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Lifting
1.
© Professor Alan
Hedge, Cornell University, November 2002 Lifting and Back Stress DEA325/651 Professor Alan Hedge Low Back Pain Low back pain occurs in 80% of adults at some point in their lives Low back pain is second only to upper respiratory infections as a cause for absence from work. Back symptoms are among the 10 leading reasons for patient visits to emergency rooms, hospital outpatient departments, and physicians' offices. Low back pain often recurs, 12 and in 5- 10% of patients low back pain becomes chronic. Back symptoms are the most common cause of disability for persons under age 45. Low Back Pain Low back pain costs approximately $24 billion per year in direct medical expenses and another $27 billion per year in lost productivity and compensation. Total annual costs for back pain increase from $35 to $56 billion when disability costs are included. Almost 90% of all cases of low back pain are due to sprains and strains and by definition almost always improve. Low back pain from herniation of a disk affects only a small percentage of workers. The Human Spine The Flexible Spine Lumbar spine and dorsal nerves Vertebrae, Spinal Cord and Nerve Roots Structure of the Vertebral Unit Lumbar disc structure Intervertebral disc structure Nucleus Pulposus NP allows for the different planes of intervertebralmovement. 1
2.
© Professor Alan
Hedge, Cornell University, November 2002 Intervertebral discs Vertebrae differ in size in different regions of the spine. Intervertebral discs NP position and size differs in different regions of the spine. Lumbar Disc Motion Intervertebral disc forces Compressive forces exert the major influence on low back injury risks. Spinal forces Flexion-Extension - asymmetric compression of the intervertebral disc from forwards/backwards bending movements. Spinal forces Lateral bending - asymmetric compression of the intervertebral disc. Spinal forces Axial rotation - torsional deformation of the intervertebral disc. Spinal forces Shear - displacement of one vertebra over the over. Spinal forces Tension - stretching (elongation) of the spine results in elongation of the intervertebral discs. Spinal disc forces Discs do not have a blood supply and they rely on pressure changes for the transport of nutrients and waste products. Posture and Lumbar Disc Pressure (Wilke et al., 1999, Spine, 24, 755) Lumbar intradiscal pressure can be recorded at L4-L5 during different standing, sitting and lifting postures. Posture and Lumbar Disc Pressure 2
3.
© Professor Alan
Hedge, Cornell University, November 2002 (Wilke et al., 1999, Spine, 24, 755) Spinal Shrinkage - Stadiometer Stature and Time-of-Day Over a day the spine can shrink ~ 22mm (0.9”) Lumbar disc damage Lifting Posture Many types of industrial task require lifting objects. Lifting is often done in a poor posture. Lifting Injuries Incidence rates represent the number of injuries and/or illnesses per 100 full-time workers and are calculated as: (N/EH) X 200,000 where: N = number of injuries and/or illnesses EH = total hours worked by all employees during the calendar year 200,000 = base for 100 full-time equivalent workers (working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year). NIOSH Lifting Equation (1981) Action Limit (AL) = 90 lbs. X (6/H)(1-0.1[V-30])(.7+3/D)(1-F/Fmax) Where: H = horizontal location (inches) forward of he midpoint of the ankles at the origin of the lift to the mid-point of the hand grasps (load center) V = vertical location (inches) of the hands above the floor at the start of the lift D = vertical travel distance (inches) between origin and destination F = average frequency of lifts (lifts/minute) Fmax = maximum frequency which can be sustained (from table). Maximum Permissible Limit (MPL) = 3(AL) NIOSH Lifting Equation (1991) Recommended Weight Limit (RWL) = LC x HM x VM x DM x AM x FM x CM Where: LC = load constant (51 lbs.) HM = horizontal multiplier = 10/H VM= vertical multiplier = (1-(0.0075[V-30]) DM = distance multiplier= (0.82+1.8/D) AM = asymmetric multiplier = (1-(0.0032A)) 3
4.
© Professor Alan
Hedge, Cornell University, November 2002 FM = frequency multiplier (from table) CM = coupling multiplier (from table) A = angle of asymmetry = angular displacement of the load from the mid-sagittal plane {H,V,D, F same as 1981 equation} NIOSH Lifting Equation (1991) Lifting Index (LI) The LI is a term that provides a relative estimate of the level of physical stress associated with a particular manual lifting task. The estimate of the level of physical stress is defined by the relationship of the weight of the load lifted and the recommended weight limit. The LI is defined by the following equation: LI = Load Weight = L Recommended Weight Limit RWL LI <1 is the goal for all lifting tasks LI >1 poses an increased risk for lifting-related low back pain and greater % of workers at risk LI >3 poses an increased risk for work-related injury NIOSH Lifting Equation (1991) Single task job assessment – a job where the lifting variables do not significantly change from task to task. Multi-task job assessment – a job where there are signficant differences in the different lifting tasks, and each task is assessed separately. The Frequency-Independent Recommended Weight Limit (FIRWL) and Single-Task Recommended Weight Limit (STWRL) are calculated for each task. The Frequency-Independent Lifting Index (FILI) and Single-Task Lifting Index (STLI) are computed for each task. Composite lifting index (CLI) then computed for the overall job based on individual analyses. NIOSH Lifting Equation (1991) NIOSH Calculator 4
5.
© Professor Alan
Hedge, Cornell University, November 2002 Source: http://www.humantech.com NIOSH Lifting Equation (1991) RWL defined for an 8 hours work period. RWL set to protect 99% of men and 75% of women workers (in reality it’s closer to 95% of men and 85% of women). Assumes that lifting task is two-handed, smooth, in front of the body, hands are at the same height or level, moderate-width loads (i.e., <= the body width of the lifter), load evenly distributed between both hands. Other manual handling activities are minimal and don’t require significant energy expenditure (i.e., holding, pushing, pulling, carrying, walking or climbing). Temperatures (66-79°F) or humidity (35-50%). Outside of the ranges may increase the risk of injury. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ergopage.html (manual for NIOSH equation) http://www.industrialhygiene.com/calc/lift.html (on-line calculator for NIOSH equation) NIOSH Lifting Equation (1991) Equation doesn’t apply to one-handed lifts, lifting while seated or kneeling, lifting in a constrained or restricted work space, lifting unstable loads, wheelbarrows or shoveling tasks. Assumes that the shoe sole to floor surface coupling provides for firm footing. Assumes the same level of risk for low back injuries from lifting or lowering. Underestimates the lifting hazard when situations don't conform to assumptions. http://www.safetyinfo.com/medical/lifting-ana-expl.htm (good overview of equation). Snook Tables (Snook S. and Ciriello V., 1991. The design of manual handling tasks: revised tables of maximum acceptable weights and forces. Ergonomics, 1197-1213.) Weight limit tables developed by Stover Snook at the Liberty Mutual Insurance Research Center. Tables give weight limit values based on: Box width - distance from the front of the body Vertical lift distance Percentage of the industrial population covered by the limit Knuckle height Lift frequency Separate data tables for men and women Separate data tables for lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling and carrying Snook tables Mital Tables (Mital A., Nicholson A., and Ayoub M., 1993. A guide to manual materials handling. Taylor & Francis, London.) 5
6.
© Professor Alan
Hedge, Cornell University, November 2002 Mital tables used to get the maximum acceptable weight (MAW) for a task, at a specific population percentiles. Uses the same population and database as Snook tables. Values adjusted for various biomechanical, physiological, and epidemiological criteria. Tables also account for seven factors to modify the maximum acceptable weight to simulate a realistic material handling tasks: Working duration; Limited headroom (spatial restraint); Asymmetrical lifting; Load asymmetry; Couplings (grip characteristic); Load placement clearance; and Heat stress. Other Lifting Solutions Drop the load and roll it. Other Lifting Solutions Make the load too heavy for a manual lift and use lifting equipment. Other Lifting Solutions Make the load too heavy for a manual lift and use lifting equipment. Additional Resources NIOSH Lifting Equation (1991) ErgoEaser Source: http://nattie.eh.doe.gov/others/ergoeaser/download.html NIOSH Lifting Equation (1991) NIOSH RWL Calculator 6
7.
© Professor Alan
Hedge, Cornell University, November 2002 Source: http://ekginc.com/nioshcalc.htm 7
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