This is a presentation given during our studies at the Moore School of Business of the University of South Carolina on hydrogen fuel cell technologies.

1. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bach, B. Abraham, S. Arnold-Fisher, E. Dupree, W. J. 12/7/2007

2. AGENDA Background Industry Drivers Application Types & Potential Transportation Portable Stationary Product Application Timeline Current Developments in Columbia Questions

4. Electricity Out

6. Sources of Hydrogen www.minihydrogen.dk

7. Hydrogen Production Today US Department of Energy

8. OXYGEN (AIR) Fuel Reformer Converts to Hydrogen FUELCELL INVERTER AC POWEROUTPUT DC POWEROUTPUT HYDROGEN RICH GAS FUEL INPUT WATER HEATRECOVERY Heat used for Fuel Reforming Additional Heat Components of a Fuel Cell System National Institute of Standards & Technology

9. Examples of Fuel Cell Applications

11. Higher efficiencies

12. Constant and consistent power

13. No Moving Parts

14. Portable fuel cell systems much lighter than batteries

16. Lack of Infrastructure

17. Energy needed to produce Hydrogen from Water

18. Large amounts of hydrogen needed to meet energy needs

19. Consumer mistrust

20. High Cost

21. Currently do not have hydrogen production capacity

23. World Fuel Cell Activity PWC Survey 2006

24. Industry Leaders PWC Survey 2006

25. Industry Gross Revenue PWC Survey 2007

26. Industry Gross Revenue U.S. Census Bureau 2002 & PWC 2007

27. Industry Success Factors RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE & STORAGE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION

28. HYDROGEN PRODUCTION US/South Korea Nuclear Hydrogen Program Example Nuclear Hydrogen Joint Development Center in Daejeon & San Diego Heat electrolysis at 800ºC (today 150ºC) Heat H2 Water

29. INFRA-STRUCTURE & STORAGE Research Leaders Japan Germany USA H2 Economy Case Study: Iceland HYTHANE Fuel (20% H2, 80% Gas) Aral Hydro Linde

30. Types of Application R & D Global private sector research Fuel Cell Industry Research – SC Export Consortium

31. Transportation 400 fuel cell powered vehicle prototypes worldwide (BMW, Daihatsu, DaimlerChrysler, Fiat, Ford, GM, Honda, Hyundai, MAN/Neoplan, Mazda, Mitsubishi, Nissan/Renault, PSA, Suzuki, Toyota, VW/Audi) US H2 daily production capacity fuels 20 million cars (243 million passenger vehicles registered in US) SolarToday.org/H2Mobility.org

33. Price of average hydrogen powered car (internal combustion): Sticker + $50,000

34. 50,000 miles cost of H2 car above regular car: $61,667 (Assumption: 30 miles/gal at $3/gal gasoline) SolarToday.org/MSN.com

35. Where to fill up your hydrogen car? 299 H2 stations worldwide 117,000 petroleum stations in US

36. Future Outlook Average Annual Expected Sales of PEMFC/SPFC for Light-Duty Vehicles @ $10,000 per fuel cell = 730,000 vehicles Fuel Cell Industry Research – SC Export Consortium

38. Run time double compared to alternativesSource: Millenium Cell (2007)

40. Less expensive compared to alternatives.Source: Millenium Cell (2007)

47. Product Application Timeline Stationary Portable Transportation 2007 2010 - 2015 2007 2010 - 2015 2007 2010 - 2015 2020 - 2030

48. H2 Fuel Cells in Columbia, SC Current Projects Innovista Fuel Cell South Palmetto Fuel Cell Technologies USC Fuel Cell Research Group USC Fuel Cell Bus Project (liquid hydrogen refueling station 2008-2009)

49. QUESTIONS? "Water will be the coal of the future," Jules Verne (1874) Pennsylvania State University