CrossRef: Improving Scholarly Communications

Improving Scholarly Communication
The First Congress of Asia Paci c Association of Medical Journal Editors
28th August 2011

Kirsty Meddings, CrossRef
kmeddings@crossref.org

Friday, 2 September 2011

Photo: `R4cH3L on Flickr


Computer scientist Diomidis Spinellis “examined 4,224 URLs
in 2,471 computer science articles… and discovered that
nearly half of the references could not be accessed within
four years of the publication date. Links become inaccessible
as time passes…”

Diomidis Spinellis. 2003. The decay and failures of web references. Commun. ACM 46, 1 (January 2003),
71-77. DOI=10.1145/602421.602422 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/602421.602422


Established 1999
AAAS • Academic Press • American Institute of Physics •
Association of Computing Machinery • Blackwell • Elsevier
• IEEE • Kluwer Academic • Nature Publishing Group •
Oxford University Press • Springer • Wiley


Easy, reliable navigation to
scholarly content using DOIs


What is a DOI?


What is a DOI?

Digital


What is a DOI?

Digital
Object


What is a DOI?

Digital
Object
Identi er


A DOI is alphanumeric

9


A DOI
uniquely
identifies
content

10


A DOI provides a persistent
and stable link to content


DOI Components

As me
er O
mb d T

sig mb
me ne

ne er
sig

dB
As

Y


10.1098/rstl.1665.0001
http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/1/1-22/rstl.1665.0001


http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1665.0001
DOI Directory Pre x Suﬃx


User clicks on
CrossRef DOI
reference link in
Journal A
Tani, N., N. Tomaru, M. Araki, AND K. Ohba. 1996. Genetic diversity and
differentiation in populations of Japanese stone pine (Pinus pumila) in
Japan. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26: 1454–1462.[CrossRef]

http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-162


User clicks on
CrossRef DOI
reference link in
Journal A

http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-162

DOI
directory returns
URL


User clicks on
User accesses
CrossRef DOI
cited article in
reference link in
Journal B
Journal A

http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-162

DOI
directory returns
URL


Blog Posts


Books


Enables persistent linking by
assigning DOI pre xes to its members
maintaining a database of DOIs, associated
metadata and URLs


DOI = NISO Standard

CrossRef = DOI Registration Agency


provides an organizational
foundation for widespread linking

Membership association for
cooperative development of a
digital linking infrastructure
Business model neutral
Commercial, societies, non-pro ts, university
presses, OA publishers. 66% non-pro t

One agreement with CrossRef is
a linking agreement with all
other CrossRef participants


Oxford, UK
Boston, USA 5 Staﬀ
14 Staﬀ

-16 person international Board of Directors
-Working Groups & Committees

"CrossRef's goal is to be a trusted
collaborative organization with broad
community connections; authoritative and
innovative in support of a persistent,
sustainable infrastructure for scholarly
communication."


Why do publishers join?



To get persistent IDs and links for their content



To drive more traﬃc to their content



To turn their references into hyperlinks



To add Cited-by links (what cites this article?)



To add Cited-by links (what cites this article?)
To participate in new collaborative services


3,542 publishers and societies
48,200,000 content items with DOIs
24,870 journals
166,000 books
21,200 conference proceedings


Content Growth
Total CrossRef DOIs

47,000,000

37,600,000

28,200,000

18,800,000

9,400,000
2002 2003
2004 2005
2006 2007 0
2008 2009 2010
2011


Linking 5 centuries of
content
Century # of DOIs deposited

17th 1,686
18th 4,200
19th 651,584
20th 20,804,031
21st 13,914,241


Linking 5 centuries of
content
Century # of DOIs deposited

17th 1,686
18th 4,200
19th 651,584
20th 20,804,031
21st 13,914,241

1665

45 - 55,000,000


CrossRef Member Obligations
1.Deposit all current journal articles


2. Update metadata and especially URLs


3. Implement outbound reference linking


4. Do not publicize CrossRef DOIs until links are live


4. Resolve DOI con icts


6. Make plans for long term archiving


How to ensure long-term persistence?

• Technical: two data centers, backups,
disaster recovery plan
• IP and trademarks: ownership of IP of system
software and a strong brand
• Sustainable org: good governance, sound
business model (surpluses) and Cash
Reserve Fund


Creating DOIs for content



DOI suﬃxes should be:
Short
Easily documented
Readily implemented
Opaque/Dumb



Short
Easily documented
Readily implemented
Opaque/Dumb
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19980420)58:2/33.0.CO;2-N


10.1002/smj.376
Short
Easily documented
Readily implemented
Opaque/Dumb
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19980420)58:2/33.0.CO;2-N

New DOI display Guidelines
Announced 2nd August 2011
change

doi:10.5555/12345678
to

http://dx.doi.org10.5555/12345678


Bene ts


Content Negotiation for DOIs

All CrossRef Metadata available in machine-
readable format
In accordance with linked data principles
No change for people following DOI links
Machines following DOI links can ask to receive
XML metadata instead of the HTML page


Fees: Annual Membership
Annual Publishing Revenue Annual Fee
< $1 million $275
$1 million-$5 million $550

$5 million-$10 million $1,650





>$500 million $50,000


One-Time Deposit Fees

Deposit Type Per-DOI Fee

Current records (2008-2010) $1.00

Book chapters and reference $0.25
entries ≤ 250 per title

Book chapters and reference $0.15
entries > 250 per title

Backfiles $0.15
Components, data records $.06
Journal Titles free


What is CrossRef Cited-by Linking?
A way to answer the question:
“Who’s Citing You?”

• An optional reference
linking service of CrossRef

• Additional navigation for
your publication web site

• Demonstration to your
readers the relevance of
your content


Cited-by Rules


Cited-by Rules
• Participation is optional


Cited-by Rules
• Members must deposit references from their
current material in order to retrieve Cited-by links.


Cited-by Rules
• Members (or Aﬃliates acting on their behalf ) can
retrieve Cited-by links to display in Members’
primary content.


Cited-by Rules
• Members (or Aﬃliates acting on their behalf ) can
retrieve Cited-by links to display in Members’
primary content.
• Cited-by Linking is not available for secondary
publishers.


• 225 publishers participating
• 8.7 million articles with references
deposited
• 138 million Cited-by links
• 17.4 million articles with at least
one Cited-by link


Services


Services
• Cross-publisher
reference linking


Services
• Cross-publisher
reference linking

• Cross-publisher
cited-by linking


Services
• Cross-publisher
reference linking

• Cross-publisher
cited-by linking

• Cross-publisher
plagiarism screening


Services
• Cross-publisher
reference linking

• Cross-publisher
cited-by linking

• Cross-publisher
plagiarism screening

• Cross-publisher
content validation


Cross-Publisher Plagiarism Screening


243 publishers
29.9 million content items indexed
57,000 titles
20,000+ manuscripts checked each month


0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
Au
g-
10
Se
p-
10
O
ct
-1
0
N
ov
-1
0
D
ec
-1
0
Ja
n-
11
Fe
b-
11
M
ar
-1
1
Ap
r-
1 1
M
ay
-1
1
Ju
n-
11
Ju
l-1
1
Documents Checked

Industry Problems
• The scholarly pre-publication process is
largely invisible
• The common belief that the publisher’s job
is done on publication of the “ nal” version
• A proliferation of versions of content online
that are not stewarded
• Readers don’t know which copy to “trust”


erratum
corrigendum
updates
enhancements
withdrawals
retractions
new editions

What is CrossMark?


What is CrossMark?
A logo that identi es a publisher-
maintained copy of a piece of content


What is CrossMark?
Clicking the logo tells you


What is CrossMark?
Whether there have been any updates


What is CrossMark?
If this copy is being maintained by the publisher


What is CrossMark?
Where the publisher-maintained version is


What is CrossMark?
Where the publisher-maintained version is
Other important publication record information


What kind of Publication Record
information could be available?


What kind of Publication Record
information could be available?
Funding disclosures
Con ict of interest statements
Publication history (submission, revision and
accepted dates)
Location of data deposits or registries
Peer review process used
CrossCheck plagiarism screening
License types


www.crossref.org/crossmark


Conclusions


Conclusions
• CrossRef provides infrastructure to enable
publishers to enhance their content and
services


Conclusions
services
• CrossRef services drive traﬃc to publishers
content


Conclusions
services
• CrossRef services drive traﬃc to publishers
content
• CrossRef services enable publishers to
highlight the value they add to content


Final Thought

• No publisher is an island - collaboration and
connection are the keys


Thank You
Kirsty Meddings
Product Manager
kmeddings@crossref.org


CrossRef: Improving Scholarly Communications

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