2. What is blood ?
Blood is a combination of plasma (watery liquid) and cells
that float in it. It is a specialized bodily fluid that supplies
essentials substances and nutrients, such as sugar,
oxygen, and hormones to our cells, and carries waste away
from those cells
3. Types of blood cells
Red blood cells - also known as RBCs or
erythrocytes. These are the most abundant
cells, and contain hemoglobin (Hb or
Hgb). Hemoglobin is a protein which contains
iron; it transports oxygen from the lungs to
body tissues and cells. 97% of a human's red
blood cell's dry content is protein.
White blood cells (leukocytes) - these are the
cells of our immune system; they defend the
body against infections and foreign materials.
Platelets (thrombocytes) - are involved in the
clotting (coagulation) of blood. When we bleed
the platelets clump together to help form a
clot.
5. • Anemia is a condition in which the hemoglobin
concentration is lower than the normal; it reflects the
presence of fewer than the normal number of erythrocytes
within the circulation.
• As a result, the amount of oxygen delivered to the body
tissues is also diminished.
• Anemia is not a specific disease state but a sign of an
underlying disorder. It is by far the most common
hematologic condition.
13. • Iron deficiency anemia typically results when the intake of
dietary iron is inadequate for hemoglobin synthesis.
• Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of
anemia in all age groups, and it is the most common
anemia in the world.
14. Causes
• The most common cause of iron deficiency anemia in
men and women is bleeding from ulcers gastrirtis,
inflammatory bowel disease, or GI tumors. The most
common causes of IDA in premenopusal woman are
menorrhagia ( ie, excessive menstrual bleeding) and
pregnancy with inadequate iron supplementation. Other
causes include iron malabsorption, as is seen after
gastroctomy.
16. Diagnostic tests
Serum iron
( female 8.9-30.4 umol/l)
( male 11.6-30.4 umol/l)
SERUM Hb
( normal
13.2-17.5
g/dk)
CBC
Bone
marrow
aspiration
17. Treatment
• Correction of the underlying cause, iron supplements
including :
Oral
• Ferrous phosphate, ferrous
glucanate
IV
or IM
• Administer small dose
18. Patient education ( taking oral iron
supplements ):
• Take iron on an empty stomach ( 1 hr before or 2 hrs after
the meal). Iron absorption is reduced with food, especially
dairy products.
• To prevent GI distress, the following schedule may work
better if more than one tablet a day is prescribed. Start
with only one tab/day for a few days, then increase to 2
tab/day, then 3 tab/day. This method permits the body to
adjust gradually to the iron.
• Increase the intake of vit C , to enhance iron absorption.
• Eat foods high in fiber to minimize problems with
constipation.
• Remember that stool will become dark in color.
21. • Sickle cell anemia is a severe hemolytic anemia results
from inheritance of the sickle hemoglobin gene.
• The sickle hemoglobin (HbS) acquires a crystal-like
formation when exposed to low oxygen tension.
23. Sings and symptoms:
Pallor
Decrease
urinary output,
Dark urine-
smoky,brownish
Abdominal or
chest pain.
Swelling and
pain in the joint
Weakness
Mental
depression
Difficulty
concentrating
24. Diagnostic test
• CBC
• Hgb—men 14-18g/dl, women 12-16g/dl
• Platelet count—150,000-350,000/100ml 0f blood.
• Haematocrit – packed cell volume (PCV).
• Bone marrow puncture
27. Diagnosis: Activity intolerance related to
poor tissue oxygenation.
Give
oxygen
Bed rest
Monitor
vital signs
Observe
urine for
signs of
blood
Give
prescribed
fe
medication
28. Diagnosis: Pain related to joint
inflammation
Assess
level of
pain
Apply
warm
packs
Use
distraction
technique
Give pain
medication
