Mission critical standby systems provide power to critical operations power systems (COPS) for public safety, national security, or business continuity reasons. Electrical equipment and wiring that serve these designated critical operation areas must remain operational during a natural or man-made disaster. The National Electrical Code (NEC) describes the engineering practices for mission critical facilities, which go beyond the requirements for emergency and legally required standby systems. In addition to specific code requirements, design engineers as well as authorities having jurisdiction must know the requirements for the installation, operation, control, and maintenance of standby power for mission critical facilities. Visit www.csemag.com to view this as an "On Demand Webcast," download the slides, and to take the CEU Exam. 1 AIA CES accredited LU available for attendees.

1. Critical Power: Standby
Power for Mission
Critical Facilities
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8. Speakers:
• Kenneth Kutsmeda, PE, LEED AP,
Jacobs KlingStubbins, Philadelphia
• Danna Jensen, PE, LEED AP BD+C,
ccrd, Dallas
• Jack Smith, Consulting- Specifying
Engineer, Pure Power and CFE
Media LLC

9. Critical Power: Standby
Power for Mission
Critical Facilities

10. Mission Critical Systems
Understanding Mission Critical and the Criteria for
Designating a Facility as Mission Critical
Kenneth Kutsmeda, PE, LEED AP
Jacobs KlingStubbins
Philadelphia

11. Take a closer look at what it means for a
facility to be mission critical and the
criteria for designating a facility as
mission critical
 Types of Mission Critical Facilities
 Standards and Codes Utilized for
Designing Mission Critical Facilities
 Reliability requirements of mission
critical facility standby power systems

12. Definition of Mission Critical
“A mission critical system is a system that is essential
to the survival of a business or organization. When a
mission critical system fails or is interrupted,
operations are significantly impacted.”
• Availability – System must function when required (24x7)
• Reliability – System must not fail. If a failure occurs the system
must respond and recover quickly.
• Security – System must provide protection against an attack,
either human or naturally caused

13. Private - Business Continuity
• Business Enterprise Data Centers
• Financial Data Centers and Trading
• Internet Companies
Public Safety
• Emergency Call Centers
• Police & Fire Stations
• Hospitals
• National Security
Types of Mission Critical Facilities

14. Facilities where the levels of
availability and reliability are
dictated by the business case
• Acceptable Level of Risk
• Downtime for Maintenance
• Required Degree Redundancy
• Protection Against Failures
Private – Business Continuity

15. - ANSI TIA-942 Standard
- Uptime Institute Guidelines
Private – Business Continuity
Tier classifications have been established
as a guide to assist in designing a topology
that will delivery the required level of
availability and reliability
• Tier 1 - Basic
• Tier 2 - Redundant Components
• Tier 3 – Concurrently Maintainable
• Tier 4 - Fault Tolerant

16. Tier 1 – Basic
• Susceptible to disruptions from
planned and unplanned activity
• Capacity design is “Need” (N) only,
no redundant components
• Infrastructure shut down required
for preventive maintenance and
repair work.
• Annual downtime 28.8 hours
UPTIME INSTITUTE

17. Tier 2 – Redundant Components
• Less susceptible to disruptions
from planned and unplanned
activity
• Capacity design is “Need plus
One” (N+1)
• Single-threaded distribution path
• Maintenance of critical power path
and other parts of site
infrastructure require a processing
shutdown
• Annual downtime 22.0 hours
UPTIME INSTITUTE

18. Tier 3 – Concurrent Maintenance
• Allows for planned infrastructure
activity (maintenance, repair,
expansion) without disrupting
• Capacity design is “Need plus
One” (N+1)
• Dual -threaded distribution path
• Can carry the load on one path
while performing maintenance or
testing on the other path.
• Errors in operation or failures of
facility infrastructure components
can still cause a disruption.
• Annual downtime 1.6 hours UPTIME INSTITUTE

19. Tier 4 – Fault Tolerant
• High reliability, availability and
serviceability.
• Allows for planned activity without
disruption to the critical load
• Capacity design is “System +
System” (2N)
• Dual -threaded distribution path
• System can sustain one worst-
case unplanned failure with no
impact on the critical load.
UPTIME INSTITUTE

20. Facilities where the levels of availability and reliability are
required to protect the public safety, public health and
national security.
Public Safety Facility

21. Article 708: Critical Operations Power System (COPS)
Addressed homeland security issues for
mission critical facilities.
Provides requirements for the installation,
operation, control and maintenance of
electrical equipment and wiring serving
designated critical operation areas that
must remain operational during a natural or
human caused disaster.
Critical Operations Power Systems are
installed in vital facilities that if
incapacitated would disrupt national
security, public health and public safety.

22. Examples of facilities that would use
critical operations power systems
• Police & Fire Stations
• Emergency Management Centers
• Emergency Call Centers
• Government Facilities involved with
National Security
• Hospitals
• Financial Facilities involved with
National Economic Security
Critical Operations Power System (COPS) Facilities

23. Critical Operations Power System (COPS)
Power systems for facilities or parts of facilities that require
continuous operations for the reasons of public safety,
emergency management, national security or business
continuity.
Designated Critical Operations Areas (DCOA)
Areas within a facility or site designated as requiring critical
operations power
Definitions

24. 1. Identify a specific area within
the facility as the Designated
Critical Operations Area
(DCOA).
Only the power system serving the
DCOA must meet requirements of
Article 708.
2. Designate the complete facility
as critical operations.
Entire electrical infrastructure must
meet the requirements of Article
708.
Design Approach Options

25. • Risk Assessment
• Physical Security
• Testing And Maintenance
• Commissioning
• Feeder and Branch Wiring
• Distribution Equipment
• HVAC, Signal & Communication
Wiring
• Power Sources
• Overcurrent Protection
• System Performance and Analysis
NEC Article 708 Scope

26. COPS system must continue to operate during
the full duration of a natural or human caused
disaster and beyond
• Physical Separation & Location
• 2 Hour Fire Rating
• Alternate power supplies with capacity to
operate for 72 hours
• Generator can not be dependant on public
utility gas for fuel
• Redundant equipment or means for a roll up
equipment
• All COPS overcurrent devices shall be
selectively coordinated
• Testing & Commissioning
NEC Article 708 Reliability Criteria

27. Mission Critical Systems
Essential to the survival of a business
or organization. When a mission
critical system fails or is interrupted,
operations are significantly impacted.
Main Attributes
• Availability
• Reliability
• Security

28. Mission Critical Systems
Private - Business Continuity
• Attributes defined by the Business
based on their Business Case
Public Safety
• Attributes defined by the NEC
(Article 708)
• Classed by municipal, state and
federal agencies
• Governed by the agency having
jurisdiction (AHJ)

29. Critical Power: Standby
Power for Mission
Critical Facilities

30. COPS – NEC Article 708
Understanding the Design and Commissioning
Requirements for Critical Operations Power Systems
Danna Jensen, PE, LEED AP BD+C
ccrd
Dallas

31. Topics
• Where to apply article 708
• Conducting the Risk Assessment
• Design Requirements
• Criteria for Commissioning

32. NEC Article 708
Critical Operations Power Systems (COPS)
Addresses homeland security issues
for “Mission Critical” facilities
The systems must continue to
operate during the full duration of an
emergency and beyond.

33. Where does this apply?
• NEC 708.1 Scope
– Where classed to comply by governmental
agency having jurisdiction (AHJ)
– Who else plays a role
• State Health Department?
• EPA?
• Facility Engineering?

34. Where does this apply? (cont.)
• Examples include*:
– Police Stations
– Fire Stations
– Hospitals
– 911 Call Centers
– Water Treatment Plant
• Ensures uniform enforcement for critical facilities
*Not all of these facilities require compliance. Only those designated by AHJ as critical.

35. Definitions
• Critical Operations Power System (COPS)
– Power systems for facilities or parts of facilities that
require continuous operation for the reasons of public
safety, emergency management, national security, or
business continuity.
• Designated Critical Operations Area (DCOA)
– Areas within a facility or site designated as requiring
critical operations power.

36. Conduct Risk Assessment
The opportunity for reliability is greatest when designing a new facility
Identify
Hazards
Develop
Mitigation
Strategy
Document
Findings
Implement
Plan
Commission
the System
• Jointly participate with Client
• Apply effective reliability
strategy in design
• Design for maintainability
• Develop commissioning plan
• Develop maintenance program
Risk
Assessment

37. Source of Power Location
• Storage Battery
• Generator
• UPS
• Fuel Cell
Design Requirements
Equipment Location
• Physical security
• Restricted access
• Automatic fire
suppression
• 2-hour rated space
• Above the 100-year
floodplain
• Branch equipment
located within DCOA
• Emergency equipment in
separate room from
normal power service
equipment (NFPA 110)

38. Design Requirements
Wiring
• Protection against
damage
• RMC
• IMC
• MI Cable
• 2” Concrete
• Floodplain protection
where installed below the
100-year flood plain
• Protected from Fire
• Listed 2-hr circuit
protective system
• Protected by 2-hr
assembly
• Encased in 2-inches of
concrete
• Same rules apply to
branch circuits when
located outside the DCOA

39. Wiring Requirements (cont.)
Special Note: UL Public Notice Sept. 12, 2012
UL and ULC announced important changes to certification programs (release
12PN-51). As a result, manufacturers are no longer authorized to place the UL
or ULC mark on these fire rated cables.
A interim certification program was re-established in December 2012 to allow
manufacturers to achieve certification under an interim program. So far, only
two manufacturers have obtained listing. UL reports that more are expected in
the near future.
View UL Website for additional information
http://database.ul.com/cgi-bin/XYV/template/LISEXT/1FRAME/showpage.html?name=FHJR.GuideInfo&ccnshorttitle=Fire-
resistive+Cable&objid=1074292591&cfgid=1073741824&version=versionless&parent_id=1073986610&sequence=1

40. Wiring Requirements (cont.)
• Low voltage wiring for critical systems to
follow same rules for physical protection
• 2-hr fire protection or riser rated cable also
required for the following:
– Fire Alarm
– Security
– Signaling
– Riser Communications
– HVAC Controls

41. Additional Design Requirements
• On-site fuel to operate
minimum of 72-hrs under full
load*
• Surge protection
• Two levels of ground fault
protection
• Bypass/Isolation type switches
(electrically operated,
mechanically held)
• Capacity to operate
“Unlimited” number of hours
except for maintenance
• Receptacle identification
• OCPD selectively
coordinated
• Allowed to use the COPS
for other emergency
systems as long as they
can be shed.
*See NFPA 110-5.1.2 for additional fuel storage requirements when in seismic zones

42. Commissioning the COPS
• NEC 708 requires a working system
– Witness testing by LAHJ
– Regular testing with written record
– Testing under load
– A commissioning plan
– Documented emergency operations plan
• Commissioning (Cx)
– The acceptance testing, integrated system testing, operational tune-
up, and start-up testing is the process by which baseline test results
verify the proper operation and sequence of operation of electrical
equipment, in addition to developing baseline criteria by which
future trend analysis can identify equipment deterioration. (NEC
708)

43. Commissioning the COPS (cont.)
Pre-functional Check List (PFC)
• Pre-Start Up Checklist – List of items to inspect and verify proper installation
• Start Up Documentation – Includes check lists and “run logs”
Functional Performance Test (FPT)
• Dynamic Function Test – testing of systems in operating modes
• Documents System Performance – Testing of sequences of operation and
failure modes
• Observation Period – Systems are shown without malfunction over a certain
period of time
Integrated System Test (IST)
• Demonstrates operational performance of the system integration with other
systems.
• Includes all modes of operation, anticipated failure modes, and recovery.
• Verification of alarm events at the monitoring location

44. Cx Process – Construction & Acceptance Phase
Direct & Verify
Tests
Verify Submittals
Develop Test
Procedures
Document Pass/Fail
Update Issues Log
Schedule Project
Deliverables
Acceptance
Verify Systems
Manual
Verify Construction
Checklist
Completeness
Manage Project
Delivery System
Resolve Issue
Training
 Develop & Utilize Construction Checklists
 Oversee & Documents Pre-Functional
Performance Testing
 Oversee & Documents Functional
Performance Testing
 Coordinate & Approve Owner Training
 Provide Commissioning Record for
Owner Approval
 System Performance Documented &
Accepted
 Complete Final Commissioning Report
 Compile Data for Systems Manual

45. Example FPT
• Test Prerequisites
• Start up Generators
• Transfer to Emergency
• Simulate overload
• Load Shed
• Restore Power System to
Normal Operation

46. Successful COPS Design and Cx
• Upfront discussions and mutual
understanding with the LAHJ
• Be involved in the risk assessment
• Careful planning for equipment location
and routing of feeders
• Development and documentation of FPTs
and ISTs
• Development of proper maintenance plan

47. Related Requirements
• NFPA 70 Article 708 Critical Operations Power Systems
• NFPA 70 Annex F & G
• NFPA 1600 Standard on Disaster/Emergency Management and
Business Continuity Programs
• NFPA 110 Standard for Emergency Standby Power Systems
• NFPA 99 Standard for Health Care Facilities
• NFPA 101 Life Safety Code
• NFPA 730 Guide for Premises Security
• NFPA 72 Chapter 24 Emergency Communication Systems

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49. Speakers:
• Kenneth Kutsmeda, PE, LEED AP,
Jacobs KlingStubbins, Philadelphia
• Danna Jensen, PE, LEED AP BD+C,
ccrd, Dallas
• Jack Smith, Consulting- Specifying
Engineer, Pure Power and CFE
Media LLC

50. Today’s Webcast Sponsors

51. Critical Power: Standby
Power for Mission
Critical Facilities
Sponsored by: