily involves advertising Trade-dress advertising”  Westfield v. OKL, at ¶ ¶ 15-17; see also Bridge Metal, at 542. Allegation of “Advertisement” required by some policies  web page or traditional print/broadcast “notice”  Westfield v. OKL result:  duty to defend patent and trade dress claims in the suit © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 21. Prong #2 – further policyholder arguments  NGK Metals Corp. v. National Union Fire Ins. Co. (Apr. 29, p ( p , 2005), E.D. Tenn. No. 1:04-CV-56 (2005 WL 1115925)  trademark merely appearing on a product is advertisement  product itself is effectively the advertisement  Defense required © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 22. Prong #3 -- Causation Any “limit” to “inherently advertising”? all trade dress and trademark claims covered? “Causal connection" or "nexus“ requirement often insufficient to preclude duty to defend p y OKL, ¶ 18. “Arising out of" does not require proximate cause Confusion caused by the policyholder was enough © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 23. Attempts to Limit Coverage for IP Claims Limiting Court Decisions Focus on Prong #3 – causation Or on non-advertising factual “gravamen” g g New Exclusionary Language in Policy © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 24. Prong #3 – limits -- cases finding no causat o o g ts d g o causation  Advance Watch. Co., Ltd. v. Kemper Nati’l Ins. Co , 99 F.3d d a ce atc Co , td e pe at s Co., 3d 795, 806-07 (6th Cir. 1996) (Michigan law)  No duty to defend trademark and trade dress claims  alleged harm from “infringement not advertising" infringement, advertising  Now discredited in Ohio and Michigan  Premier Pet Products, LLC v. Travelers Prop. Cas. Co., 678 F.Supp.2d 409, 419-21 (E.D. Va. 2010)  Rejected that trademark inherently involves advertising  Complaint focused on “use” and “sale” of offending products © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 25. Prong #2 & 3: New Exclusionary Language New Restricted Definitions of Advertisement Requires a “paid” notice Feldman L F ld Law G Group, P C et al. v. Lib t M t l I P.C., t l Liberty Mutual Ins., 2012 U.S. App. LEXIS 7787, *3-7 (2nd Cir. April. 18, 2012) Copyright and trade dress claims re jewelry May change the result in OKL case & NGK Metals cases? Def’n requires items “other than a website” SoftwareMedia.com, at*9 & n.13 & *32 © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 26. New exclusion added – 2001 ISO Form 2001 Form Now Excludes:  Personal “’Personal and advertising injury’ arising out of the injury infringement of copyright, patent, trademark, trade secret or other intellectual property rights.” “However, this exclusion does not apply to infringement, in your ‘advertisement,’ of copyright, trade dress or slogan.“ © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 27. Cases u de new e c us o – 2001 ISO Form under e exclusion 00 SO o Capital Specialty Ins v Indus Elecs LLC 2009 U S Ins. v. Indus. Elecs, LLC, U.S. Dist. LEXIS 95830, at *7-8 (W.D. Ky., Oct. 14, 2009). misuse of customer lists and pricing no allegations about advertising in the Complaint exclusion applied James River Ins. Co. v. Bodywell Nutrition LLC, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16402 (S.D. Fla., Feb. 1, 2012) No allegations removed this beyond mere trademark infringement No advertising involved © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 28. Case Study: Hartford Cas. Ins. v. Softwaremedia.com y Underlying Complaint Allegations Microsoft v. SoftwareMedia.com  “This is an action by Microsoft Corporation to obtain injunctive relief and recover damages arising from infringements of Microsoft’s copyrights and other violations by SoftwareMedia.com . . . “  “From at least 2007 to the present, Defendants have actively engaged in a fraudulent bait-and-switch scheme in connection with their sale of Microsoft products.”  Involves sales of Microsoft software licenses and sales of Microsoft “Software Assurance,” a less expensive separate software maintenance support product “which is not a license and creates no license rights.”  Upon information and belief . . . intent to deceive Microsoft and Defendants' customers, and to retain for Defendants the significant price difference between licenses and Software Assurance. © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 29. Microsoft v. Softwaremedia.com First Claim – Copyright Infringement Repeats and incorporates allegations above p p g By this conduct, including advertising activities and unauthorized use of Microsoft's software … Defendants misappropriated Microsoft's advertising ideas and style pp p g y of doing business and infringed Microsoft's copyrights, titles, slogans and trademarks  Defendants “Defendants' have infringed the copyrights in Microsoft’s software “ Caused or contributed to infringement by customers g y who believed they had purchased valid licenses after “being misled or deceived by Defendants.” © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 30. Microsoft v. Softwaremedia.com Second Claim – Trademark Infringement Defendants had a license to use certain Microsoft marks per Agreement By engaging in bait-and-switch fraud and other practices in this Complaint, SoftwareMedia failed to satisfy conditions for use of Microsoft's marks Yet, SoftwareMedia continued use of Microsoft's marks included the stylized 'Microsoft Gold Certified Partner logo . . . in connection with its Partner' deceptive sales practices with the willful and calculated purposes of misleading customers . . . © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 31. Microsoft v. Softwaremedia.com Fourth Claim – Fraud . . . Incorportating allegations above, referencing the bait-and-switch fraud Fifth Claim – Breach of Contract . . . Incorportating allegations above, referencing the bait-and-switch fraud © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 32. Duty to Defend Ruling: Hartford v. SoftwareMedia.com y g “Gravamen of the 2010 Microsoft Complaint” Tied to “Fraudulent bait and switch scheme” No duty to defend “Fraudulent schemes” not listed Internet ad e se e e c uded e e advertisement excluded All on-line with no reference to print ads Hartford Cas. Ins. v. SoftwareMedia.com, 2012 U.S. Dist LEXIS 38731 (D. Utah, Mar. 20, 2012) © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 33. Prong #4 – Key traditional exclusion: knowledge / intent This insurance does not apply to: a. “Personal and advertising injury”: (1) . . . C Caused b . . . th iinsured . d by the d . . with the knowledge that the act would violate the rights of another and would inflict [i j ] d ld i fli t [injury]. *** © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 34. Prong #4 – Key traditional exclusion: breach of contract Policies Exclude Claims Arising From Breach of Contract  Ohio Disc. Merch., Inc. v. Westfield Ins. Co. (Ohio App. 5th Dist.), 2006 Ohio 4999, ¶ 57 “copyrighted photographs on the bobblehead boxes arguably constitutes 'advertisement,' as defined in the policy" no duty to defend because it was contractual  But see Looney Ricks Kiss Architects, Inc. v. State Farm Fire & Cas 677 F 3d 250 256 (5th Cir 2012) Cas., F.3d 250, Cir. defense required despite contract claim The IP claim could have existed independent of contract © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com
  • 35. Questions? Richard D. Porotsky, Jr., Esq. Ri h d D P t k J E Cincinnati ^ 513.977.8256 richard.porotsky@dinslaw.com © 2012 DINSMORE & SHOHL | LEGAL COUNSEL | www.dinsmore.com