Dr. Dan Grooms presented this information for DAIReXNET on January 13th, 2014. For more information, please see our archived webinars page at www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars.
2. Objectives
Lets think beyond just giving “shots”
What are Vaccines
Types of Vaccines
Vaccine Failure
Vaccine Handling
Vaccine Risks
Process of Developing a Vaccine Protocol
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3. What Are Vaccines
Substances that are designed to stimulate an immune
response that reduces the risk of a detrimental
condition
Substances = antigens
Immune Response = complex response to antigens
Risk Reduction = no vaccines are 100% effective
Detrimental Condition = disease, pathology, death, etc
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5. Attenuated Vaccines
Also called “modified-live” or “live” vaccines
Live replicating organism with reduced virulence
Virus or Bacteria
Have been manipulated to reduce or eliminate their
ability to cause disease
In order to work, they must replicate!!
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6. Attenuated Vaccines
Advantages
Closely simulate natural infection
Stimulate humoral and cell mediated immunity
• Important for intracellular organisms such as viruses
Adjuvants not as necessary
Generally cheaper (Valley Vet On-Line 12-09-13)
• Pyramid 5 (MLV) 10 ds = $11.99
• Triangle (killed) 10 ds = $15.65
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7. Attenuated Vaccines
Disadvantages
Potential to cause pathology
• Replicating organism can cause mild signs - Brucellosis
• Intact virulence - BVDV, IBR
• Potential for reversion to virulence – low, low risk
Contamination
• Jencine(4-way live vaccine) contaminated with non-cytopathic
BVDV
Stability
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8. Killed vaccine
Dead organism
Bactrin = Killed bacterial suspension
Key is maintaining antigenic integrity
Usually require adjuvants to adequately
stimulate immune system
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9. Adjuvants
Aid in stimulating immune response to antigen and
stabilizing vaccines
Do not confer immunity
Mechanisms
Depot – prolonged exposure
• Oil adjuvants
Irritants – amplify response around target antigens
• Aluminum hydroxide
• Toxins
• Adjuvants are not innocuous
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10. Killed Vaccines
Advantages
Generally safer
• No disease due to virulent organism
• No contamination
Greater stability
Disadvantages
Hypersensitivity reactions (adjuvants, toxins or large antigen
loads)
Endotoxins
More costly
• Pyramid 5 (MLV) 10 ds = $11.99
• Triangle (killed) 10 ds = $15.65
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11. Toxoid
Toxins are the major “virulence” factor of some
bacteria which cause disease:
Toxoids contain chemically altered toxins
Stimulate neutralizing antibodies to the toxin
Examples
Clostridium
• Tetnus toxoid
• C. perfringes C & D toxoid
Mannheimia haemolytica
• Leukotoxin
E.coli
• Endotoxic mastitis
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12. Autogenous Vaccines
Made against “farm specific” pathogen
Specific rules regulate their production
Can only be used on the farm that organism was derived from
Generally used when effective commercial vaccine is not
available
Example
• Mycoplamsa bovis
• Clostridium perfringes
• Staph aureus
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14. Vaccine Failure
REMEMEMBER - Vaccines are not 100% effective
They are a tool to use in conjunction with other disease control tools
However, there are things that can reduce efficiency
Incorrect Administration
Correct Administration
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20. Dairy Disaster
Investigation
Recent purchase of new clean-up bull
Herd had been using a modified live viral vaccine that
DID NOT contain BRSV.
Admitted, they had not read the label and purchased
from catalog because it was less expensive.
Primary BRSV outbreak with secondary
Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia = disaster!!
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21. Vaccine Failure
Incorrect Administration
Label directions not followed
Correct Administration
Poor Vaccine handling
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22. Vaccine Handling
• Vaccines are biological in nature, therefore very
sensitive to the environment.
• Damaging the vaccine components reduces the chance
of stimulating effective immune response
• Improper vaccine handling = Vaccine Failure
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23. Vaccine Handling
• Store refrigerated
– 40o F (4 Co)
– Not a bad idea to have internal
thermometer to monitor fridge
temp!
• DO NOT FREEZE
• Transport in cooler
• Stored in cooler in working area
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25. Question?
After mixing a Modified Live Virus vaccine how long
is it good for?
A. 4 hrs
B. 4 days
C. 4 weeks
D. 4 months
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26. Vaccine Handling
• Mix only enough vaccine
for 30 minutes of work
– Live vaccines are “dead”
within 4 hours after mixing
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27. Vaccine Handling
• Protect vaccine from contamination
– Do not enter bottles with dirty needles
– Capped needle for vaccine removal
– Transfer needles for mixing
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28. Vaccine Handling
• What about syringes and needles?
• Protect from heat
• Never use disinfectants on syringes
– Use hot water ONLY
– Then let air dry
• Do not disinfect needle between animals
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29. Vaccine Failure
Incorrect Administration
Label directions not followed
Correct Administration
Poor Vaccine handling
Wrong vaccine – Clostridial vaccines
Antigenic differences – BVDV
Bad timing – Vaccination to protect fetus ½ way thru pregnancy
Overwhelming exposure – commingled situations
Animal fails to respond
•
•
•
•
Immunosuppression – Post partum
Genetics
Nutrition
Passive immunity
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31. Vaccine Risks
Injection site lesions
7-way clostridial vaccine given at 50 days of age,
slaughtered at 18 months of age
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32. Vaccine Risks
Injection site lesions
Type 1 hypersensitivity = Anaphylaxis =
Allergic Reaction
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33. Vaccine and Anaphylaxis
Signs in Cattle
Immediate to 30 minutes later
Acute Respiratory Distress
Muscle tremors
Salivation
Go down
Treatment
Epinephrine
• 1:1000
– ¼ - ½ cc/100# IV
– 1 cc/100# IM/SQ
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34. Vaccine Risks
Injection site lesions
Type 1 hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis)
Endotoxins
Endotoxins common with gram negative bactrins
“Endotoxin stacking” – Additive effect from giving multiple gram
negative bactrins
Results
•
•
•
•
Anaphylaxis
Sick calves
Abortion
Decreased milk production
Limit number of gram negative bactrins given at one time to 2.
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37. Vaccine Risks
Injection site lesions
Type 1 hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis)
Endotoxins
Residual virulence
Human Health Issues
Brucella abortus
Johne’s Vaccine
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38. Designing a Vaccine Program
What must be considered when deciding what vaccines to
use or recommend?
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