States Take a Closer Look at Rainwater Harvesting - USA

1. Box of Rain – States Take a Closer Look at Rainwater Harvesting Page 1 of 4
Published on GreenBizSite (http://greenerbuildings.com)
Box of Rain – States Take a Closer Look at Rainwater
Harvesting
By Jeff Kray
August 14, 2008
While water withdrawals from streams and wells are often closely monitored and
contentious, regulators have historically tended to look the other way when it comes to
water captured as rain. But as water becomes more scarce, regulators have begun to
more closely scrutinize the increasingly popular practice of rainwater harvesting —
collecting rainwater in barrels, buckets and tanks.
Presently, there is little consistency among states in regulating the harvesting of rainwater.
Some states, like Colorado, prohibit rainwater harvesting. Other states, like Washington,
are considering requiring a permit only for rainwater capture systems above a threshold
amount. In other places — notably Santa Fe, New Mexico — rainwater harvesting is
actually required. Systems for rainwater capture must be installed on every new 2,500
square foot or larger residential or commercial building in that city. Arizona, Hawaii,
Kentucky, Ohio, Texas and West Virginia are all either regulating or considering regulating
rainwater harvesting.
What is Rainwater Harvesting?
Rainwater harvesting is the collection, storage and conveyance of rain as a water source.
As the nation realizes the limits of its existing freshwater resources, attention is returning
to rainwater capture to help ensure adequate water supplies. Rainwater harvesting
systems range from a barrel placed under a downspout to multiple tanks with pumps and
controls. Residential collection systems can range from a 50-gallon rain barrel to cisterns
of 30,000 gallons or more. Commercial systems can be much larger. As discussed below,
rainwater harvesting can provide several environmental benefits.
Catching and storing rain is an age-old practice throughout the world. In China, rainwater
harvesting may date as far back as 6,000 years. In India, the practice dates back over
4,000 years and traditionally meant storing water in tanks or reservoirs. "By some
estimates, 20,000 villages in India are harvesting their rains," writes Fred Pearce in his
2006 book "When Rivers Run Dry."
In the United States, water resources are primarily governed by state, rather than federal,
government. State and local governments have taken opposing approaches to rainwater.
As noted above, for example, Colorado assumes that rainwater contributes to streamflows
and, therefore, prohibits rainwater capture systems. Similarly, local and state building
codes, zoning laws and other regulations in Colorado and other states may limit the
availability of rainwater harvesting.
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In contrast, the trend in other states is moving towards encouraging rainwater harvesting.
In 2005, for instance, the Texas legislature created a committee to evaluate and
recommend minimum water quality guidelines and standards for rainwater use. Texas
provides financial incentives for rainwater capture systems and water utilities in Austin and
San Antonio encourage rainwater harvesting to conserve water. Under such policies,
professional companies have installed more than 400 full-scale rainwater harvesting
systems in central Texas and, over the last 10 years, homeowners have installed more
than 6,000 rain barrels through Austin's incentive program. Washington appears to be on
the verge of adopting an approach to rainwater harvesting regulation similar to that of
Texas.
Rainwater Harvesting in Washington State
Washington law broadly defines water resources as "all water above, upon, or beneath the
surface of the earth, located within the state." Rainwater is, therefore, a state water
resource the use of which through harvesting may require a permit. In the past seven
legislative sessions, the Washington Legislature has unsuccessfully attempted to define
how much rainwater capture is exempt from the permit requirement. Despite these efforts,
existing law still provides no clear guidelines on the issue.
The Washington Department of Ecology has created a de facto exemption for certain
rainwater harvesting and does not require homeowners to obtain water right permits to
collect and store small rainwater amounts. At the same time, the Department of Ecology
has not yet provided guidance as to what it considers an amount of water that might
trigger the need to obtain a permit. As a result, homeowners, businesses, nonprofits and
other entities have been capturing rainwater from roofs and other suitable services without
permits, but also without certainty that they are free from potential enforcement. The
Department of Ecology has now determined to provide further guidance by rule.
For water quality purposes, capturing rainwater before it becomes stormwater runoff not
only decreases the amount of stormwater that may need treatment, but it also decreases
the amount of water that quickly runs off urbanized land into local streams, often carrying
pollutants from human activities and scouring gravel from their beds, deepening and
degrading them in the process. In Washington's Puget Sound region and in many other
urban areas, stormwater and wastewater also sometimes share the same sewer line in
what are called combined sewer systems. Large storm events can create so much
stormwater that it exceeds the combined sewer system's capacity and, as a result, the
untreated excess flows into local lakes, streams, or the Puget Sound in what are called a
combined sewer overflows (CSOs). The cumulative effect of many large scale rainwater
collection systems may decrease the frequency of CSOs.
Washington has two distinct climates. East of the Cascades typical rainfall averages 10 to
20 inches, less for central Washington and more for the Cascade foothills and the
northeast and southeast corners. West of the Cascades, typical rainfall averages 30 to 60
inches in the lowlands and double that for the Cascade foothills and the Olympic
Peninsula. Similarly, water is most limited on both sides of the state in summer and early
fall, the time at which the demands are highest.
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The state's challenge is to define the permitting requirements for rainwater collection in a
manner that differentiates between systems that cause little, if any, hydrologic impact (the
vast majority of small systems) and those systems that could impair other water rights,
notably in closed basins where the Department of Ecology is not issuing new water rights.
For example, 50-gallon rain barrels used to gather water for residential urban gardens
may provide stormwater management benefits without impairing water resources,
whereas rainwater collection for consumptive use, such as irrigation, could potentially
impair other water rights by limiting water amounts that would otherwise flow into
freshwater streams with their own water rights or streams that supply other water right
holders. The problem is that Washington has never defined the threshold for de minimis
rainwater harvesting. As a result, the Department of Ecology will need to draft its proposed
rule cautiously to avoid legal challenges asserting that it has exceeded its legal authority.
Seattle Public Utilities recently received a regional water right permit from the Department
of Ecology to capture and put to use approximately 23,000 acre-feet of rainwater that falls
on rooftops in areas of the city served by CSOs. Similarly, island residents in San Juan
County, Wash., anticipate that they will be able to legally continue using rain for their
water supply under islandwide water permits that the Department of Ecology is expected
to issue in fall 2008. The Department of Ecology's proposed rule would not affect either
the regional rainwater permit recently obtained by Seattle, or future islandwide permits in
San Juan County.
For many other actual or potential rainwater harvesting systems, obtaining permits is
administratively and economically unfeasible. Few homeowners are likely to engage in
Washington's water right permitting process for a rain barrel, nor is the Department of
Ecology likely prepared to handle a large volume of such applications. For such smaller
systems, the solution is for Washington to clearly define which ones are required to obtain
permits and which are not.
Washington's Rainwater Collection Rule
The Department of Ecology currently envisions a rule recognizing and clarifying its
historical permit exception for capturing, storing and using small rainwater amounts.
Furthermore, the Department of Ecology plans to create a distinct permit application for
individuals and regional entities that plan to construct rainwater collection systems that do
not qualify for the permit exemption, and the rule will authorize priority processing of those
applications due to their stormwater management benefits.
The proposed rule could include:
* Defined threshold limits, below which a water right permit will not be required.
* A distinct permit application process for individuals and groups that plan to construct
rainwater harvesting systems that do not qualify for the permit exemption.
*Authorization for the Department of Ecology to expedite (priority process) rainwater
permits due to their stormwater management and other environmental benefits.
The Department of Ecology is seeking public comment on where it should set the
threshold for requiring a water right for rainwater harvesting. It has not yet set a timetable
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for its proposed rule or provided a draft for public comment.
Conclusion
Policymakers are beginning to remove hurdles to implementing rainwater capture systems
and creating incentives for investing in such systems. Rainwater harvesting has the
potential to provide outdoor irrigation and replace other water resources for indoor uses
such as toilet flushing. As the legal and technical availability of rainwater expands,
Washington and other states have signaled that they will also continue to ensure that the
law protects existing water rights.
For more information on rainwater harvesting and Marten Law Group's water resources
and water quality practices, please contact Jeff Kray.
Jeff is a partner at Marten Law Group whose practice focuses on water resources and
environmental, civil and appellate litigation. He represents public and private clients with
an emphasis on cases involving regulatory compliance and civil liability. Marten Law
Group produces an Environmental Newsletter where this article originally appeared.
Source URL: http://greenerbuildings.com/blog/2008/08/14/box-rain-%E2%80%93-states-take-a-closer-look-
rainwater-harvesting
Links:
[1] http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wr/hq/rwh_sw.html
[2] http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wr/hq/rwh_augm.html
[3] http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wr/hq/rwh_rule.html
[4] mailto:jkray@martenlaw.com
[5] http://www.martenlaw.com/lawyers/jkray.php
[6] http://www.martenlaw.com/
[7] http://www.martenlaw.com/news/?20080723-rainwater-harvesting
http://greenerbuildings.com/print/27022 2/27/2009