[Ebook] IELTS Level 4

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Scheme of work
Week 1 Unit 1 3
Unit 1: A Forming questions, be, do and have
Unit 1: B Forming questions and answers, be, do and have
Unit 1: C Suffixes, idiomatic expressions
Unit 1: D Action verbs and state verbs
Unit 1: E IELTS Exercises
Week 2 Unit 2 34
Unit 2: A Present simple passive, sports and leisure
Unit 2: B Synonyms and antonyms, multi-word verbs
Unit 2: C Numbers (1)
Unit 2: D Letters and emails, formal and informal styles
Week 3 Unit 3 63
Unit 3: A Numbers (2)
Unit 3: B Past simple and past continuous, news
Unit 3: C Past perfect, art and literature
Unit 3: D Permission and obligation
Week 4 Unit 4 98
Unit 4: A Ability, giving advice
Unit 4: B Negative obligation, requests and offers
Unit 4: C Positives and negatives - balancing
Unit 4: D The future – will and going to
Week 5 Unit 5 128
Unit 5: A Make, do and like
Unit 5: B Adjectives - food, places and people
Unit 5: C Mid-course assessment preparation and review
Unit 5: D Mid-course assessment preparation and tests
Unit 5: E Mid-course assessment test review and feedback

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Week 6 Unit 6 146
Unit 6: A Present perfect, a life story
Unit 6: B The past - news, CV
Unit 6: C Multi-word verbs, first conditional
Unit 6: D First conditional, second conditional (1)
Unit 6: E Project Work Session
Week 7 Unit 7 178
Unit 7: A First conditional, second conditional (1)
Unit 7: B Money, adjectives, multi-word verbs
Unit 7: C Possibility and probability
Unit 7: D Adjective + preposition combinations, character
Week 8 Unit 8 208
Unit 8: A Continuous forms
Unit 8: B Questions about quantity, time expressions
Unit 8: C Prefixes and suffixes, direct and indirect questions
Unit 8: D Questions, questions tags, multi-word verbs
Week 9 Unit 9 240
Unit 9: A The human body, reporting
Unit 9: B Reporting questions, statements and commands
Unit 9: C Time, life events
Unit 9: D Review 1
Week 10 Unit 10 276
Unit 10: A Review 2
Unit 10: B Review 3
Unit 10: C End-of-course assessment preparation and tests
Unit 10: D End-of-course assessment test review and feedback
Unit 10: E Project presentation, assessment and feedback

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Unit 1: A
1 Listening and Speaking Activity
Listen to the recording of a man telling us about himself. Form five questions you would
like to ask him and share it with the class.
Listen to the details he gave. Form questions to ask him for additional information.
Use What, Where, Why, When, How in your questions.
2 Make questions from these sentences.
1 I come from Thailand. (Where?)
_____________________________________________________________________
2 I was born in Beijing in 1991. (Where? When?)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3 I live in Manila. (Where?)
_____________________________________________________________________
4 I’ve got two sisters and a brother. (How many?)
_____________________________________________________________________
5 I’m studying English because I need it for my studies. (Why?)
_____________________________________________________________________
6 I’ve been studying English for two years. (How long?)
_____________________________________________________________________
7 I’ve been to the Malaysia, Vietnam, Japan, and Australia. (Which countries?)
_____________________________________________________________________

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8 I went to Malaysia three years ago. (When?)
_____________________________________________________________________
2 With a partner, ask and answer the questions you made in Activity 1 and write
your partner’s answers.
3 Tell the class about your partner.
4 As you listen, form one question to ask your friend about his/her partner. Ask
your question when your friend has finished introducing the partner.
5 Making questions
Put the words in the right order to make questions. Then write answers about yourself.
Example parents where were your born?
Where were your parents born?
My mother was born in Shenzhen and my father was born in Dalian.
1 you do who live with?
____________________________________________________________________?
____________________________________________________________________
2 learning you started were how when you English old?
___________________________________________________________________ ?
Where do you come from? Thailand.
Where were you born? In Phuket, Thailand.
Tharadol comes from Thailand. He was born on Phuket in
1989, but now he lives in Hong Kong. He has one brother
and three sisters…

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_____________________________________________________________________
3 go you where holiday were did younger when you on?
___________________________________________________________________ ?
_____________________________________________________________________
4 read any your in books free you do time?
___________________________________________________________________ ?
_____________________________________________________________________
5 to time night what did go this bed you last?
___________________________________________________________________ ?
_____________________________________________________________________
6 Great Wall China ever to to been the have see you?
___________________________________________________________________ ?
_____________________________________________________________________
7 father look your you like do?
___________________________________________________________________ ?
_____________________________________________________________________
6 Reply to the following sentences with a suitable question.
Example ‘I’m going for lunch.’
What are you going to eat?
1 ‘Hamid speaks three languages.’
___________________________________________________________________ ?
2 ‘We had a wonderful time at the zoo.’
___________________________________________________________________ ?
3 ‘Mei Ling and Enlai paid a lot of money for their car.’

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___________________________________________________________________ ?
4 ‘Mr Wong and his wife have a big family’
___________________________________________________________________ ?
5 ‘Shirley’s going to the theatre tonight.’
___________________________________________________________________ ?
6 ‘Prem’s writing an email.’
___________________________________________________________________ ?
7 ‘The lesson was really interesting.’
___________________________________________________________________ ?
8 ‘We had an amazing holiday.’
___________________________________________________________________ ?
7 Using do, be and have
Read the following sentences and notice the changes.
do
1 I like Coke.
2 I don’t like Pepsi.
3 Do you like Coke?
4 My brother likes Coke.
5 My sister doesn’t like Coke.
6 Does your friend like Coke?
be
1 I am happy.
2 I am not sad.
3 Are you happy?
4 My brother is happy.

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5 My sister isn’t happy.
6 Is your friend happy?
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Palace_Bangkok.jpg by
D.Alyoshin
have
1 I have visited Bangkok.
2 I haven’t visited Shanghai.
3 Have you visited Bangkok?
4 My brother has visited Bangkok.
5 My sister hasn’t visited Bangkok.
6 Has your friend visited Bangkok?

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8 Continue the following sets of sentences in the same way.
1 I study in a school.
2 _______________________________________________ in a university.
3 __________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________
6 __________________________________________________________________
1 I’m learning English.
2 ________________________________________________ French.
3 __________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________
6 __________________________________________________________________
1 I saw the Pacific Ocean.
2 _____________________________________________ the Atlantic Ocean.
3 __________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________
6 __________________________________________________________________
1 I’ve met Jackie Chan.
2 _______________________________________________ President Obama.
3 __________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________
6 __________________________________________________________________

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9 Completing a conversation
Read this telephone conversation and put the correct form of do, be and have into each
gap. Use the contracted form where possible.
J Good morning, Lenovo hotline. This is Jenny speaking. How can I help you?
C Oh, hello. I (a) ____________ got a problem with my laptop. It (b) ___________
(not) working at all!
J Okay. Could you tell me your name and the name of the company your work for,
please?
C My name is Carl. . I (c) ______________ (not) work for a company. I work for
myself at home, and I (d) _____________ trying to finish an important piece of
work.
J Alright, Carl. Could you tell me what (e) _______________ happened?
C I (f) _______________ working on my assignment, when suddenly everything
stopped and a message came on the screen. Then the screen went blank.
J Okay, Carl, (g) ______________ (not) worry! What (h) ______________ the
message say?
C I can’t remember exactly, because I (i) __________________ (not) understand it,
but I think it said something about the memory.
J It’s all right, Carl. I understand. (j) __________________ you switched the
computer off?
C No, I (k) _________________ (not). It’s still on.
J Fine, Carl. Now do exactly what I say. Go to your computer, okay? Can you see a
Red ‘P’ in the bottom left-hand corner? Click on that. Now, what
(l)____________________ it say? Can you read it to me?
C There’s a list of things. First it says...
10 Here are some questions about the conversation between Jenny and Carl.
The words of the questions are not in order. Put them in the correct order. Then answer
each question.
1 Carl the is why Lenovo hotline calling?
________________________________________________________________ ?

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Because __________________________________________________________
2 work for Carl does company which?
________________________________________________________________ ?
He _______________________________________________________________
3 doing when laptop he his was what stopped?
________________________________________________________________ ?
He _______________________________________________________________
4 Carl why remember message the can’t?
________________________________________________________________ ?
Because___________________________________________________________
5 switched computer he has his off?
________________________________________________________________ ?
No, ______________________________________________________________
11 Listen to the conversation between two tourists and answer the questions below.
Put a T for True and a F for False in the bracket.
1. The night market is difficult to find. ( )
2. Taking the taxi is better than taking the subway. ( )
3. Taxis are usually cheap in Bangkok. ( )
4. You should not bargain at the night market because everything is cheap already.
( )
5. Tourist 2 thinks that tourist 1 asks silly questions. ( )

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Unit 1: B
1 Using do, be and have
Complete these questions with the correct form of do, be and have.
1. A What _________________ do at the weekend?
B I stayed at home and played on my computer.
2. A What kind of films_________________ like watching?
B I like action movies and science fiction.
3. A _____________ ever been to Macau?
B Yes, I have. I went there last year.
A _________________ like it?
B Yes, I loved it.
4. A What _____________ the teacher ______________?
B She’s helping Mei Ling with this activity.
5. A What ______________ your mother do?
B She works in a shop.
6. A Why ________________ do your homework last night?
B Because I went out for dinner with my family.
7. A What _______________ doing on Friday?
B I’m going to see a film at the cinema.
8. A _____________ you ___________ a computer in your bedroom?
B No, I haven’t.
2 Conversations
Match a question in A with a short answer in B and a sentence in C.
A B C
1 Do you like studying here?
2 Is it a nice day today?
3 Have you seen my hand phone?
4 Are you staying at home this evening?
5 Did you go overseas last year?
No, I haven’t.
Yes, I am.
Yes, I do.
No, I didn’t.
No, it isn’t.
It’s raining heavily.
It’s a good school.
I couldn’t afford to.
Do you want to come round?
You can borrow mine if you want.

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3 Negatives and short answers
Complete the sentences with the correct form of do, be and have in the positive or
negative.
Examples Andy likes carrots but Joe doesn’t.
I don’t like carrots but Nicky does.
1 I’ve been to Indonesia but Anita _______________________.
2 Sathya isn’t studying hard but I ________________________.
3 Jiang loves fishing but we _____________________________.
4 I did my homework last night but my sister ___________________.
5 Jackie hasn’t finished his work but Eddie ____________________.
6 We don’t want to leave now but they __________________.
7 I didn’t remember to bring my book but you ______________.
8 Your English is good but mine _______________.
4 Writing answers
Answer these questions about you with a short answer and some more information.
Example Do you speak three languages?
Yes, I do. I speak Chinese, Korean, and English.
No, I don’t. I only speak two, Chinese and English.
1 Are you enjoying this lesson?
____________________________________________________________________.
2 Did you have a good teacher in primary school?
____________________________________________________________________.
3 Have you ever been to Singapore?
____________________________________________________________________.
4 Do you often watch English language films?
____________________________________________________________________.
5 Have you been on a plane many times?
____________________________________________________________________.

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5 have/have got
6 Using have and have got
Complete the sentences with the correct form of have or have got.
Example Excuse me! Do you have the time, please?
or
Excuse me! Have you got the time, please?
GRAMMAR CHECK
1 Have and have got are used to show possession. It is used in the Present Simple.
I have two brothers.
I’ve got two brothers.
He has long legs.
He’s got long legs.
2 We can make questions like this.
Do you have any money? Yes, I do.
Have you got any money? Yes, I have.
3 We can make negative sentences like this.
He hasn’t got any money.
He doesn’t have any money.
4 We use have in all other tenses.
I had swimming lessons when I was six.
I didn’t have a computer when I was a child.
I’ve had a pet cat since I was nine.
I’ll have test next week.
I like having English lessons.
I’d like to have more English lessons.
5 Have is used to talk about actions and experiences.
Have breakfast/a cup of tea/a break.
Have a bath haircut/a rest.
Have a chat/a dream/an accident.
Have a look at something/a word with someone.
6 We use have more in written/formal English. We use have got more in
spoken/informal English.

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1 I’m so hungry. I _____________________________ anything to eat last night.
2 ‘Why’s Chitra taking medicine?’
‘Because she ________________________________ a headache.’
3 ‘What would you like to eat?’
‘I _____________________ some noodles, please.’
4 ‘Can you lend me ten dollars?’
‘Sorry. I __________________ my wallet with me.’
5 Suzy ____________________ her baby. It’s a boy. They’re calling him Roy.
6 We _____________________ a party on Friday. Would you like to come?
7 Can I _______________ a word with you later?
8 How was your picnic? ________ you ________ a good time?
9 Could you help me? I ___________ a problem, and I don’t know what to do.
10 What time _________________ do usually _______________ dinner?
7 Important inventions
Work with a partner. Rank the inventions listed below ‘1’ for the most important to ‘8’
for the least important.
the computer ___________ the Internet ___________
the car ___________ the train ___________
the television ___________ the mobile phone ___________
the aeroplane ___________ the light bulb ___________
8 The most important inventions
Work in groups and try to agree on the three most important inventions in the list above.
Which invention has changed the world the most? Give reasons for your choices.
1 ___________________________

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________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2 ___________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3 ___________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
9 Discussing your ideas
Talk together as a class. What other important inventions would you add to the list?
Why?

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10 Reading Comprehension
Pre-reading Questions:
1. Who does not eat instant ramen?
2. Any one here has never owned a walkman/Discman/MP3 Player etc?
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_net_md_walkman_mz_n510.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Instant_ramen.jpg
Japan’s Greatest Invention: The Instant Ramen or The Walkman?
Which is the greatest Japanese invention of the 20th
Century? Instant ramen, which was
voted the “Greatest Japanese Invention” in 2007 or the Walkman, which almost every
one had one at some point of time in their life? These two Japanese icons are everywhere
around the world. They can be found in the most diverse cultures and the farthest places
on earth.
The instant ramen was invented in 1958 by Nissin Food in Japan by Momofuku Ando. It
was a modification of the original soup noodles sold in stores across Japan. Initially, the
idea was not accepted by the food industry because they thought people would not accept
the idea of food cooked so quickly. However, with the world changing into a fast paced
place, the concept of a dish that can be prepared within minutes and eaten caught on.
Tasty and quick, the instant ramen became the staple for a modern generation of people
on the go. Ranging from students who need a quick meal between lectures to corporate
climbers who have no time to cook, the instant ramen is the solution. The instant ramen is

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so popular that it has inspired identical copies of itself in other countries. Almost all
Asian countries now have their own brand of instant noodles.
What about the Walkman? This audio device was released in 1979 to the public by Sony.
Its instant popularity was due to the convenience and solace it gave. Light and compact,
the device allows you to retreat into your own private world at the click of a button. For
people on the go, the walkman occupies your time and mind while you travel, keeping
you company on those long and lonely times. The Walkman has since evolved. From
cassettes to CDs and now to computer memory chips, the Walkman has kept up with the
times to provide invaluable companionship to the traveller. It is so successful that it has
spurred competitors to design similar devices. However, no one can ever change the fact
that it was Sony that first provided us with the means to enter into our own space when
we are on a long and tiring journey or at a crowded place.
Reading for Gist: In 2 mins, scan through the passage and answer the questions
below with a T for True and a F for False
1. The Walkman and Instant Ramen touched the life of many. ( )
2. The Instant Ramen was voted greatest invention. ( )
3. Before the invention of the instant ramen, people thought food should be cooked
slowly. ( )
4. The Walkman is popular because it is cheap. ( )
5. The Walkman is the only audio device sold nowadays. ( )
6. Read the passage carefully this time Summarise the reasons why Instant Ramen
and the Walkman became successful below. Write the reasons in short and complete
sentences.
Instant Ramen
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
The Walkman

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________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Vote for the product you think is the greatest invention. In your own words, write a
paragraph explaining why and support your answer with examples.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
11 What is it? (1)
Read these descriptions of inventions. What are they?
1 We find this in tall buildings. It is a small room. It has buttons to press to make it go
up and down.
_____________________________
2 We find these where roads meet. They have got three colours. They tell drivers when
to stop, go and slow down.
______________________________
3 This has three or four blades. It is used to move the air. It helps people to stay cool.
Big ones are usually fixed to the ceiling.

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_______________________________
4 This thing has got a needle. We use it to make clothes. It moves very fast, so you
must be careful when you use it.
_______________________________
5 This is a method of communication. You need to have a computer or a hand phone to
use it. You can contact friends, look for information and play games with people in
other places with it.
________________________________
12 What is it? (2)
Write descriptions of five things. Then give your descriptions to your partners and ask
them to say what the things are.
In your descriptions, remember to use appropriate adjectives.
Generally, adjectives must be ordered in the manner:
Size, shape, colour, origin, material, use NOUN
Big (size), rectangular (shape), brown (colour), wooden (material) box
Round (shape), Spanish (origin), porcelain (material) plates
Error correction exercise: The order of adjectives in the passage below is wrong. In
pairs, correct the order of adjectives and re-write the passage.
Michael hated pre-war, old Melbourne – hated it at the very first sight of the foggy,
horrible streets filled with dull, colourless crowds ambling home like soulless creatures,
the shop windows glowing feebly in the misty twilight, the huge, slow buses reduced to
red dim rumbling shapes that seemed to float out of nowhere amidst the white, thick fog
and smoke. He particularly hated this dingy, dark, ugly room, with its broken-down, old
furniture and the hissing gas heater in the fireplace that went out if you forgot to keep
enough shillings to feed the hungry mouth of the coin slot. He thought about struggling
into a woollen, heavy skirt and cardigan and pulling on a pair of thick stockings; he hated
the feel of prickly, wet wool against his skin. The wool gloves, which he disliked even
more, were suspended from a metal, thin wire in front of the pale-blue flames of the gas
heater, drying from another hopeless, cold morning of job hunting and giving off an

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odour which Michael found loathsome. Everything in Australia seemed to smell of damp,
cold wool, as if the entire population consisted of wet, smelly animals.
13 Role-Play: The inventor
Work with a group to think of something new that you need or something that could
be useful for people. Draw a picture of it and then describe it to your classmates.
Design a short presentation about your invention. Use the following questions to help
you.
What is it?
Why do we need it?
How does it work?
How do we use it?
Role-Play how to use your invention for the class. Your classmates will evaluate
which is the best invention.

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Unit 1: C
1 Suffixes
Sometimes we can change the form of a word by adding something to the end of it. This
is called a suffix.
base word + suffix = new word
present + ation = presentation
comfort + able = comfortable
2 Forming nouns with suffixes
Here are some suffixes for creating nouns. Can you add two more examples for each
suffix?
-ion production, connection ____________________________________
-ation administration, presentation ____________________________________
-ment enjoyment, improvement ____________________________________
-ness goodness, kindness ____________________________________
3 Forming nouns about ideas with suffixes
Here are some suffixes for creating nouns. Can you add two more examples for each
suffix?
-hood childhood, parenthood ____________________________________
-ship membership, partnership ____________________________________
-dom freedom, kingdom ____________________________________
-ity stupidity, creativity ____________________________________
-ism capitalism, professionalism ____________________________________
4 Matching words with suffixes
Match the word in the list with a suitable suffix in table below to create a noun. Use a
dictionary to help you. Then write the meaning.

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1 relation___________________ _____________________________
2 consumer_________________ _____________________________
3 prosper___________________ _____________________________
4 commercial_______________ _____________________________
5 Social___________________ _____________________________
6 parent___________________ _____________________________
7 bore____________________ _____________________________
8 brother__________________ _____________________________
9 rapid___________________ _____________________________
10 free____________________ _____________________________
11 partner_________________ _____________________________
12 conform_________________ _____________________________
hood hood ship ship dom dom
ity ity ity ism ism ism
5 Forming adjectives with suffixes
Here are some suffixes for creating adjectives. Can you add two more examples for each
suffix?
-able likeable, understandable ____________________________________
-ible responsible, sensible ____________________________________
-ive productive, selective ____________________________________
-less careless, helpless ____________________________________
-al professional, national ____________________________________

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-ful useful, helpful ____________________________________
6 Word formation using suffixes
Complete these sentences with different forms of the word act using the suffixes from the
box.
-or -ion -ing -ive -ivities
1 My Jackie Chan an act_________. He’s been in many films.
2 My grandfather is 92, but he’s still very act_________.
3 Jackie Chan is usually in act________ movies.
4 Jackie Chan has been act_________ since he was very young.
5 We do a lot of act__________ in our English lessons.
7 Verb + preposition
Many verbs are followed by a particular preposition. Fill each gap with a preposition
from the box. Some prepositions are used more than once.
of about to in with for on
1 Sometimes I disagree ____________ with my friend’s ideas.
2 Are you interested ____________ watching a film tonight?
3 We might pass the test. It depends ____________ how hard you study.
4 What kinds of music do you like listening _____________?
5 If you have a problem, you can talk _____________ me.

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6 The teacher and I talked _____________ my homework.
7 I was thinking ____________ my boyfriend. Then I got a call from him.
8 What do you think _____________ this shirt. Is it nice?
9 How much did you pay ____________ your shoes?
10 What are you worried _____________?
8 Idiomatic expressions
When we’re talking with friends we use a lot of idiomatic expressions. What do you think
these idioms mean? Use a dictionary to help you.
1 got stuck ________________________________________________
2 be off ________________________________________________
3 go out with ________________________________________________
4 ages ________________________________________________
5 sick and tired ________________________________________________
6 take time off ________________________________________________
7 get together ________________________________________________
8 can’t stand ________________________________________________
9 never mind ________________________________________________
10 cost a fortune ________________________________________________
11 to make it ________________________________________________
12 must be joking ________________________________________________
13 mind your own business ________________________________________________

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9 Using idiomatic expressions (1)
Match a sentence in A with a sentence in B.
A B
1 Sorry I’m late. I got stuck in a meeting.
2 Bye, Darling! I’m off to work now.
3 How long did it take you to walk home?
4 Oh, I’m sick and tired of this rain.
5 Was that your boyfriend I saw you with?
6 I’m tired. I’m taking tomorrow off.
7 Let’s go for a swim with the sharks!
8 Can we get together this evening at 6.00?
9 What a beautiful ring! Was it expensive?
Yes, you need to relax.
So am I. I can’t stand wet weather.
Never mind. You’re here now.
Ages! How about you?
Yes, it cost a fortune!
You must be joking!
I can’t make it then. What about later?
Okay, love. Have a good day!
Mind your own business!
10 Using idiomatic expressions (2)
Answer these questions. Use the idioms in your answers.
1 How often do you get stuck in a traffic jam?
________________________________________________________________________
2 Who in the world would you most like to go out with?
________________________________________________________________________
3 Are you sick and tired of anything?
________________________________________________________________________
4 What would you do if you could take time off your studies?
________________________________________________________________________
5 How often do you get together with your friends?
________________________________________________________________________

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6 What can’t you stand?
________________________________________________________________________
7 What would you like that costs a fortune?
________________________________________________________________________
8 Do you like to know a lot about people or do you mind your own business?
________________________________________________________________________
11 Correcting mistakes
Look at the letter that a student wrote to his friend. His teacher has used symbols to show
him the kind of mistakes he had made.
Read the letter and correct the mistakes.
T tense WW wrong word
Prep preposition P punctuation
Gr grammar Sp spelling
WO word order  word missing
48, Harley Road,
London, England
Monday, 18th July
Dear Fan,
Prep Gr
How are you? I’m very well. I came in London three weeks ago for to study at a
P Gr
language school. I want learn english because is a very important language. I’m stay
Gr  Gr 
with a English family. They’ve got two son and a daughter. Mr White is lawyer and
Gr Gr 
Mrs White work in an office. The English is very kind, but they speak very quickly!
P WW
I study in the morning. My teachers name is Andy. He said me that my English
WW Gr Sp
is okay, but I do a lot of mistakes. Andy don’t give us to much homework, so in the
WO Gr
afternoons I go always sightseeing. London is much more big than my city. I like very
WO Gr Prep
much painting and I’m very interesting for modern art, so I visit art galleries and

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T Gr
exhibitions. I’ve met a girl named Angelina. She came from Italy and go to Chelsea
T Sp
College. Last night we go to the cinema, but the film wasn’t very exiting.
WW
Do you like to visit me? Why don’t you come for a week? It would be great to see
you.
Write to me soon.
Cheers,
Nick
12 Answer these questions about the letter above.
1 Where is Nick? Where is he staying?
_____________________________________________________________________
2 Why is he there?
_____________________________________________________________________
3 What does he do every day?
_____________________________________________________________________
4 What does he do in his free time?
_____________________________________________________________________
5 Who has he met?
_____________________________________________________________________
13 Writing a letter
Write a similar letter to a friend back in your country. Write 150-200 words.
Exchange letters with your friend. Correct your friend’s letter before handing up to your
teacher.

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Unit 1: D
1 Comparing sentences
Look at the pairs of sentences. Which one is correct? Give a reason for your answer.
1 They have a young daughter.
They’re having a young daughter.
2 He speaks three languages.
He’s speaking three languages.
3 Don’t turn off the radio! I listen to it.
Don’t turn off the radio! I’m listening to it.
4 I make some tea now.
I’m making some tea now.
5 We’re thinking this film is interesting.
We think this film is interesting.
6 English speaks all over the world.
English is spoken all over the world.
2 What brings happiness?
Look at this list of things that can bring happiness. How important is each one to you?
Rank them 1 (most important) to 9 (least important).
good health in mind and body ___________
a big house ___________
job satisfaction ___________
regular holidays ___________
a loving marriage ___________
a supportive family ___________
hobbies and leisure activities ___________
lots of friends ___________
no money problems ___________
Compare your answers with a partner.

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3 What makes you happy?
What other things make you happy? Tell your classmates.
Read the passage below on ‘The Happiest Person in the World”. Adapted from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Wen-Bing
President Shin Wen-Bing is famous for being known as the ‘Happiest person in the
world.’ He was an ex- mayor of Tainan who during retirement, became the first elected
president at the South Taiwan Artisan School (ATAS). The ATAS later became the
Southern Taiwan University of Technology, on December 15, 1969. What makes
President Shin so special was the fact that he never received any form of monetary
recompense during his term as the president. He retired in 1988 as president of the
university.
President Shin cared more about his homeland than his own political career. He was
passionate about education throughout his life. A man of many talents, he was a
statesman, educator and entrepreneur.
President Shin always said that education was the most meaningful thing in his career, so
he was proud to say that he was the happiest person in the world because of the role he
played. President Shin liked reading as a hobby and he encouraged people to read as well.
To commemorate Mr. Shin not only as a late President of Southern Taiwan University of
Technology but also a great man of our time, STUT has organized an exhibition room -
the "Shin Wen-Bing Museum" - to display his collection of books and to tell his story.
President Shin is best remembered for his quote below:
"Trust, justice, sincerity, and honesty are the basic principles of our lives. They are
principles revered by ancient Eastern as well as by ancient Western sages. They are now
regarded as our school motto. I hope all of us will strive to fulfill them.1
"
1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Taiwan_University_of_Technology

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Discuss:
1. What do you think is of President Shin’s reason for being the happiest person on
earth?
2. Do you share the same ideals as him?
4 The happiest time of your life
What do you think is the happiest time of a person’s life? Give three reasons for your
answer.
The happiest time ____________________________________________________
Reason1 _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Reason 2 _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Reason 3 _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
5 Action verbs and state verbs
6 Identifying state verbs
Seven of these verbs are not usually used in the Present Continuous. They are state verbs.
Circle them.
1 enjoy
GRAMMAR CHECK
1 Some verbs are used in both simple and continuous forms. These are called
action verbs.
He usually teaches English, but today he isn’t teaching. He’s relaxing.
2 Some verbs are rarely used in the continuous form. These are called
state verbs.
I like ice-cream. (NOT I’m liking ice-cream.)

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2 think (opinion)
3 come
4 play
5 have (= possess)
6 love
7 want
8 think (= consider)
9 like
10 know
11 understand
12 work
13 have (= activity)
7 Right or wrong (1)
Are these sentences correct (  ) or incorrect (×)? Rewrite the incorrect sentences.
1 What do you want to eat? 
2 I’m not understanding what he said. × I don’t understand what he said.
3 I’m loving spicy food. ____________________________________
4 Do you think Lily speaks English well? ____________________________________
5 I’m sorry. I’m not knowing your name. ____________________________________
6 We’re enjoying the lesson very much. ____________________________________
7 I’m thinking it’s very good. ____________________________________
8 The baby is being fed by his mother. ____________________________________
8 Present Simple or Present Continuous (1)
Complete the pairs of sentences using the verb in the Present Simple or the Present
Continuous.
1 come
Khalid is Malaysian. He ____________________ from Penang.

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She’ll be here very soon. She ______________________ by train.
2 have
We can’t talk now. We’re __________________ an exam.
Alan _____________ a beautiful new wife.
3 think
I ___________________ I need to improve my English.
I ___________________ about my boyfriend at the moment. I love him so much.
4 not enjoy
We ____________________ this concert at all. The music is too loud.
We ____________________ loud concerts.
5 watch
Be quiet! I _________________________ my TV show.
I always ___________________________ it on Monday night.
6 see
Janet isn’t well. She ____________________ the doctor at the moment.
I ____________________ your problem, but I can’t help you. I’m sorry.
7 use
This field ____________ usually ____________ for football matches.
But tonight it _____________ being _____________ for a concert.
9 Right or wrong (2)
Some sentences are right and some are wrong. Put a tick () next to the right ones and a
cross (×) next to the wrong ones. Rewrite the wrong sentences.
1 I’m thinking you are a good person.
_____________________________________________________________________
2 Where are you thinking of going at the weekend?
_____________________________________________________________________
3 Nobody is ever liking my cooking. It’s so disappointing.

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_____________________________________________________________________
4 Don’t listen to what she says. She always tells lies.
_____________________________________________________________________
5 We’re seeing our bank manager at two o’clock.
_____________________________________________________________________
6 I’m not understanding this grammar point.
_____________________________________________________________________
7 Does the baker make bread?
_____________________________________________________________________
8 He’s not knowing my phone number.
_____________________________________________________________________
10 Present Simple or Present Continuous (2)
Complete the pairs of sentences with the verb. Put one in the Present Simple and the
other in the Present Continuous.
1 think
I _________________________ of learning how to drive.
I ___________________________ that’s a great idea.
2 see
_____________________ you _______________ what I mean?
What time __________________ you _______________ the doctor?
3 have
She ______________________ a wonderful new husband.
She ______________________ a wonderful time on her honeymoon.
11 Writing using the Present Simple and Present Continuous
What do you enjoy doing? What do you love to do? Write about 150 words.

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Unit 2: A
Look at these pairs of sentences. Underline the verbs. What is the difference?
I cooked the meat for an hour.
The meat was cooked for an hour.
They speak Mandarin in China.
Mandarin is spoken in China.
2 Present Simple Passive
The first sentence in each pair uses the Present Simple active. It focuses on who did
something. The second sentence in each pair uses the Present Simple passive. It focuses
on what happens.
Millions of people speak English.
English is spoken by millions of people.
3 Present Passive
GRAMMAR CHECK
1 We form the Present Simple Passive like this.
Food is eaten.
Students are taught.
2 We form the Present Continuous Passive like this.
I am being taught English.
We are being taught English.
3 We use the Present Passive to talk about regular actions or habits.
My house is cleaned every day.
My clothes are washed once a week.
4 We use the Present Passive to talk about facts.
Rice is grown in China.
Computers are used in most offices.
5 We use the Present Passive to talk about something happening now.
Grammar is being taught in this lesson.
The students are being taught grammar.

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4 Past participles
Base form Past simple Past participle
do did done
eat ate eaten
look looked looked
clean cleaned cleaned
5 Using past participles
Add the past participles to the following sentences using words in the box. Use each word
once.
grow produce make pull take
deliver include employ decorate speak
1 English is _________________ in our lessons.
2 This cake was ________________ by my grandmother.
3 The cost of books is _________________ in the school fee?
4 The city centre is ________________ to celebrate New Year.
5 Cars are ________________ in this factory.
6 The books were ______________ by the students.
7 About five hundred people are ________________ in that company.
8 Tea is __________________ in Sri Lanka.
9 The old building is being _________________ down.
10 The letter was _________________ by the postman.

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6 Using active and passive forms
Read this text and write the verbs in the Present Simple active or Present Simple passive.
7 Sport and leisure activities (1)
In pairs, make a list of as many sports and leisure activities as you can think of.
1. football
Taking a plane
When a passenger (1) ____________________ (arrive) at an airport, he goes to the
check-in desk where his ticket and luggage (2) ______________________ (check).
He (3) ____________________ (keep) his hand luggage with him but his suitcase
and large bags (4) ________________________ (take) on a conveyor belt.
If he is are on an international flight, his passport (5) _________________
(check), and then he and his bags (6) ______________________ (x-ray) by
security
scanners. Sometimes he (7) ___________________________ (give) a body search
and his luggage (8) _______________________ (search) by a security officer. He
(9) __________________________ (wait) in the departure lounge until his flight
(10) ______________________ (call) and he (11) _____________________ (tell)
which gate to go to.
Finally he (l2) ____________________________ (board) the plane and he
(13) ___________________________ (show) to his seat by a flight attendant.

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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
8 Sport and leisure activities (2)
Choose some of the sports or leisure activities from your list and complete this table. Use
a dictionary to find any new words that you need.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:U20-WorldCup2007-Okotie-Onka_edit2.jpg by
Nick Wiebe
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rome_Tiber_fishing.JPG by Kleuske
Sport / Activity People Place Equipment and clothes
football players pitch or field ball, boots, goal posts,

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9 Listening/Reading Comprehension
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amateur_Muay_Thai.jpg
Thailand’s National Sport: Muay Thai – Explaining the Rituals
Before each Muay Thai match, the fighters perform a stylized dance ritual. The ceremony
mesmerises us with its graceful and gentle moves, almost misleading us to believe that
Muay Thai is a gentle sport. What happens after that is the opposite: when the fight
begins, it is violent and fast. What does the ritual symbolise and why must it be
performed so religiously before every fight? As with the most countries in the region,
Thai culture is highly influenced by ancient civilizations within Southeast Asia; the ritual
reflects the deep beliefs held by such societies.

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Approaching the Ring Rites (Kuen Suu Weitee)
In ancient times, Siamese people believed in the power of incantations and protective
amulets, the common belief was that everything was ruled and inhabited by unseen
spirits, and that places were either blessed or cursed. Because of these beliefs, it was
necessary to perform special rites before a fighter entered the ring, asking the spirits'
permission to do so. Today, it is very much a matter of individual preference these days,
with no prescribed rules. Some may kneel before the ring while others might pray with
their khru muay (Teacher) or perform a series of repetitive movements, such as touching
the ring ropes 3 times and avoiding the bottom stair before taking the first step up to the
ring.
Fighters always leap over the ropes into the ring because the head is considered to be
more important than the feet. Therefore it has to stay always above the feet while entering
the ring, then they will go to the center and pay respect (panom muae wai) in all four
directions to the spectators.
Ritual Dance of Homage (Wai Khru Ram Muay)
Wai Khru Muay Thai is a tradition that goes back to ancient times, it is not an optional
ritual or reserved for special occasions: the official Muay Thai regulations specify that
both fighters must perform the Wai Khru Ram Muay before each and every bout. It's a
tradition in which fighters pay respect to their teachers, parents and things they hold
sacred and pray for their safety and victory. The ritual has been developed in different
ways, in different regions, even under different teachers and therefore it is theoretically
impossible for two fighters to perform identical Wai Khru.
The Wai Khru is graceful and aesthetic ritual, both practical and spiritual. In a practical
sense, it functions as a final pre-fight warm-up and gives the fighter some time alone
before the fight to collect his thoughts. It can be divided into three main sections:
 The Royal Homage Sequence
This was originally intended to show devotion to the King, going back to the days when
fighters were selected to display their skills in front of him. The fighters will prostrate
before the king before rising again.
The Kneeling Sequence
This section is performed in a kneeling posture, one knee on the ground and the other leg
out in front. The fighter pivots around on the spot to repeat the same sequence facing all
four sides of the ring, a tradition which comes from Krabi Krabong.

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The Standing Sequence
In this section, the fighters go out from the center of the ring in one direction, to perform
the Dramatic Interlude. Some fighters imitate the motions of a hunter, a soldier, or an
executioner. But in a deeper sense, the fighter is expressing religious devotion, humility,
and gratitude.
Removal of the Head Circlet (Pitee Tod Mongkon)
After the Wai Khru is completed, the fighters return to their own corners for the Removal
of the Head Circlet Ritual (Pitee Tod Mongkon). The fighter stands in his own corner,
lowers his head and raises hands to his chest for panom mue wai pose, while khru muay
standing outside of the ropes facing the fighter, raises his own hands to return the wai. A
fighter maintains the posture while the teacher utters an incantation and blows three times
on top of fighters' head before removing the Head Circlet. On the completion of this
ritual and after a review of the rules by the judge and a glove shake, the contest may
begin.
Adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muay_thai
Listen to the teacher read the passage once. Try and answer questions 1-5 as you
listen to your teacher read.
Complete the following sentences using information from the text. As far you can,
use your own words. Use not more than 3 words.
1. The ceremony mesmerises us with its ______________________, almost misleading
us to believe that Muay Thai is ____________________.
2. Fighters always leap over the ropes into the ring because the head is _______________
more important than the feet.
3. Because of these beliefs, it was necessary to _________________________ before a
fighter entered the ring, asking the spirits' permission ___________________.
4. Its a tradition in which fighters ____________________ to their teachers, parents and
things they ______________ and pray for their safety and victory.
5. The Wai Khru is __________________ ritual, both practical and spiritual.
Re-write the steps of the Ritual Dance of Homage (Wai Khru Ram Muay) into short
sentences using Imperative or command verbs. The first has been done for you:
The Royal Homage Sequence
1. Bow down before the king.

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2.
The Kneeling Sequence:
1.
2.
The Standing Sequence
1.
2.
10 Writing Exercise: Rites and rituals are important in a modern society because
they remind us of who we are. To what extent do you agree with this statement?
11 Play, go and do
We use play to talk about ball games, net games, board games and computer games.
We use go to talk about activities ending with –ing.
We use do to talk about other activities.
12 Play, go or do?
Write play, go, or do with these words.
_______ surfing _______ aerobics _______ volleyball
_______ fishing _______ golf _______ jogging
_______ basketball _______ football _______ yoga
_______ cycling _______ swimming _______ table tennis
_______ chess _______ judo _______ badminton
13 Other activities
Think of some other activities. Do we play, go, or do them? Write them in sentences.
1 _____________________________________________________________________

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2 _____________________________________________________________________
3 _____________________________________________________________________
4 _____________________________________________________________________
5 _____________________________________________________________________
6 _____________________________________________________________________
14 Holidays
Complete these vocabulary lists with words about holidays from the box.
hiking traveller’s cheques youth hostel
rucksack flight attendant camp-site
caravan swimming costume suitcase
hotel farmhouse relaxing
exploring beach towel sight-seeing
driver guest-house tour guide
travel agent sunbathing sun block
things to take people activities places to stay
________________ ________________ ________________ ________________
________________ ________________ ________________ ________________
________________ ________________ ________________ ________________
________________ ________________ ________________ ________________
________________ ________________ ________________
________________ ________________

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15 Writing
Use some of the words in Activity 12 to write a paragraph about a holiday you have been
on.

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Unit 2: B
1 Synonyms and antonyms
Synonyms are words that have the same meaning and antonyms are words that have the
opposite meaning.
We often use prefixes to form the opposite of an adjective. The most common prefixes
are un, in ,and im.
unimportant inactive impossible
What words do you know that begin with un, in, and im?
2 Making synonyms and antonyms
Complete this table. Write one opposite adjective using a prefix, and another opposite
adjective from the box.
sad out of date stupid ugly arrogant cheap
cruel rare casual rude boring wrong
Adjective Opposite
(prefix + adj)
Opposite
(word from the box)
happy
polite
expensive
interesting
correct
attractive
fashionable
intelligent
usual
kind
formal
modest
unhappy sad

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Writing Exercise: The Evil Twin
In pairs, write the story of how different a pair of twins is. Student A will write about a
twin who is good while student B will write about a twin that is bad. Use the adjectives
from the box in Activity 2.
Read your story to the class.
3 Multi-word verbs with look
The following sentences use multi-word verbs with ‘look’. What does each one mean?
1. I look up to him because he’s a great man.
2. The police are looking into the crime.
3. I think you should look for a new job.
4. I look back on my first school with great pleasure.
5. I need to look the word up in the dictionary.
6. I’m looking after Jim’s cat while he is overseas.
7. I’m looking forward to starting my new job.
8. Look on this success as a reward for your hard work.
4 Matching words and meanings
Match an item in A with a meaning in B. Use a dictionary to help you.
A B
look up to think of positively
look into take care of
look for feel happy about the future
look back on find detailed information about
look up respect and admire someone
look after to remember an event in the past
look forward to find information

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look on find something
5 Using multi-word verbs with look (1)
Answer the following questions.
1. Do you look up to anyone? Who is it?
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Who looked after you when you were young?
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Are you looking forward to anything?
_____________________________________________________________________
4. How do you look on this course?
_____________________________________________________________________
6 Using multi-word verbs with look (2)
Complete the following sentences with suitable items from Activity 4.
1 I ___________________________________ what I did with regret.
2 She _____________________________ her teacher very much.
3 I don’t know her number. I will ___________________ in the directory.
4 We must _________________________ the cause of the accident.
5 I’m ___________________________ seeing my family next week.
6 Dina’s a good boss. She ____________________________ the workers very well.
7 I _______________________________________ him as my best friend.

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8 I’m not sure where I put my key. Could you help me _____________________ it?
7 More multi-word verbs with look
The following sentences use look. What does each one mean? Select the best meaning a,
b or c.
1 I’ve looked over your homework but I still need to check it again.
a. read carefully b. read quickly c. not read
2 Please look through my essay and tell me what you think.
a. read carefully b. read quickly c. not read
3 After two weeks of illness, finally Lily is looking up.
a. getting worse b. staying the same c. getting better
4 Please look me up when you come to my hometown.
a. call b. write c. visit
5 The students are looking to the teacher for guidance.
a. blaming for b. expecting from c. demanding of
8 Completing sentences
Complete the following sentences with your ideas.
1 I’m looking to ________________________________________________________.
2 Please look me up _____________________________________________________.
3 Could you look through ________________________________________________?
4 Things are looking up for _______________________________________________.
5 Please look over ______________________________________________________.

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9 Idioms with look
The following sentences use idioms with ‘look’. What do you think each one means?
1. This firm is always on the lookout for talented and intelligent people.
2. There’s going to be another recession, by the looks of it. The forecasts are
bad.
3. I don’t like the look of the balance sheet. The company is in trouble.
4. I like the look of our new CEO. He has a lot of experience.
5. My boss is not much to look at, but he has a wonderful personality.
6. $2 million was spent on giving the building a new look.
10 What does it mean?
Write the meaning of these idioms. Use a dictionary to help you.
on the lookout for ________________________________________________
by the looks of it ________________________________________________
like the look of ________________________________________________
not much to look at ________________________________________________
new look ________________________________________________
11 The following sentences have mistakes in them. Correct the mistakes.
Correction
1 From the looks of it, everyone will pass the exam. _________
2 The teacher doesn’t like the look from my homework. _________
3 The school is in the lookout for a new teacher. _________
4 We’ll be moving to a new house, by the looks from it. _________
5 Our school is not much to look for. _________
12 Write answers to the following questions.

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1. When was the last time your home was given a new look?
_____________________________________________________________________
2. How will you look back on your time in this school?
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Is your teacher handsome, beautiful or not much to look at?
_____________________________________________________________________
4. In general, is life looking up for the people in your country?
_____________________________________________________________________
13 Multi-word verbs with be
The verb to be is often followed by a particle to form a multi-word verb.
Example Bye! I’m off to the beach at the weekend.
(I’m going)
Read these sentences. What do you think the multi-verb with be mean?
1 I was up early this morning because I had to catch a plane. _________________
2 Will you be in tonight? I want to come and see you. _________________
3 I must be off now. I don’t want to be late for work. _________________
4 Kim is away from work today. I think he is ill. _________________
5 What were you up to at the weekend? _________________
6 What is on at the theatre next month? _________________

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14 Using multi-word verbs with be
Put a word from the box into each gap in these sentences. Some words are used more
than once.
on up in up to off away
2 ‘Hello. Can I speak to Mr Wu, please?’
‘I’m sorry. He isn’t ____________ this afternoon.’
3 ‘Hello. Can I speak to Mrs Chou, please?’
‘I’m sorry. She’s ____________ on holiday this week.’
4 ‘Let’s watch a film on TV tonight.’
‘Okay. What’s ___________?’
5 I think this food’s ____________ . It smells really disgusting.
6 ‘What shall we have for dinner?’
‘It’s ____________ you. You’re cooking it.’
7 Come on, Vishal! Aren’t you ___________ yet? You’ll be late for work.
7 There must be someone _________ the house. The lights are _________.
8 I must be ___________ soon. I don’t want to get home late.
9 ‘Why is it so hot in here?’
‘The air-conditioning is ____________. That’s why.’
10 ‘You’re shaking. What’s ____________?’
‘I’m a bit nervous about my exam.’

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Unit 2: C
1 How do you say 0?
There are several ways to say 0 in English.
oh nought zero nil love
We usually say oh, nought and zero. Nil and love are usually used in sport.
Look at the table. It shows when to use oh, nought and zero.
Say When Written Spoken
oh in telephone numbers 7820913 seven eight two oh nine one three
in room numbers 201 two oh one
in bus numbers 190 one nine oh
in years 1807 eighteen oh seven
after a decimal point 6.04 six point oh four
nought before a decimal point 0.72 nought point seven two
zero for the number 0 a zero
for temperature -8 C eight degrees below zero
2 Saying numbers (1)
Practise saying the numbers in these sentences.
1. You can take bus numbers 605, 720 or 203 to get to school.
2. The rate is 0.75 US Dollars to the Chinese Yuan.
3. Please give me a call on 7090250.
4. Our company was started in 1906.
5. In the summer, the city reaches 35 C.
6. Did you say bus number 850 or 805?
7. The price increased by 0.05 per cent.
8. The lesson is in classroom 402.
9. Is that an ‘o’ or a ‘0’?
10. You can contact me on 0729605.

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3 Telephone and Fax Numbers
When the digits in telephone and fax numbers are all different, we usually say them
separately. When two or three of the same digits are together, we can also say double and
treble.
Look at the table. It shows how to say telephone and fax numbers.
Say Written Spoken
5134782 five one three four seven eight two
7026195 seven oh two six one nine five
double 8226401 eight double two six four oh one
7600338 seven six double oh double three eight
6555534 six double five double five three four
treble 6555421 six treble five four two one
9521000 nine five two one treble oh
4 Saying numbers (2)
Read the following sentences. What is the best way to say the telephone and fax
numbers?
1. I think her number is 0177 243601.
2. Sorry, I sent the fax to 9855144. It should have gone to 9851144.
3. Did you say 6666897?
4. My number is easy to remember. It’s 9222911.
5. Please fax to 5044210.
5 Writing numbers
Write the following telephone and fax numbers.
1. double one five eight two four six __________________
2. two five three four oh nine five __________________
3. six two treble seven three eight __________________
4. nine double oh two four double one __________________
5. five two double six treble eight __________________

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6 Dates
In British English the order of numbers in dates is day-month-year. In American English
the order is month-day-year. This can be very confusing. Look at the following example:
British English 12.11.04 the twelfth of November two thousand and four
American English 12.11.04 December eleventh two thousand four
Look at the tables below. (1) shows dates according to the rules of British English and (2)
shows dates according to the rules of American English.
(1) British English
Digits Written Spoken
14.02.1992 14th
February 1992 the fourteenth of February nineteen ninety two
04.01.2005 4th
January 2005 the fourth of January two thousand and five
24.10.2020 24th
October 2020 the twenty fourth of October two thousand and twenty
24.10.2020 24th
October 2020 the twenty fourth of October twenty twenty
(2) American English
Digits Written Spoken
02.14.1992 February 14th
1992 February fourteenth nineteen ninety two
01.04.2005 January 4th
2005 January fourth two thousand five
10.24.2020 October 24th
2020 October twenty fourth two thousand twenty
10.24.2020 October 24th
2020 October twenty fourth twenty twenty
7 Talking about dates
Write the dates in numbers and say them according to the rules of British English.
1. What is your date of birth? __________________
2. When did you finish primary school? __________________
3. When will this course finish? __________________
4. When is National Day in your country? __________________
5. What is the most important date in the history of your country? __________________

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8 Big Numbers
There is some difference in the way we say big numbers in British English and American
English. Look at these examples.
Number British English American English
120 a hundred and twenty a hundred twenty
1300 one thousand three hundred thirteen hundred
Look at the tables below. Showing how we say big numbers according to the rules of
British English.
(1) Hundreds
Written Spoken
100 a hundred
102 a hundred and two
117 a hundred and seventeen
(2) Thousands
Written Spoken
1,000 a thousand
1,050 a thousand and fifty
1,150 one thousand one hundred and fifty
10,000 ten thousand
10,050 ten thousand and fifty
10,150 ten thousand one hundred and fifty
100,000 a hundred thousand
150,000 a hundred and fifty thousand
150,105 a hundred and fifty thousand one hundred and five
150,150 a hundred and fifty thousand one hundred and fifty
(3) Millions
Written Spoken
1,000,000 a million
1,000,050 a million and fifty
1,500,000 one million five hundred thousand (one and a half million)
10,500,500 ten million five hundred thousand five hundred
100,500,550 one hundred million five hundred thousand five hundred and fifty
(4) Billions
Written Spoken
1,000,000,000 a billion
1,000,000,050 a billion and fifty
1,500,000,000 one billion five hundred million (one and a half billion)
1,500,000,500 one billion five hundred million five hundred
1,500,500,550 one billion five hundred million five hundred thousand five hundred and fifty

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9 Saying big numbers (1)
Look at the big number below.
134,278,321,671
We can break down this number to help us say it correctly.
billion million thousand hundred ten unit
134 278 321 6 7 1
[One hundred and thirty four billion] [two hundred and seventy eight million] [three
hundred and twenty one thousand] [six hundred] and [seventy] [one]
10 Saying big numbers (2)
Practise saying the following numbers.
1. 20,000
2. 45,038
3. 150,321
4. 2,425,890
5. 78,908,234
6. 250,091,560
7. 9,999,999
8. 23,000,000,001
9. 84,764,231,926
10. 210,008,300,034
11 Using big numbers
Write some big numbers and ask a partner to say them.

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12 Listening Exercise
Listen to the short narration on the founding of Singapore. Record any
information that involves numbers e.g. dates and write them in numerical form
below.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

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Unit 2: D
1 Talking about letters and emails
Discuss these questions.
1 How often do you write letters?
2 How often do you write emails?
3 Who do you write to?
4 How often do you write letters and emails in English?
5 How do you write letters in your language?
6 How do you write emails in your language?
7 What is different about writing in English and writing in your language?
2 Beginnings and endings (1)
Look at these words used in letters and emails. Put them under the correct heading:
beginning or ending.
Hugs and kisses Madam Hi Sir
sincerely Lots of love Dear Best wishes
Yours faithfully Take care All the best
beginning ending
__________________________________ __________________________________
__________________________________ __________________________________
__________________________________ __________________________________
__________________________________ __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________

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Read these sentences from some letters and emails. Which sentences are beginnings and
which are endings? Write B for beginning or E for ending.
1 Just a note to say that you so much for letting me to stay last week. B
2 Thank you for your letter of 23 May. Please find enclosed a cheque for $300.00.
3 Keep in touch.
4 How are you doing? You’ll never guess what happened last week.
5 I am writing in response to your advertisement in today’s Daily News.
6 We hope this arrangement is satisfactory.
7 I’m sorry I haven’t contacted you for such a long time.
8 We look forward to hearing from you at your earliest convenience.
9 I thought I’d email rather than ring you.
10 Give my regards to your mother.
11 Take care and thanks again.
12 How are you and how’s the family?
4 Formal and informal sentences
Look again at the sentences in Activity 3. Which ones are formal and which are informal?
Write the words and phrases which helped you decide.
Sentence 1: informal just a note
Sentence 2: __________________________________________________________
Sentence 3: __________________________________________________________
Sentence 4: __________________________________________________________
Sentence 5: __________________________________________________________

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Sentence 6: __________________________________________________________
Sentence 7: __________________________________________________________
Sentence 8: __________________________________________________________
Sentence 9: __________________________________________________________
Sentence 10: __________________________________________________________
Sentence 11: __________________________________________________________
Sentence 12: __________________________________________________________
Match the beginnings and endings of these letters and emails.
beginnings endings
A. Dear Muthu and Devi,
Any chance that you two are free next
Sun. p.m.?
B. Dear Prem,
Thanks for you letter. It was great to
hear from you after so long. You asked
about what I’ve been doing. Well,…
C. Dear Sir/Madam,
I saw your advertisement in the Daily
Times for weekend breaks at your beach
hotel.
D. Hi Shirley,
Thanks for inviting us.
E. Dear Mr Jin,
I look forward to hearing from you in the
near future.
Yours faithfully,
Jackie Fong
We apologize for the inconvenience and
will have pleasure in sending your order
as soon as we receive the additional
amount.
Yours sincerely,
Alan Deng, Manager
It would be lovely to see you some time. If
you ever come to Hong Kong, you could
stay with us.
Love
Yan

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We received your order for the Oxford
English Dictionary and your cheque for
$45.
Let me know asap.
All the best,
Molly
Can’t wait to see you. Let’s hope the
weather is good.
Love to Ernie. See you then.
Norah
Continue the beginnings of the letters above with one of these lines.
Could you please send me your brochure and a price list?
I’ve changed my job a three times since I last spoke to you, and as you know, I’ve
moved to a new house.
Unfortunately, this amount did not include packing and postage, which is $9.50.
We’ve got four tickets for New Year’s parade. Interested?
Of course, we’d love to come.
6 Understanding the letters
Answer these questions about the letters in Activity 3. Write the words and phrases which
helped you decide.
1 Which letter asks for information? ____________________________________
2 Which letter invites? ____________________________________
3 Which letter asks for further payment? ____________________________________
4 Which letter accepts an invitation? ____________________________________
5 Which letter gives news? ____________________________________
7 Writing an informal email
You have just found the email address of an old friend. Write an email to him/her. Give
your news, describe some things that you have done recently, and say what your future
plans are. Ask about his/her news and family.

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8 Writing a formal letter
You have just received a book that you ordered from a company. However, when you
opened the package, you saw that the book was damaged. Write a letter to the bookshop
telling them about the problem and what you want them to do about it.

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Unit 3: A
1 Simple calculations
Look at the most common words in English for doing simple calculations. Write the
symbol (+, -, x, etc) in the correct place.
Words Examples ___ Symbol
1. plus two plus three equals five
and four and four equals eight
2. minus five minus two equals three
take away six take away four equals two
subtract five subtracted from seven equals two
deduct four deducted from nine equals five
3. multiply two multiplied by five equals ten
times four times three equals twelve
4. divide six divided by three equals two
into two into six equals three
5. equals one plus one equals two
five minus four equals one
2 Saying calculations
Using the prompts given, say some simple calculations to get the answer provided.
1. (divided by) ______________________________________________ = 250
2 (take away) ______________________________________________ = 34
3. (times) ___________________________________________________ = 81
4. (into) ____________________________________________________ = 6
5. (minus) ___________________________________________________ = 45
6. (multiplied by) _____________________________________________ = 200
7. (and) _____________________________________________________ = 72
8. (subtracted from) ___________________________________________ = 1002

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3 Percentages
When we read percentages, we say the numbers before the decimal point [.] together and
the numbers after the decimal point are usually read separately.
Written Spoken
0.02% nought point oh two per cent
25.25% twenty five point two five per cent
99.99% Ninety nine point nine nine per cent
4 Fractions
Most fractions are quite easy to say in English. First, we say the top number and then we
say the bottom number. Look at the examples:
1/5 one fifth 2/5 two fifths 3/5 three fifths
5/8 five eighths 6/8 six eighths 7/8 seven eighths
However, when we see ½ and ¼ we usually say:
½ a half ¼ a quarter ¾ three quarters
When we see a fraction with a whole number, we say the whole number first and then the
fraction.
2¾ two and three quarters 6½ six and a half
5 Saying percentages and fractions
Calculate the following percentages as fractions. Then write them in words and practise
saying them.
% Fraction
1. 75% ________________________________________________
2. 33.3% ________________________________________________
3. 20% ________________________________________________
4. 90% ________________________________________________
5. 50% ________________________________________________
6. 25% ________________________________________________

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6 Decimals
In English, we read the numbers before the decimal point [.] together and the numbers
after the decimal point are usually read separately.
We only read the numbers after the decimal point together when we are talking about
money.
Look at the table. It shows you how to say decimal numbers.
Written Spoken
0.004 nought point oh oh four
0.763 nought point seven six three
19.24 nineteen point two four
127.59 a hundred and twenty seven point five nine
$16.95 sixteen dollars ninety five
$23.50 twenty three dollars fifty
It is important to remember that in English we use a point [.] to show a decimal. We
Use a comma [,] to show thousands. You should always look carefully.
Example: 12,005 twelve thousand and five
12.005 twelve point oh oh five
7 Saying numbers
Read the following numbers and practise saying them.
1. 125.67
2. $87.34
3. 0.021
4. 105.105
5. $18.90
6. 7.905
7. 209.67
8. $30.30

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8 Using numbers to describe things
Sometimes we use numbers to describe things. Look at the examples.
The English course ran for six months. It was a six-month English course.
Her lunch break was for one hour. She had a one-hour lunch break.
When we use numbers to describe things we usually place a hyphen (-) between the
words. Also the plural form becomes singular.
He had a holiday for two weeks.
He had a two-week holiday.
Rewrite the following sentences following the examples given above.
1 I bought a car for $20,000.
I bought __________________________________________________________.
2 The lesson ran for ninety minutes.
It’s ______________________________________________________________.
3 The man weighed a hundred kilos.
He’s _____________________________________________________________.
4 Our hotel was two hundred and fifty years old.
We stayed in ______________________________________________________.
5 I received a telephone bill for $150
I received ________________________________________________________.
6 They gave me a discount of twenty per cent.
They gave me _____________________________________________________.

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9 Review of numbers
Say each of the following numbers correctly.
1. 452,678
2. 12,890,764,743
3. 1.258
4. 160 – 20 = 140
5. 0.00642%
6. 7.378
7. ¾
8. $23.90
9. 18,888
10. 20 x 35 = 700
11. $6.75
12. 2,004
13. 0783 677859 (fax)
14. 1903 (year)
15. 24.67%
16. 100 years old
10 Speaking
In a group, design a conversation that uses the numbers above. You can choose any topic
you like. For example,
Student A: My father was born in 1903. He is an old man now. He is more than 100 years
old now.
Student B: Really? Is he healthy still? My father is only ¾ of your father’s age.

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Read your passage before the class.
11 Listening practice
Listen to the recording and write the numbers you hear.
1 _______________________________ 11 _______________________________
2 _______________________________ 12 _______________________________
3 _______________________________ 13 _______________________________
4 _______________________________ 14 _______________________________
5 _______________________________ 15 _______________________________
6 _______________________________ 16 _______________________________
7 _______________________________ 17 _______________________________
8 _______________________________ 18 _______________________________
9 _______________________________ 19 _______________________________
10 _______________________________ 20 _______________________________

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Unit 3: B
1 What was Adam doing?
Adam works for Megahard Computers in Shanghai. Read about what he did yesterday.
time activity
6.30 got up and got ready for work
6.45 – 7.15 packed his bags
7.30 – 8.30 drove to the train station
9.20 – 10.15 travelled by train to visit his client
11.00 – 12.45 had a meeting with a client
1.00 – 2.15 had lunch in an Italian restaurant with his client
2.30 – 4.15 visited the office of Newly Computers
5.30 – 6.15 caught the train home and did some paperwork
8.00 – 8.45 had dinner with his wife and child
9.00 – 11.00 relaxed and watched TV
Work with a partner. Ask and answer questions about what Adam was doing at these
times.
7.00 a.m. 8.00 a.m. 10.00 a.m. 11.30 a.m
1.30 p.m. 3.00 p.m. 6.00 p.m. 8.30 p.m. 10.00 p.m.
2 What were you doing?
Work with a partner to ask and answer questions about what you were doing yesterday.
What was he doing at 7 o’clock
yesterday morning? He was packing his bags.
What were you doing at 8 o’clock
yesterday morning? I was eating breakfast.

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3 Giving responses (1)
Work with a partner. One of you read a sentence from box A and the other read a suitable
response from box B.
Student A Student B
1 I didn’t laugh at his joke.
2 Were you surprised by how the film
ended?
3 I went to the station, but I couldn’t
get on the train.
4 I was homesick the whole time I was
living abroad.
5 The restaurant we ate at last night was
awful!
6 I met my boyfriend’s father for the
first time yesterday.
7 My father has a daughter from his
first marriage.
Why? Was it very crowded?
Why? Was it not funny?
That’s a pity. Hadn’t you been there
before?
Really? I didn’t know he’d been married
before.
Really? I thought you’d met him before.
No, I’d read the book, so I already knew
the story.
Oh dear! Had you never lived overseas
before?
4 Giving responses (2)
Write suitable responses to these statements.
1 I don’t like her new boyfriend. ___________________________________________
2 I had to wait two hours for the train. _______________________________________
3 I couldn’t eat the food. __________________________________________________
4 We had to leave early. __________________________________________________
5 I think he’s angry with me. ______________________________________________
6 She failed her driving test. _______________________________________________
7 I thought I loved her, but I don’t. __________________________________________
8 I don’t want to sit next to him. ____________________________________________

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5 Past Simple or Past Continuous
Underline the correct verb form of the verb in these sentences.
Example Nicky and Ann me/were meeting when they lived/were living in Macau.
1 He worked/was working quietly when suddenly the door opened/was opening and his
wife rushed/was rushing in.
2 She stood/was standing up, walked/was walking across the room, and closed/was
closing the door.
3 An old woman walked/was walking into the cafe. She wore/was wearing a purple
skirt and a yellow blouse.
4 Didn’t you meet/weren’t you meeting your best friend while you studied/were
studying in High School?
5 I saw/was seeing you on the bus yesterday. You sat/were sitting at the back with your
friend Tim.
6 As soon as I walked/was walking into the office, Kelly handed/was handing me the
letter.
7 Her grandfather was very angry with her because she listened/was listening to music
while she did/was doing her homework.
8 Why didn’t they visit/weren’t they visiting me when they came/were coming to my
city?
9 As he passed/was passing the station, a man in a hurry knocked/was knocking him
onto the ground.
10 What did you type/were you typing when your computer crashed/was crashing?
6 A holiday in Hainan
Write the verbs in brackets in the Past Simple or Past Continuous.
Last year, I (1) __________________ (decide) to go on holiday to the island of Hainan.
On the afternoon I (2) ______________ (leave) my hometown it (3) _______________
(rain), but when I (4) _________________ (land) in Hainan, the sun (5) ____________

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(shine) and a lovely, warm breeze (6) _____________________ (blow) from the sea. I
(7) _____________ (take) a taxi to my hotel. As I (8) __________________ (sign) the
register, someone (9) _____________ (tap) me on the shoulder. I (10) _______________
(not can) believe my eyes! It was my old boyfriend. He (11) __________________ (stay)
at the same hotel. The next day, we (12) ______________ (go) for a walk together on the
beach and we (13) ____________ (see) hundreds of beautiful shells. It (14) ___________
(get) dark when we (15) _____________ (return) to our hotel after a very interesting day.
We (16) _______________ (spend) the rest of the week together; it was very romantic.
We (17) ______________ (feel) very sad when the holiday (18) ______________ (end).
7 What did they do? What were they doing?
Read these news stories and answer the questions.
1 What was Billy doing when he saw the accident?
_____________________________________________________________________
2 What did Billy do when he saw the accident?
_____________________________________________________________________
Boy saves man’s life
Thirteen-year-old Billy Stone was cycling home from
school at around 5.30 in the evening when he saw a
green van, driven by Kenji Ota, crash into a fence.
Without thinking of his own safety, Billy pulled the man
out of the van and called an ambulance. Mr Ota is
making good progress in hospital.
Disabled man wins lottery
Disabled office worker, Li Nan Jing, received a very pleasant surprise
last night. He was at home with his family when a man from the
lottery came to his house to inform him that he had won $300,000.
He immediately gave his wife and son a big hug. Mr Li plans to
spend some of the money on a new wheelchair for himself and a car
for his wife.

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3 What was Mr Li doing when he heard the good news?
_____________________________________________________________________
4 What did Mr Li do when he heard the good news?
_____________________________________________________________________
5 What was happening in the bank when the robbers burst in?
_____________________________________________________________________
6 What happened to Mrs Fong when the robbers burst in?
_____________________________________________________________________
8 Write the news
Look at these headlines. Write short news stories for each one.
Man bites dog
SHOCK FOR BANK CUSTOMERS
Customers in the KBS BANK, Hong Kong, received a terrible
shock yesterday. People were standing in queues waiting to be
served when two masked robbers burst into the bank. Seventy-
year-old Mrs Fong Mei Lin suffered a heart attack and was

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6 hurt in car crash
Girl, 8, goes to university

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Woman give birth to quads
Man finds million-dollar treasure

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9 Giving the news
Share your news stories with the class.

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Unit 3: C
Look at these sentences. Which tense is used in the first two sentences?
I met Tommy in May 2003.
I met Tommy again last week.
I saw Tommy last week. I had met him before.
What does the last sentence show?
2 Past Perfect
The last sentence above uses the Past Perfect tense.
I had met him before.
I knew what would happen in the film. I had seen it before.
3 Past Perfect
GRAMMAR CHECK
1 We form the Past Perfect like this.
I had met her before.
We hadn’t finished our work
2 We form the Past Perfect questions like this.
Where had you met her before?
Why hadn’t you finished your work?
3 We use the Past Perfect to show one action in the past happened before another
action in the past.
When I got to the station, the train had left.
(second action) (first action)
I didn’t want to watch because I’d seen it before.
(second action) (first action)

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World’s largest ice 'Father Christmas' built in China
Adapted from wikinews 26 Dec 2008
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ice_Snow_World.jpg by Lin Yang
The world’s largest Santa Claus ice sculpture has been built in China for the upcoming
25th International Ice and Snow Sculpture Festival in Heilongjiang Province. In Harbin,
city ice sculptors and organizers are building the giant Father Christmas, a 160 meters
(525 ft) long and 24 meters high sculpture. It centers on an enormous face of Santa,
complete with flowing beard and hat.
Tang Guangjun, one of the sculptors, complained that the weather had changed due to
global warming , making it more and more difficult. Regarding the snowman, he said, "it
is even bigger and higher than last year's, and more difficult. The weather had been
swinging between warm and cold even before we started. The ice was very wet and
slippery. It was very dangerous for us." The huge size and unseasonably warm
temperatures made the job especially challenging. Before they finished carving it, it had
melted away. Organizers even have to use artificial snow to make up for the lack of
snow.
Underline all the past perfect tenses in the passage. How is the past perfect tense used?
4 Past participles
Some past participles are regular and some are irregular.
regular verb regular past participles
cook cooked
fill filled
walk walked
irregular verb irregular past participles
make made

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teach taught
speak spoken
5 Irregular verbs
Complete this table with the missing verb forms.
Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle
grew
leave
fallen
find
sold
feel
drove
fly
left
forgot
wake
won
spend
6 Sentence Completion
Complete these sentences using the ideas in brackets and a verb in the Past Perfect.
Example I was sad because I … (lost/money/gambling)
I was sad because I had lost all my money gambling.
1 Thura was angry … (oversleep and miss the train)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2 Mario was very disappointed with his son. He … (send/good school; but he/not do
any work; fail/exams)
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

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3 Chee Yang was sent to prison for five years. He … (steal money/boss; spend/drugs)
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
4 Mr Tan was very nervous as I waited for the plane. He… (never/fly/before)
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
5 Jenny wanted a new job. She … (be/same/work/fifteen years)
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
6 I didn’t know her name, but her face was familiar. I knew… (see/somewhere/before)
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
7 Malik was a multi-millionaire, but he … (not always/be/rich)
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
7 While, during and for (1)

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8 While, during and for (2)
Put while, during or for into the gaps in these sentences.
1 My grandfather slept _________________ the film.
2 The phone rang ________________ I was having dinner.
3 She lived in Manila ________________several years.
4 _______________ I was in Vietnam, I made a lot of friends.
5 Her grandfather was in hospital ________________ two months.
6 _______________ his stay in hospital, the nurses looked after him well.
7 The flight from Tokyo to London lasts ____________ thirteen hours.
8 I hurt my ankle ______________ I was jogging yesterday.
9 The player hurt his leg ______________ the first half of the match.
10 Traffic is always slow ______________ the rush hour.
11 My neighbour came round _____________ we were eating.
GRAMMAR CHECK
1 While is a conjunction. It shows two or more actions happen at the same time.
While I was getting dressed, Tom made some coffee.
I met my best friend while we were in high school.
2 During is a preposition. It is followed by a noun. It shows when something
happened in a period of time.
I had to talk to the teacher during the lesson.
May I speak to you during the break?
We cannot use during with a period of time.
*We talked during ten minutes.
*We’re on holiday during two weeks.
3 For is a preposition. It is followed by a noun. It shows how long something
continues.
We talked for ten minutes.
We’re going on holiday for two weeks.

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12 The flight was delayed ____________ three hours.
13 My neighbour came round _____________ the meal.
9 Prepositions
in, at, and on for time
10 Using in, at, and on for time
Put at, in, on or nothing into the gaps in these sentences.
1 ‘It’s my birthday ___________ next week.’
‘When?’
‘______________ Friday.’
‘______________ what time were you born?’
‘____________ 7.30 _____________ the evening.’
2 ‘I’ m meeting Li Lin __________ this morning.’
GRAMMAR CHECK
1 We use at for times and with some time expressions.
at 9.00 at noon
at lunchtime at the weekend
at Christmas at the same time
at the moment at the age of 10
2 We use on for days and dates.
on Monday on Monday morning
on 15 June on Monday evening
3 We use in for longer periods such as months, years and seasons.
in May in 1995
in spring in the twentieth century
4 We do not use a preposition before tomorrow, yesterday, last, next or this.
What did you do last Thursday night?
I’ll see you next Monday.

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‘What time?’
‘___________ 10.30’
3 ‘What did you do ____________ the weekend?’
‘__________ Friday evening we went to see a film. We slept until 11.00 _________
Saturday morning, and then ______ the afternoon we went for a walk. ___________
7.30 some friends came round for a meal. We just relaxed __________ Sunday.’
4 I learned to drive ___________ 2001 ___________ the age of 22. My sister learned
____________ the same time as me, but she failed her first test.
5 I’ll ring you ____________ next week. _________ Friday, maybe. _________ the
morning. _________ about 9.00. Okay?
11 Talking about art and literature
Discuss these questions.
1 What kind of books do you like to read?
2 What kind of plays or films do you like to watch?
3 What sort of pictures do you like to look at? Why?
4 Have you been to any art galleries? What did you see?
5 Do you have a favourite writer? Why?
6 Do you have a favourite artist? Why?
12 Using nouns to talk about art and literature
Write these nouns in the correct column below.
painter author brush novel
exhibition fairy tale act sketch
picture play art gallery biography
masterpiece poem sculpture novelist
chapter thriller sculptor poet

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art literature
13 Using verbs to talk about art and literature
Which of the nouns in Activity 12 go with these verbs?
1 read read a poem, read __________________________________
2 write ____________________________________________________________
3 paint ____________________________________________________________
4 draw ____________________________________________________________
5 go to ____________________________________________________________
14 Reading Comprehension
Adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang
Pre-Reading Activity:
In one minute, share with the class one aspect of your country’s art or culture.

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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wayang_Pandawa.jpg by Gunkhata
Indonesian Puppet Play: Wayang Kulit
Wayang kulit, shadow puppets prevalent in Java and Bali in Indonesia, are without a
doubt the best known of the Indonesian wayang. Kulit means skin, and refers to the
leather construction of the puppets that are carefully chiseled with very fine tools and
supported with carefully shaped buffalo horn handles and control rods. The stories are
usually drawn from the Ramayana, the Mahabharata or the Serat Menak.
There is a family of characters in Javanese wayang called Punakawan; they are
sometimes referred to as "clown-servants" because they normally are associated with the
story's hero, and provide humorous and philosophical interludes. Semar is the father of
Gareng (oldest son), Petruk, and Bagong (youngest son). These characters did not
originate in the Hindu epics, but were added later, possibly to introduce mystical aspects
of Islam into the Hindu-Javanese stories. They provide something akin to a political
cabaret, dealing with gossip and contemporary affairs.

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