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birds classification by deepak rawal
- 1. Presentation by- Deepak Rawal Assistant Professor Mohanlal Sukhadia University Udaipur India
- 4. Air sacs
- 5. Figure 34.30 Finger 1 (b) Bone structure Palm (a) Wing Finger 2 Forearm Finger 3 Wrist Shaft Shaft Barb Vane Barbule Hook (c) Feather structure
- 6. General characters • Feathered bipedal vertebrates • Birds are glorified reptiles-Huxley • Feathers are modified scales evolved as heat insulators • Scales present on legs • Claws on toes • Birds have high body temp. (40-44) due to a fast metabolism • Some eat up to ½ their body weight in a day • Bones of birds are thin and hallow • 3- chambered Cloaca present • Heart 4 chambered and R.B.C. nucleated and oval • Study of birds- Ornithology • Body of vertebra are heterocoelous (saddle shaped) • Synsacrum forms by fusion of posterior thoracic, lumbar, sacral and anterior caudal vertebras • Posterior caudal vertebra fused to form pygostyle • Teeth are absent and beak present as flight adaptation • Forelimbs are modified into wings • Long bones are pneumatic or hollow as flight adaptation • Sternum large with keel for the attachment of flight muscles (pectoral muscles)
- 7. • Both clavice and one interclavicle fused to form v-shaped furcula or wishbone • Esophagus is dilated into a crop • Stomach is divided into proventriculus and gizzard • Lungs with attached air sacs by which they exchange gases at both inhalation and exhalation • Larynx without vocal cords but syrinx (voice box) present at the junction of trachea and bronchi • Eyes with vascular pecten • Uricotelic metanephric kidneys • right ovary and oviduct is reduced as flight adaptation • Urinary bladder is absent as flight adaptation • Parental care is well developed • Oviparous and eggs with calcareous shell • Amniotic cleidoic egg • Preen glands (oil glands) are located at the end of tail • Skull monocondylic • Beak tells about type of feeding
- 9. ORDER – †ARCHAEOPTERYGIFORMES • Ancient crow like birds • Extinct jurassic birds • Teeth present • Fossils found in Germany • Forelimbs with 3-clawed digits • Keel was absent • Tail without pygosyle • Power of flight was poor • Connecting links between reptiles and birds • Example- †Archaeopteryx
- 12. ORDER- † HESPERONITHIFORMES • Teeth present in beak • Extinct flightless marine birds • Sternum without keel • Vertebrae amphicoelous • Pleurodont teeth • Pectoral girdles reduced • E.g.- Hesperonis
- 13. ORDER- † ICHTHYORNITHIFORMES • Extinct flightless birds • Teeth present in beak • Sternum with well developed keel • Pectoral girdles well developed • E.g.- Ichthyornis
- 15. ORDER- SPHENISCIFORMES • Aquatic flightless birds • forelimbs are paddle like • Feet are webbed • Thick layer of fat present beneath skin • Found in antarctica and galapagos islands • E.g.- Aptenodytes (penguin)
- 16. SUPERORDER-PALAEOGNATHAE • Mnemonics-TADACRS • ORDER-TINAMIFORMES • ORDER-AEPYORNITHIFORMES • ORDER-DINOORNITHIFORMES • ORDER-APTERYGIFORMES • ORDER-CASUARIFORMES • ORDER-RHEIFORMES • ORDER-STRUTHIONIFORMES
- 17. ORDER- TINAMIFORMES • Eggshells are glossy • Have power of short flight due to short wings • Cursorial terrestrial birds • Pygostyle reduced • Sternum with keel • E.g.- Tinamus
- 18. ORDER- AEPYORNITHIFORMES • Recently extinct • Wings vestigial so flightless • 4-toed legs • Example- Aepyornis (elephant bird)
- 19. ORDER- DINORNITHIFORMES • Giant birds recently extinct • Wings absent • Sternum without keel • Massive legs with 3-4 toes • Example- Dinornis (moa) of new zealand
- 20. ORDER- APTERYGIFORMES • Hair like feathers • Wings vestigial • flightless • Long bill with nostril near the tip • Example- Apteryx (kiwi) of new zealand
- 21. ORDER-CASUARIFORMES • 3-toes • flightless • Head bears a comb like structure • Sternum without keel • Example- Casuaris (cassowary) of australia and Dromaius (Emu) of new zealand
- 22. ORDER- RHEIFORMES • 3 clawed toes • flightless • Sternum without keel • Head and neck partially feathered • Feathers lack aftershaft • Example- Rhea
- 23. ORDER- STRUTHIONIFORMES • Legs with 2 toes • Flightless • Sternum lacks keel • Pygostyle absent • Feathers without aftershafts • Pubic symphysis present • Example- Struthio (ostrich)
- 24. SUPERORDER-NEOGNATHAE • ORDER-PSITTACIFORMES • ORDER-PICIFORMES ARBOREAL BIRDS • ORDER-PASSERIFORMES • ORDER-COLUMBIFORMES • ORDER-GALLIFORMES TERRESTRIAL • ORDER-CUCULIFORMES BIRDS • ORDER-ANSERIFORMES • ORDER-CORACIIFORMES • ORDER-GAVIIFORMES SWIMMING BIRDS • ORDER-COLYMBIFORMES • ORDER-PROCELLARIFORMES • ORDER-PELECANIFORMES • ORDER-CHARADRIIFORMES • ORDER-CICONIIFORMES SHORE/WADING • ORDER-GRUIFORMES BIRDS • ORDER-FALCONIFORMES PREDATOR BIRDS • ORDER-STRIGIFORMES • ORDER-MICROPODIFORMES AERIAL BIRDS Mnemonics- • ORDER-CAPRIMULGIFORMES CCCCCCCPPPPPGGGMAFS
- 25. ORDER-PSITTACIFORMES • Parrot like birds • Feathers are green, yellow, blue or red • Feet zygodactylus (two toes infront and two toes behind) • Beak stout and hooked at tip • Example- Psittacula (green parrot)
- 26. ORDER-PICIFORMES • Protrusible tongue • Two toes infront and one behind • Tail feathers are stiff with pointed tip • Tough beak • Dig insect and larva out of wood • Example- Dendrocopos (wood pecker)
- 27. ORDER-PASSERIFORMES • Largest order • Feet adapted for perching and beak for cutting • 3 toes infront and one behind • Example- Passer domesticus (house sparrow) and Corvus splendens (crow)
- 28. ORDER-COLUMBIFORMES • Skin thick and soft • Large crop prouce pigeon milk to feed offspring • Graminivorous and frugivorous • Example- columba livia (blue rock pigeon)
- 29. ORDER-GALLIFORMES • Short flight • Game birds • Feathers with aftershaft • Feet massive adapted for scratching • Beak is short • Example- Gallus (jungle fowl) and Pavo (peacock)
- 30. ORDER-CUCULIFORMES • Tail long • Toes 2 front and 2 behind • Show brood parasitism (female lays eggs in nest of other birds) • Example- Eudynamis (koel)
- 31. ORDER-ANSERIFORMES • Aquatic birds • Beak is broad • Tongue is fleshy • Tails and feet are short • Feet are webbed • Example- Anas (duck)
- 32. ORDER- CORACIIFORMES • Beak is strong • Third and fourth toes are fused at the base • Long tail • Example- Halcyon (kingfisher)
- 33. ORDER-GAVIIFORMES • Marine birds • Legs are at the end of the body • Toes are webbed • Powerful flight • Example- Gavia
- 34. ORDER- COLYMBIFORMES/PODICIPEDIFORMES • Good divers • Patella is large • Legs are placed far back at body • Example- Podiceps (GREBES)
- 35. ORDER- PROCELLARIFORMES • Long and oily wings • Tubular nostril • Large nasal glands • Marine birds • Example- Diomedea (albatross)
- 36. ORDER- PELECANIFORMES • Aquatic fish eating birds • Nostrils are vestigial • Presence of gular pouch on the throat • 4 toed webbed feet • Beak long with wide gap • Example- Pelicanus (pelican)
- 37. ORDER-CHARADRIIFORMES • Mud probing beaks • Webbed feet • Dense wings • Hind limbs are slender and elongated • Example- Larus (gull)
- 38. ORDER- CICONIIFORMES • Snake like neck • Long legs • Pincer like beak • Toes without web • Feathers are decorative • Example- Phonicopterus (flamingo)
- 39. ORDER-GRUIFORMES • Long legs • Feathers with aftershafts • Beaks heavy • Show migration • Example- Antegona (sarus crane)
- 40. ORDER- FALCONIFORMES • Sharp hooked beak • Strong curved claws • Diurnal • Example- Aquila (eagle)
- 41. ORDER- STRIGIFORMES • Nocturnal birds • Huge frontal yellow eyes • Example- Bubo (owl)
- 42. ORDER-MICROPODIFORMES/APODIFORMES • Smallest birds • Legs are very short • Pointed wings • Long slender beak • Example- Humming birds
- 43. ORDER-CAPRIMULGIFORMES • Nocturnal • Insectivorous birds • Legs are small • Mouth is with long bristle like sensory feathers • Example- Caprimulgus (goat sucker)
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Figure 34.30 Form fits function: the avian wing and feather.