SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 39
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
By
Saswata Maitra
   The Indian Mackerel belongs to
         Family- Scombridae
         Genus- Rastrelliger
        A total of 3 species are found in Indian
        waters-
I.       R. kanagurta
II.      R. brachysoma
III.     R. faughni
        More than 95% of the total mackerel catch is
         contributed by Rastrelliger kanagurta.
        Nearly 90% of world catch of Indian Mackerel
         is contributed by India alone.
Distinguishing features of R.kanagurta

   Head length equal to the height of the body.
   First dorsal spinous, first spine shorter than
    second.
   Second dorsal soft rayed.
   Caudal deeply forked with pointed lobes.
   Few golden yellow bands present along and
    below lateral line.
   Dorsal and anal finlets 5 or 6 in number.
So how would u differentiate R.kanagurta,
           from R.brachysoma & R.faughni
   R.brachysoma can be easily differentiated
    from R.kanagurta by its short head which is
    much shorter than greatest depth of body
    and is marked by the absence of longitudinal
    yellow bands and by the presence of black
    spots.
   R.faughni has even shorter head, with shorter
    mandible & maxilla with shorter and fewer gill
    rakers. Absence of both longitudinal bands
    and black spot differentiates it from other
    other two.
MACKEREL by jijo
   Rastrelliger kanagurta is extensively found in
    tropical indo-pacific regions between 30°N
    and 30°S latitudes and 30°E and 160°W
    longitudes.
   Countries it occurs are- coastal waters of
    Eastern Africa north of Durban, Seychelles,
    Madagascar, Mauritius, countries bordering
    red sea and Persian gulf, Pakistan, India
    including Andaman & Nicobar islands, Sri
    Lanka, Myanmar, Malaysia, Thailand,
    Indonesia, Cambodia, Northern Australia,
    Polynesia, Micronesia, New guinea, China,
    Taiwan, Philippines and Hawaiian islands.
   R.brachysoma is also found in Indian waters
    however its presence is restricted to the
    southern African waters, Andaman sea, Malaysia,
    Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines and solomon
    islands.

   Occurrence of R.faughni has been recorded from
    Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia and east coast of
    India.




        R.brachysoma
                                  R.faughni
MACKEREL by jijo
FOOD AND FEEDING HABITS
   Surface feeders of inshore waters
   Ingestion is mainly through straining by well
    developed feathery gill rakers.
   Food items- phytoplankton and zooplankton.
   Phytoplankton- comprises mainly diatoms,
    Coscinodiscus, Pleurosigma, Chaeotoceras,
    Eragillaria, Thalassionema, Nitzschia,
    Rhizosolenia, Skeletonema and Biddulphia and
    dinophyceae, Ceratium, Peridinium, and
    Dinophysis.
   Zooplanktons mainly comprises of :-
   Copepod crustaceans represented by- Oithona,
    Acrocaianus, Eucalanus, Temora, Euterpina and
    Acartia.
    Other food organisms include Cladocerans,
    Cirripede larvae, mysids, sergestids (Acetes),
    amphipods, decapod larval stages of nauplius,
    protozoea, zoea, and mysis stages of prawn,
    alima larvae, polychaete worms, foraminiferans
    and molluscan larvae.
MACKEREL by jijo
REGION           SIZE AT     AGE
                 FIRST
                 MATURITY
R.kanagurta of   19-22.4cm   2 years
west coast of
India


R.Kanagurta of   25-25.9cm   3 years
Andaman sea
MACKEREL by jijo
   R.kanagurta is heterosexual
   However sexual dimorphism is not
    distinguishable from external characters.
   Sexes can be separated from gonadal
    examination only after attaining size of
    12cm.
   As stated before the general age of attaining
    maturity is about 2years.
   There is strange regional difference in the
    spawning patterns, explained in next
    segment.
MACKEREL by jijo
   The Indian Mackerel has been found to have 2
    spawning season depending upon monsoon
    season:-
   Intensive spawning and Supplementary
    spawning seasons.
   The spawning seasons not only varies along
    south-west and south-east coast but also along
    the south-west coast from South Canara and
    Mangalore coast in karnataka to Vizhingam in
    Kerala.
   Eggs are pelagic in nature and contains a single
    oil globule.
AREA                      SPAWNING
                          SEASON
West coast (in general)   Corresponds with
                          southwest monsoon
                          July-August(intensive
                          spawning)
                          Nov-Dec(supplementary
                          spawning)
East coast (in general)   Corresponds with
                          northeast monsoon
                          Oct-Dec(intensive
                          spawning)
                          April (supplementary
                          spawning)
Andaman sea               October-April (1st
                          spawning)
                          No other data available
MACKEREL by jijo
   No of batches and amount of eggs liberated
    by Mackerels in 1 spawning season remained
    unknown for a long time.
   It was later established that a 28cm
    R.kanagurta releases its eggs in 3 batches in
    1 spawning season.
   Eggs released in each batch and total
    fecundity is given in the following table:-

       Batch no.   Eggs        Total
                   released    fecundity
       1           45,000
       2           27,000      1,10,000
       3           38,000
MACKEREL by jijo
After extensive research work from CMFRI from
 year 2002-2005, the sex ratio in R.kanagurta
 was found to be 1:1. i.e 1 female per every
 single male.
MACKEREL by jijo
   Mackerels are shoaling fish.
   They do not move in small schools or in few
    numbers but in millions or even billions!
   Shoals are differentiated into fish of same
    size groups comprising a single shoal
    moving together steadily in the same
    direction.
   Shape of the shoals- crescentic or arrow
    head formation
   Shoal size- 100metres – a few kilometres
   Moving speed- 8-10miles/hr
   During day they can be spotted as a long
    dark patch moving in water
   During night they emit luminiscence which
    helps them in moving , but also helps in
    scouting for the fishermen
MACKEREL by jijo
   Fishing is mainly carried out in neritic waters
    along the west coast up to a depth of
    25metres.
   Fishery is mostly supported by juveniles of
    size range 16-18cm.
   Main landing centre's are- Ratnagiri, Malvan,
    Goa, Karwar, Malpe, Tellicherry, Calicut,
    Cochin and Alleppey on west coast,
    Mandappam, Nagapattinam, Kakinada, Vizag
    & some parts of Orissa and West Bengal on
    east coast (accidental catch).
   West coast contribute a mammoth 73% of
    total Mackerel catch, while east coast
    contributes 27%.
MACKEREL by jijo
Basic Crafts used for fishing on west coast
  are:-
 Dug-out canoes
 Canoe boats
 Plank-built boats, &
 Catamarans
Types of gears used are:-
 Boat seines
 Beach seines or drag nets
 Gill nets- comprising mainly drift nets, &
 Cast net
MACKEREL by jijo
MACKEREL by jijo
REGION           CRAFTS USED GEARS USED
MAHARASHTRA      DUG OUT CANOES- Pagar     Beach Seine-Rampani payawada
                 and Thoni                 Drift Gill net- Bongdajal
                 CANOE BOATS-Akada hodi    Cast net- Pag

KARNATAKA        DUG OUT CANOE- Thoni      Drift Gill net- Kandadi bale, Patta
                 CANOE BOAT- Pandi         Beach seine- Rampani, Kairampani



KERALA           DUG OUT CANOE- Odam       Drift Gill net- Ozhuku vala, Ayila-
                 and Thoni                 chala vala
                 CANOE BOATS- Vallam       Beach Seines- Karamadi&kara vala
                 CATAMARAN- Kattumaran     Boat Seines-Ayilla koli vala, Thangu
                                           vala, Odam vala, Madi vala, Paithu
                                           vala.

TAMIL NADU       PLANK BUILT BOAT-         Boat Seines- Thuri Valai, Madi Valai
                 Vallam                    Beach Seines- Kara & Peria Valai
                 CATAMARAN- Kattumaran,    Drift net- Vazhi & Vala Valai
                 Periamaran, Chinnamaran



ANDHRA PRADESH   PLANK BUILT BOATS         Beach seines- Pedda Vala
                 CATAMARANS- Padava        Boat Seines- Iraga Vala
                                           Gill nets and cast nets
ORISSA           PLANK BUILT BOAT- Ber     Beach Seine- Ber jal
MACKEREL by jijo
YEAR OF LANDING CATCH (IN
                ‘000’TONNES)
1961-1970       52.04

1971-1980       85.60

1981-1990       95.35

1991-2000       190.47

2001-2005       113.59
   Year of maximum landing-2,91,080
    tons(1989)
   Year of minimum landing- 20,780 tons(1968)
   Potential yield- 2,95,000 tons
   Current landings- 1,25,420 tons(2005)
   Region wise contribution of total catch:-

    REGION              PERCENTAGE
    NORTH-EAST          3.5%

    SOUTH-EAST          31.1%

    SOUTH-WEST          55.2%

    NORTH-WEST          10.2%
MACKEREL by jijo
MIGRATION of Rastrelliger kanagurta:-
     The mackerel shoals enter the inshore waters of west
      every year during post-monsoon period.
     The reasons for this migration is still a debatable
      issue.
     Some of the possible reasons under considerations
      are:-
i.      For feeding purposes. However this may not be right,
        as they do not migrate when the planktonic
        population are at its peak in off south-west coast .
ii.     Changes hydrological and meteorological
        parameters. Mackerels seem to have higher
        susceptibility to changes in temp. than salinity and
        hence may migrate to cooler inshore waters.
       Migrations into the estuaries and backwaters upto as
        much as 1.5 miles have also been noted in the
        summer months.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN Mackerel and Oil
 Sardine Fisheries of India:-
   The geographical distribution and the fishing season
    of the 2 mainstay of Indian fisheries coincides with
    each other.
 There exists an inverse relationship between the two
    fisheries, i.e. lets say, a successful year of Mackerel
    fishery coincides with the failure in catch of Oil sardine
    fishery and vice versa.
 There are various factors that may lead to this-
I.    Competition for food- this is the most obvious
      assumption. However conclusive evidence has not
      been found to supplement this theory.
II.   Competition for space- it is assumed that the
      spawning grounds for both fishes are in the same
      regions, so there may exist a competition for space
      for survival.
MANAGEMENT and CONSERVATION
 practices in Mackerel Fishery
   The large scale exploitation of mackerel juveniles
    along the southwest coast has lead to concerns about
    the sustainability of the Mackerel stock in the country.
   42% of the catch comprises of juveniles of size groups
    14-16cm.
   This has led to development of precautionary and
    conservative strategies by limiting the fishing of
    mackerels during monsoon months of July-September.
   Increasing the mesh size up to a minimum of 35mm is
    another regulation that has been recently employed to
    control overfishing of Mackerels.
THANK YOU

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Traditional fishing Craft of India by Ashish sahu
Traditional fishing Craft of India by Ashish sahuTraditional fishing Craft of India by Ashish sahu
Traditional fishing Craft of India by Ashish sahuAshish sahu
 
Reproductive biology and life cycle of crabs
Reproductive biology and life cycle of crabsReproductive biology and life cycle of crabs
Reproductive biology and life cycle of crabsKartickay Singh Chawla
 
Beels fishery in india
Beels fishery in indiaBeels fishery in india
Beels fishery in indiasoumya sardar
 
Lobstar culture and its management
Lobstar culture and its managementLobstar culture and its management
Lobstar culture and its managementSUMANTADE4
 
Coldwater fisheries in India
Coldwater fisheries in IndiaColdwater fisheries in India
Coldwater fisheries in IndiaVaishaliC4
 
Pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis)
Pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis)Pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis)
Pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis)HariniV39
 
ELECTRONIC FISH FINDING EQUIPMENTS
ELECTRONIC FISH FINDING EQUIPMENTS ELECTRONIC FISH FINDING EQUIPMENTS
ELECTRONIC FISH FINDING EQUIPMENTS Mr. Jayanta Tiple
 
BREEDING AND CULTURE OF CARPS FISHES
BREEDING AND CULTURE OF CARPS FISHESBREEDING AND CULTURE OF CARPS FISHES
BREEDING AND CULTURE OF CARPS FISHESAshish sahu
 
Lesser Sardine Fishery of India
Lesser Sardine Fishery of IndiaLesser Sardine Fishery of India
Lesser Sardine Fishery of IndiaMr. Jayanta Tiple
 
Inland fishing craft and gears
Inland fishing craft and gearsInland fishing craft and gears
Inland fishing craft and gearsR.k. InhellFishcos
 
Culture of air breathing fishes
Culture of air breathing fishesCulture of air breathing fishes
Culture of air breathing fishesbbau Lucknow
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Traditional fishing Craft of India by Ashish sahu
Traditional fishing Craft of India by Ashish sahuTraditional fishing Craft of India by Ashish sahu
Traditional fishing Craft of India by Ashish sahu
 
Fish Tagging methods
Fish Tagging  methodsFish Tagging  methods
Fish Tagging methods
 
Reproductive biology and life cycle of crabs
Reproductive biology and life cycle of crabsReproductive biology and life cycle of crabs
Reproductive biology and life cycle of crabs
 
Beels fishery in india
Beels fishery in indiaBeels fishery in india
Beels fishery in india
 
Lobstar culture and its management
Lobstar culture and its managementLobstar culture and its management
Lobstar culture and its management
 
Coldwater fisheries in India
Coldwater fisheries in IndiaColdwater fisheries in India
Coldwater fisheries in India
 
CAGE CULTURE
CAGE CULTURECAGE CULTURE
CAGE CULTURE
 
Pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis)
Pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis)Pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis)
Pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis)
 
Fish morphology - fish fins
Fish morphology -  fish finsFish morphology -  fish fins
Fish morphology - fish fins
 
ELECTRONIC FISH FINDING EQUIPMENTS
ELECTRONIC FISH FINDING EQUIPMENTS ELECTRONIC FISH FINDING EQUIPMENTS
ELECTRONIC FISH FINDING EQUIPMENTS
 
BREEDING AND CULTURE OF CARPS FISHES
BREEDING AND CULTURE OF CARPS FISHESBREEDING AND CULTURE OF CARPS FISHES
BREEDING AND CULTURE OF CARPS FISHES
 
Lesser Sardine Fishery of India
Lesser Sardine Fishery of IndiaLesser Sardine Fishery of India
Lesser Sardine Fishery of India
 
Inland fishing craft and gears
Inland fishing craft and gearsInland fishing craft and gears
Inland fishing craft and gears
 
INDIAN POMFRET FISHERIES
INDIAN POMFRET FISHERIESINDIAN POMFRET FISHERIES
INDIAN POMFRET FISHERIES
 
Culture Methods of Mussels
Culture Methods of MusselsCulture Methods of Mussels
Culture Methods of Mussels
 
Etroplus- culture
Etroplus- cultureEtroplus- culture
Etroplus- culture
 
Culture of pearl oyster,clams and scallops
Culture of pearl oyster,clams and scallopsCulture of pearl oyster,clams and scallops
Culture of pearl oyster,clams and scallops
 
Molluscan fisheries
Molluscan fisheriesMolluscan fisheries
Molluscan fisheries
 
Culture of air breathing fishes
Culture of air breathing fishesCulture of air breathing fishes
Culture of air breathing fishes
 
Zero water cultu. sys.(ras) me
Zero water cultu. sys.(ras) meZero water cultu. sys.(ras) me
Zero water cultu. sys.(ras) me
 

Ähnlich wie MACKEREL by jijo

Wadge bank fisheries
Wadge bank fisheries Wadge bank fisheries
Wadge bank fisheries Ashish sahu
 
BIOLOGY OF INDIAN OIL SARDINE.pptx
BIOLOGY OF INDIAN OIL SARDINE.pptxBIOLOGY OF INDIAN OIL SARDINE.pptx
BIOLOGY OF INDIAN OIL SARDINE.pptxVinod kumar
 
Demersal fisheries resources thread-fin breams
Demersal fisheries resources thread-fin  breamsDemersal fisheries resources thread-fin  breams
Demersal fisheries resources thread-fin breamsRah Mon
 
Polynemid &polynemid reources
Polynemid &polynemid reourcesPolynemid &polynemid reources
Polynemid &polynemid reourcesShravan Sharma
 
Threadfin bream and pomfret
Threadfin bream and pomfretThreadfin bream and pomfret
Threadfin bream and pomfretJoynalAbedin20
 
Biodiversity of fishes in india 222
Biodiversity of fishes in india 222Biodiversity of fishes in india 222
Biodiversity of fishes in india 222pratik mahadwala
 
Vivek kumar final credit seminar
Vivek kumar final credit seminarVivek kumar final credit seminar
Vivek kumar final credit seminarvivek kumar
 
Virtual tour to marine biological paradise- The Gulf of Mannar Coast
Virtual tour to marine biological paradise- The Gulf of Mannar CoastVirtual tour to marine biological paradise- The Gulf of Mannar Coast
Virtual tour to marine biological paradise- The Gulf of Mannar CoastRameshPandi4
 
Flat fishes and their fisheries
Flat fishes and their fisheriesFlat fishes and their fisheries
Flat fishes and their fisheriesMuneer A
 
TAXONOMY , BIODIVWESITY , DISTRIBUTION OF GASTROPODS IN INDIA
TAXONOMY , BIODIVWESITY , DISTRIBUTION OF GASTROPODS IN INDIATAXONOMY , BIODIVWESITY , DISTRIBUTION OF GASTROPODS IN INDIA
TAXONOMY , BIODIVWESITY , DISTRIBUTION OF GASTROPODS IN INDIAravikiranpamisetty
 
Fisheries inVembanadu kayal
Fisheries inVembanadu kayal Fisheries inVembanadu kayal
Fisheries inVembanadu kayal Vishnuraj R S
 
Biology of Indian Mackeral.pptx
Biology of Indian Mackeral.pptxBiology of Indian Mackeral.pptx
Biology of Indian Mackeral.pptxVinod kumar
 

Ähnlich wie MACKEREL by jijo (20)

Zoologydiversity
ZoologydiversityZoologydiversity
Zoologydiversity
 
Leiognathans
LeiognathansLeiognathans
Leiognathans
 
Mamun
MamunMamun
Mamun
 
Wadge bank fisheries
Wadge bank fisheries Wadge bank fisheries
Wadge bank fisheries
 
BIOLOGY OF INDIAN OIL SARDINE.pptx
BIOLOGY OF INDIAN OIL SARDINE.pptxBIOLOGY OF INDIAN OIL SARDINE.pptx
BIOLOGY OF INDIAN OIL SARDINE.pptx
 
Demersal fisheries resources thread-fin breams
Demersal fisheries resources thread-fin  breamsDemersal fisheries resources thread-fin  breams
Demersal fisheries resources thread-fin breams
 
Polynemid &polynemid reources
Polynemid &polynemid reourcesPolynemid &polynemid reources
Polynemid &polynemid reources
 
Threadfin bream and pomfret
Threadfin bream and pomfretThreadfin bream and pomfret
Threadfin bream and pomfret
 
Biodiversity of fishes in india 222
Biodiversity of fishes in india 222Biodiversity of fishes in india 222
Biodiversity of fishes in india 222
 
Vivek kumar final credit seminar
Vivek kumar final credit seminarVivek kumar final credit seminar
Vivek kumar final credit seminar
 
Virtual tour to marine biological paradise- The Gulf of Mannar Coast
Virtual tour to marine biological paradise- The Gulf of Mannar CoastVirtual tour to marine biological paradise- The Gulf of Mannar Coast
Virtual tour to marine biological paradise- The Gulf of Mannar Coast
 
Fish market
Fish marketFish market
Fish market
 
Major Exploited Shellfish Fisheries in India
Major Exploited Shellfish Fisheries in IndiaMajor Exploited Shellfish Fisheries in India
Major Exploited Shellfish Fisheries in India
 
Silverbellies
SilverbelliesSilverbellies
Silverbellies
 
Flat fishes and their fisheries
Flat fishes and their fisheriesFlat fishes and their fisheries
Flat fishes and their fisheries
 
TAXONOMY , BIODIVWESITY , DISTRIBUTION OF GASTROPODS IN INDIA
TAXONOMY , BIODIVWESITY , DISTRIBUTION OF GASTROPODS IN INDIATAXONOMY , BIODIVWESITY , DISTRIBUTION OF GASTROPODS IN INDIA
TAXONOMY , BIODIVWESITY , DISTRIBUTION OF GASTROPODS IN INDIA
 
Fisheries inVembanadu kayal
Fisheries inVembanadu kayal Fisheries inVembanadu kayal
Fisheries inVembanadu kayal
 
Bombay duck2
Bombay duck2Bombay duck2
Bombay duck2
 
Amazing Creatures Underwater
Amazing Creatures UnderwaterAmazing Creatures Underwater
Amazing Creatures Underwater
 
Biology of Indian Mackeral.pptx
Biology of Indian Mackeral.pptxBiology of Indian Mackeral.pptx
Biology of Indian Mackeral.pptx
 

Mehr von DEVIKA ANTHARJANAM (20)

Aquarium
AquariumAquarium
Aquarium
 
ECOSYSTEM BASED FISHERIES MANEGEMNT
ECOSYSTEM BASED FISHERIES MANEGEMNTECOSYSTEM BASED FISHERIES MANEGEMNT
ECOSYSTEM BASED FISHERIES MANEGEMNT
 
CODE OF CONDUCT FOR RESPONSIBLE FISHERIES
CODE OF CONDUCT FOR RESPONSIBLE FISHERIESCODE OF CONDUCT FOR RESPONSIBLE FISHERIES
CODE OF CONDUCT FOR RESPONSIBLE FISHERIES
 
Nimnaga. ecnmcs. territorial use rights 4th sem
Nimnaga. ecnmcs. territorial use rights 4th semNimnaga. ecnmcs. territorial use rights 4th sem
Nimnaga. ecnmcs. territorial use rights 4th sem
 
Neenu self presentation
Neenu self presentationNeenu self presentation
Neenu self presentation
 
Naveen
NaveenNaveen
Naveen
 
Mgmt organisations reshmiii
Mgmt organisations  reshmiiiMgmt organisations  reshmiii
Mgmt organisations reshmiii
 
Law of th sea ali
Law of th sea aliLaw of th sea ali
Law of th sea ali
 
INDIVIDUAL TRANSFERABLE QUATA SYSTEM
INDIVIDUAL TRANSFERABLE QUATA SYSTEMINDIVIDUAL TRANSFERABLE QUATA SYSTEM
INDIVIDUAL TRANSFERABLE QUATA SYSTEM
 
Integrated fisheries management i
Integrated fisheries management iIntegrated fisheries management i
Integrated fisheries management i
 
Abhinav semenar of thoma
Abhinav semenar of thomaAbhinav semenar of thoma
Abhinav semenar of thoma
 
Suraj 3 water act
Suraj 3  water actSuraj 3  water act
Suraj 3 water act
 
Suraj 2 environmental protection act-1986
Suraj 2  environmental protection act-1986Suraj 2  environmental protection act-1986
Suraj 2 environmental protection act-1986
 
Suraj 1 coastal zone notification 1991
Suraj 1 coastal zone notification 1991Suraj 1 coastal zone notification 1991
Suraj 1 coastal zone notification 1991
 
CO MANAGEMENT IN FISHERIES
CO MANAGEMENT IN FISHERIESCO MANAGEMENT IN FISHERIES
CO MANAGEMENT IN FISHERIES
 
Management of indian fisheries
Management of indian fisheriesManagement of indian fisheries
Management of indian fisheries
 
James
JamesJames
James
 
Hitha
HithaHitha
Hitha
 
3...man and mechine
3...man and mechine3...man and mechine
3...man and mechine
 
3...maintenance management
3...maintenance management3...maintenance management
3...maintenance management
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

The West Coast Trail Presentation for SAIT international students
The West Coast Trail Presentation for SAIT international studentsThe West Coast Trail Presentation for SAIT international students
The West Coast Trail Presentation for SAIT international studentsseijibrown2
 
My presentation on vietnam for Intercultural Communications
My presentation on vietnam for Intercultural CommunicationsMy presentation on vietnam for Intercultural Communications
My presentation on vietnam for Intercultural Communicationsseijibrown2
 
A Presentation of Braga. It was made by students of school
A Presentation of Braga. It was made by students of schoolA Presentation of Braga. It was made by students of school
A Presentation of Braga. It was made by students of schoolApostolos Syropoulos
 
Nanbokucho-period, Historical Origins of Modern Japan
Nanbokucho-period, Historical Origins of Modern JapanNanbokucho-period, Historical Origins of Modern Japan
Nanbokucho-period, Historical Origins of Modern Japanseijibrown2
 
How To Prepare For An Unforgettable Blackwater Dive In Kona
How To Prepare For An Unforgettable Blackwater Dive In KonaHow To Prepare For An Unforgettable Blackwater Dive In Kona
How To Prepare For An Unforgettable Blackwater Dive In KonaKona Ocean Adventures
 
COMPLETE BENEFITS OF RELOCATING TO CANADA 1.pdf
COMPLETE BENEFITS OF RELOCATING TO CANADA 1.pdfCOMPLETE BENEFITS OF RELOCATING TO CANADA 1.pdf
COMPLETE BENEFITS OF RELOCATING TO CANADA 1.pdfOfficial Mark Daniels
 
2024 Annual Meeting: Visit Portland, Maine
2024 Annual Meeting: Visit Portland, Maine2024 Annual Meeting: Visit Portland, Maine
2024 Annual Meeting: Visit Portland, MaineVisit Portland
 
Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca.pdf
Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca.pdfCulture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca.pdf
Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca.pdfseijibrown2
 
Reflective Essay.pdf for Global Compentency
Reflective Essay.pdf for Global CompentencyReflective Essay.pdf for Global Compentency
Reflective Essay.pdf for Global Compentencyseijibrown2
 
Da Nang Tourist Attractions, VN (越南 峴港旅遊景點).ppsx
Da Nang Tourist Attractions, VN (越南 峴港旅遊景點).ppsxDa Nang Tourist Attractions, VN (越南 峴港旅遊景點).ppsx
Da Nang Tourist Attractions, VN (越南 峴港旅遊景點).ppsxChung Yen Chang
 
Vietnam presentation for intercultural communications class
Vietnam presentation for intercultural communications classVietnam presentation for intercultural communications class
Vietnam presentation for intercultural communications classseijibrown2
 
TOURIST & ITS TYPE &MOTIVETIONAL FACTORS & BEHAVIOR .pptx
TOURIST & ITS TYPE &MOTIVETIONAL  FACTORS & BEHAVIOR .pptxTOURIST & ITS TYPE &MOTIVETIONAL  FACTORS & BEHAVIOR .pptx
TOURIST & ITS TYPE &MOTIVETIONAL FACTORS & BEHAVIOR .pptxkittustudy7
 
Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca (1).pdf
Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca (1).pdfCulture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca (1).pdf
Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca (1).pdfseijibrown2
 
Traveling by Train in Sicily: A New Era of Comfort and Convenience
Traveling by Train in Sicily: A New Era of Comfort and ConvenienceTraveling by Train in Sicily: A New Era of Comfort and Convenience
Traveling by Train in Sicily: A New Era of Comfort and ConvenienceTime for Sicily
 
Do's & Don't at Turkish Airlines Mogadishu Office Address.pdf
Do's & Don't  at Turkish Airlines Mogadishu Office Address.pdfDo's & Don't  at Turkish Airlines Mogadishu Office Address.pdf
Do's & Don't at Turkish Airlines Mogadishu Office Address.pdfGlenna Glenna
 
Planning a Memorable Day What to Look For In Murrells Inlet Fishing Charters
Planning a Memorable Day What to Look For In Murrells Inlet Fishing ChartersPlanning a Memorable Day What to Look For In Murrells Inlet Fishing Charters
Planning a Memorable Day What to Look For In Murrells Inlet Fishing ChartersCrazy Sister Marina
 
Reflective Essay for global competency certificate
Reflective Essay for global competency certificateReflective Essay for global competency certificate
Reflective Essay for global competency certificateseijibrown2
 
pics from luxembourg exchange program 2016
pics from luxembourg exchange program 2016pics from luxembourg exchange program 2016
pics from luxembourg exchange program 2016seijibrown2
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (19)

The West Coast Trail Presentation for SAIT international students
The West Coast Trail Presentation for SAIT international studentsThe West Coast Trail Presentation for SAIT international students
The West Coast Trail Presentation for SAIT international students
 
My presentation on vietnam for Intercultural Communications
My presentation on vietnam for Intercultural CommunicationsMy presentation on vietnam for Intercultural Communications
My presentation on vietnam for Intercultural Communications
 
A Presentation of Braga. It was made by students of school
A Presentation of Braga. It was made by students of schoolA Presentation of Braga. It was made by students of school
A Presentation of Braga. It was made by students of school
 
Mathura to Ayodhya Tour by Tempo Traveller
Mathura to Ayodhya Tour by Tempo TravellerMathura to Ayodhya Tour by Tempo Traveller
Mathura to Ayodhya Tour by Tempo Traveller
 
Nanbokucho-period, Historical Origins of Modern Japan
Nanbokucho-period, Historical Origins of Modern JapanNanbokucho-period, Historical Origins of Modern Japan
Nanbokucho-period, Historical Origins of Modern Japan
 
How To Prepare For An Unforgettable Blackwater Dive In Kona
How To Prepare For An Unforgettable Blackwater Dive In KonaHow To Prepare For An Unforgettable Blackwater Dive In Kona
How To Prepare For An Unforgettable Blackwater Dive In Kona
 
COMPLETE BENEFITS OF RELOCATING TO CANADA 1.pdf
COMPLETE BENEFITS OF RELOCATING TO CANADA 1.pdfCOMPLETE BENEFITS OF RELOCATING TO CANADA 1.pdf
COMPLETE BENEFITS OF RELOCATING TO CANADA 1.pdf
 
2024 Annual Meeting: Visit Portland, Maine
2024 Annual Meeting: Visit Portland, Maine2024 Annual Meeting: Visit Portland, Maine
2024 Annual Meeting: Visit Portland, Maine
 
Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca.pdf
Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca.pdfCulture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca.pdf
Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca.pdf
 
Reflective Essay.pdf for Global Compentency
Reflective Essay.pdf for Global CompentencyReflective Essay.pdf for Global Compentency
Reflective Essay.pdf for Global Compentency
 
Da Nang Tourist Attractions, VN (越南 峴港旅遊景點).ppsx
Da Nang Tourist Attractions, VN (越南 峴港旅遊景點).ppsxDa Nang Tourist Attractions, VN (越南 峴港旅遊景點).ppsx
Da Nang Tourist Attractions, VN (越南 峴港旅遊景點).ppsx
 
Vietnam presentation for intercultural communications class
Vietnam presentation for intercultural communications classVietnam presentation for intercultural communications class
Vietnam presentation for intercultural communications class
 
TOURIST & ITS TYPE &MOTIVETIONAL FACTORS & BEHAVIOR .pptx
TOURIST & ITS TYPE &MOTIVETIONAL  FACTORS & BEHAVIOR .pptxTOURIST & ITS TYPE &MOTIVETIONAL  FACTORS & BEHAVIOR .pptx
TOURIST & ITS TYPE &MOTIVETIONAL FACTORS & BEHAVIOR .pptx
 
Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca (1).pdf
Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca (1).pdfCulture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca (1).pdf
Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca (1).pdf
 
Traveling by Train in Sicily: A New Era of Comfort and Convenience
Traveling by Train in Sicily: A New Era of Comfort and ConvenienceTraveling by Train in Sicily: A New Era of Comfort and Convenience
Traveling by Train in Sicily: A New Era of Comfort and Convenience
 
Do's & Don't at Turkish Airlines Mogadishu Office Address.pdf
Do's & Don't  at Turkish Airlines Mogadishu Office Address.pdfDo's & Don't  at Turkish Airlines Mogadishu Office Address.pdf
Do's & Don't at Turkish Airlines Mogadishu Office Address.pdf
 
Planning a Memorable Day What to Look For In Murrells Inlet Fishing Charters
Planning a Memorable Day What to Look For In Murrells Inlet Fishing ChartersPlanning a Memorable Day What to Look For In Murrells Inlet Fishing Charters
Planning a Memorable Day What to Look For In Murrells Inlet Fishing Charters
 
Reflective Essay for global competency certificate
Reflective Essay for global competency certificateReflective Essay for global competency certificate
Reflective Essay for global competency certificate
 
pics from luxembourg exchange program 2016
pics from luxembourg exchange program 2016pics from luxembourg exchange program 2016
pics from luxembourg exchange program 2016
 

MACKEREL by jijo

  • 2. The Indian Mackerel belongs to Family- Scombridae Genus- Rastrelliger  A total of 3 species are found in Indian waters- I. R. kanagurta II. R. brachysoma III. R. faughni  More than 95% of the total mackerel catch is contributed by Rastrelliger kanagurta.  Nearly 90% of world catch of Indian Mackerel is contributed by India alone.
  • 3. Distinguishing features of R.kanagurta  Head length equal to the height of the body.  First dorsal spinous, first spine shorter than second.  Second dorsal soft rayed.  Caudal deeply forked with pointed lobes.  Few golden yellow bands present along and below lateral line.  Dorsal and anal finlets 5 or 6 in number.
  • 4. So how would u differentiate R.kanagurta, from R.brachysoma & R.faughni  R.brachysoma can be easily differentiated from R.kanagurta by its short head which is much shorter than greatest depth of body and is marked by the absence of longitudinal yellow bands and by the presence of black spots.  R.faughni has even shorter head, with shorter mandible & maxilla with shorter and fewer gill rakers. Absence of both longitudinal bands and black spot differentiates it from other other two.
  • 6. Rastrelliger kanagurta is extensively found in tropical indo-pacific regions between 30°N and 30°S latitudes and 30°E and 160°W longitudes.  Countries it occurs are- coastal waters of Eastern Africa north of Durban, Seychelles, Madagascar, Mauritius, countries bordering red sea and Persian gulf, Pakistan, India including Andaman & Nicobar islands, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Cambodia, Northern Australia, Polynesia, Micronesia, New guinea, China, Taiwan, Philippines and Hawaiian islands.
  • 7. R.brachysoma is also found in Indian waters however its presence is restricted to the southern African waters, Andaman sea, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines and solomon islands.  Occurrence of R.faughni has been recorded from Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia and east coast of India.  R.brachysoma  R.faughni
  • 10. Surface feeders of inshore waters  Ingestion is mainly through straining by well developed feathery gill rakers.  Food items- phytoplankton and zooplankton.  Phytoplankton- comprises mainly diatoms, Coscinodiscus, Pleurosigma, Chaeotoceras, Eragillaria, Thalassionema, Nitzschia, Rhizosolenia, Skeletonema and Biddulphia and dinophyceae, Ceratium, Peridinium, and Dinophysis.
  • 11. Zooplanktons mainly comprises of :-  Copepod crustaceans represented by- Oithona, Acrocaianus, Eucalanus, Temora, Euterpina and Acartia.  Other food organisms include Cladocerans, Cirripede larvae, mysids, sergestids (Acetes), amphipods, decapod larval stages of nauplius, protozoea, zoea, and mysis stages of prawn, alima larvae, polychaete worms, foraminiferans and molluscan larvae.
  • 13. REGION SIZE AT AGE FIRST MATURITY R.kanagurta of 19-22.4cm 2 years west coast of India R.Kanagurta of 25-25.9cm 3 years Andaman sea
  • 15. R.kanagurta is heterosexual  However sexual dimorphism is not distinguishable from external characters.  Sexes can be separated from gonadal examination only after attaining size of 12cm.  As stated before the general age of attaining maturity is about 2years.  There is strange regional difference in the spawning patterns, explained in next segment.
  • 17. The Indian Mackerel has been found to have 2 spawning season depending upon monsoon season:-  Intensive spawning and Supplementary spawning seasons.  The spawning seasons not only varies along south-west and south-east coast but also along the south-west coast from South Canara and Mangalore coast in karnataka to Vizhingam in Kerala.  Eggs are pelagic in nature and contains a single oil globule.
  • 18. AREA SPAWNING SEASON West coast (in general) Corresponds with southwest monsoon July-August(intensive spawning) Nov-Dec(supplementary spawning) East coast (in general) Corresponds with northeast monsoon Oct-Dec(intensive spawning) April (supplementary spawning) Andaman sea October-April (1st spawning) No other data available
  • 20. No of batches and amount of eggs liberated by Mackerels in 1 spawning season remained unknown for a long time.  It was later established that a 28cm R.kanagurta releases its eggs in 3 batches in 1 spawning season.  Eggs released in each batch and total fecundity is given in the following table:- Batch no. Eggs Total released fecundity 1 45,000 2 27,000 1,10,000 3 38,000
  • 22. After extensive research work from CMFRI from year 2002-2005, the sex ratio in R.kanagurta was found to be 1:1. i.e 1 female per every single male.
  • 24. Mackerels are shoaling fish.  They do not move in small schools or in few numbers but in millions or even billions!  Shoals are differentiated into fish of same size groups comprising a single shoal moving together steadily in the same direction.  Shape of the shoals- crescentic or arrow head formation  Shoal size- 100metres – a few kilometres  Moving speed- 8-10miles/hr  During day they can be spotted as a long dark patch moving in water  During night they emit luminiscence which helps them in moving , but also helps in scouting for the fishermen
  • 26. Fishing is mainly carried out in neritic waters along the west coast up to a depth of 25metres.  Fishery is mostly supported by juveniles of size range 16-18cm.  Main landing centre's are- Ratnagiri, Malvan, Goa, Karwar, Malpe, Tellicherry, Calicut, Cochin and Alleppey on west coast, Mandappam, Nagapattinam, Kakinada, Vizag & some parts of Orissa and West Bengal on east coast (accidental catch).  West coast contribute a mammoth 73% of total Mackerel catch, while east coast contributes 27%.
  • 28. Basic Crafts used for fishing on west coast are:-  Dug-out canoes  Canoe boats  Plank-built boats, &  Catamarans Types of gears used are:-  Boat seines  Beach seines or drag nets  Gill nets- comprising mainly drift nets, &  Cast net
  • 31. REGION CRAFTS USED GEARS USED MAHARASHTRA DUG OUT CANOES- Pagar Beach Seine-Rampani payawada and Thoni Drift Gill net- Bongdajal CANOE BOATS-Akada hodi Cast net- Pag KARNATAKA DUG OUT CANOE- Thoni Drift Gill net- Kandadi bale, Patta CANOE BOAT- Pandi Beach seine- Rampani, Kairampani KERALA DUG OUT CANOE- Odam Drift Gill net- Ozhuku vala, Ayila- and Thoni chala vala CANOE BOATS- Vallam Beach Seines- Karamadi&kara vala CATAMARAN- Kattumaran Boat Seines-Ayilla koli vala, Thangu vala, Odam vala, Madi vala, Paithu vala. TAMIL NADU PLANK BUILT BOAT- Boat Seines- Thuri Valai, Madi Valai Vallam Beach Seines- Kara & Peria Valai CATAMARAN- Kattumaran, Drift net- Vazhi & Vala Valai Periamaran, Chinnamaran ANDHRA PRADESH PLANK BUILT BOATS Beach seines- Pedda Vala CATAMARANS- Padava Boat Seines- Iraga Vala Gill nets and cast nets ORISSA PLANK BUILT BOAT- Ber Beach Seine- Ber jal
  • 33. YEAR OF LANDING CATCH (IN ‘000’TONNES) 1961-1970 52.04 1971-1980 85.60 1981-1990 95.35 1991-2000 190.47 2001-2005 113.59
  • 34. Year of maximum landing-2,91,080 tons(1989)  Year of minimum landing- 20,780 tons(1968)  Potential yield- 2,95,000 tons  Current landings- 1,25,420 tons(2005)  Region wise contribution of total catch:- REGION PERCENTAGE NORTH-EAST 3.5% SOUTH-EAST 31.1% SOUTH-WEST 55.2% NORTH-WEST 10.2%
  • 36. MIGRATION of Rastrelliger kanagurta:-  The mackerel shoals enter the inshore waters of west every year during post-monsoon period.  The reasons for this migration is still a debatable issue.  Some of the possible reasons under considerations are:- i. For feeding purposes. However this may not be right, as they do not migrate when the planktonic population are at its peak in off south-west coast . ii. Changes hydrological and meteorological parameters. Mackerels seem to have higher susceptibility to changes in temp. than salinity and hence may migrate to cooler inshore waters.  Migrations into the estuaries and backwaters upto as much as 1.5 miles have also been noted in the summer months.
  • 37. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN Mackerel and Oil Sardine Fisheries of India:-  The geographical distribution and the fishing season of the 2 mainstay of Indian fisheries coincides with each other.  There exists an inverse relationship between the two fisheries, i.e. lets say, a successful year of Mackerel fishery coincides with the failure in catch of Oil sardine fishery and vice versa.  There are various factors that may lead to this- I. Competition for food- this is the most obvious assumption. However conclusive evidence has not been found to supplement this theory. II. Competition for space- it is assumed that the spawning grounds for both fishes are in the same regions, so there may exist a competition for space for survival.
  • 38. MANAGEMENT and CONSERVATION practices in Mackerel Fishery  The large scale exploitation of mackerel juveniles along the southwest coast has lead to concerns about the sustainability of the Mackerel stock in the country.  42% of the catch comprises of juveniles of size groups 14-16cm.  This has led to development of precautionary and conservative strategies by limiting the fishing of mackerels during monsoon months of July-September.  Increasing the mesh size up to a minimum of 35mm is another regulation that has been recently employed to control overfishing of Mackerels.