This document discusses the structure and cultivation of rice. It begins by describing the different parts of a rice grain, including the husk, caryopsis, aleuronic layer, embryo, and stem. It then provides background on the origins of rice in Asia and its introduction to Europe. The document outlines the two subspecies of Oryza Sativa, including the indica and japonica varieties. It notes rice can grow in various soil conditions but prefers hot climates. Rice fields are typically subject to crop rotation. In summary, the document provides details on the anatomy and cultivation requirements of rice.

1. Università di Trento
Laboratorio
di Internazionalizzazione e
Innovazione d’Impresa
REPUBLIC OF SIERRA
LEONE
Sierra Leone – Italian Promotion
Investment (Export Import)
Development SupporT - SIPID
THE REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE CONSULATE NORTHERN
REGION ITALY CHAMBER OF COMMERCE TRADE SECTION
(SCC)
Come viene proposto il progetto alla Sierra Leone
ma anche ad altri paesi
1. Scambi di docenti e studenti tra le università
e i centri di ricerca dei due paesi
2. Identificazione dell’ area dove provare il
progetto
3. Valorizzazione della persona attraverso le
associazioni di volontariato e le cooperative
di lavoro (Farmer Business OrganizationFBO)
4. Verifica delle caratteristiche del territorio e
identificazione del gruppo di lavoro locale
nel quale inserire esperti italiani
5. Collaborazione con i consorzi agrari italiani
per realizzare strutture simili (Agricultural
Business Centres – ABC)
6. Finanziamenti all’agricoltura per migliorare
la produzione
7. Finanziamenti alle attività artigiane e alle
PMI del terzo settore
8. Finanziamenti a Resort di alto livello
9. Definizione di piani di promozione turistica
10. Sviluppo di piani di agriturismo
In parallelo e per le risorse minerarie esistenti
promozione di attività industriali almeno per prime
lavorazioni di minerali
Rotary e
Lions
How the project is proposed in Sierra Leone but also
to other countries
1. Exchanges of teachers and students between
universities and research centers of the two countries
2. Identification of the area where you can develop
the project
3. Enhancement of the person through voluntary
associations and co-operatives (Farmer Business
Organization-FBO)
3. Check the characteristics of the land and
identification of the local working group in which to
place Italian experts
5. Collaboration with the Italian agricultural
consortia to achieve similar structures (Agricultural
Business Centres - ABC)
5. Loans to agriculture to improve production
6. Loans to SMEs and craft activities of the third
sector
7. Loans to high level Resort
8. Definition of plans to promote tourism
9. Development of farm plans
In parallel if there are mineral resources we can
promote industrial activities at least for the initial
processing of minerals

2. ISGEP, il Gruppo di Studio Internazionale per le esportazioni e
la produttività è una piattaforma per la collaborazione tra gruppi
di ricerca di tutto il mondo che studiano il comportamento
dell'impresa nei mercati internazionali utilizzando micro-dati.
Guardare i legami tra internazionalizzazione e le varie
dimensioni della performance aziendale è un approccio
estremamente proficuo per comprendere i fattori di
competitività del Paese. Seminari annuali ISGEP stimolano lo
scambio di conoscenza attiva e progetti di ricerca congiunti.
L'incontro 2013 si concentra sull'impatto dei fattori finanziari
sulle scelte aziendali e sui comportamenti. Come uno dei
maggiori esperti in materia di economia finanziaria, siamo lieti
di avere Prof. Alessandra Guariglia (Università di Birmingham)
che ci darà la relazione principale.
Una selezione dei lavori presentati al workshop sarà pubblicata
in una sessione speciale della rivista Industrial and Corporate
Change, dopo il normale processo di verifica.
ISGEP, the International Study Group on Exports
and Productivity is a platform for collaboration
between research teams from around the world that
study firm behavior in international markets using
micro-data. Looking at the linkages between
internationalization and various dimensions of firm
performance is an extremely fruitful approach to
understand the drivers of country competitiveness.
ISGEP annual workshops stimulate active
knowledge exchange and joint research projects.
The 2013 meeting focuses on the impact of
financial factors on firm choices and behavior. As a
leading expert in the area of financial economics,
we are pleased to have Prof. Alessandra
Guariglia (University of Birmingham) to deliver a
keynote speech.
A selection of the papers presented at the workshop
will be published in a special session of the journal
Industrial and Corporate Change, after the usual
refereeing process.
Proponiamo all’attenzione di ISGEP un approccio che analizzi
non la singola azienda ma un territorio e le reti di impresa che
possono aiutare ad esportare il modello di sviluppo sostenibile
del territorio in altri paesi.
We propose to the attention of ISGEP an approach
that analyzes not the individual company but a
territory and the enterprise networks that can help to
export a model of sustainable development in other
countries.
The Workshop on Corporate Innovation and
Internationalization at the University of Trento
studied the rice issue and its impact on sustainable
development of territories.
Last year two students analyzed the openings of
“risotterie” abroad and another one from Cameroon
suggested to propose this idea to the world bank as
a business model in his country.
Even a master's degree thesis in Economics and
Management studied a comparison between Isola
della Scala - Verona , characterized by short chain,
and Vercelli where long-chain is widespread.
For those who never had the opportunity to taste a
risotto in Isola della Scala (see video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=teNLEHyT_Y&feature=youtube_gdata_player ) we explore
what the short chain means for this territory :
- Farmers do not provide their product to large
buyers, instead they work it directly ( stack ) and
give it straight to the consumer (food , aggregation
with other products , production of cookies and
crackers , etc.).
- In this situation any proposals for collaboration
between entrepreneurs find fertile ground because it
is in the producer’s interest to make his land more
attractive ( local tourism, international tourism ,
etc.).
- In Isola della Scala we can find a few important
initiatives :
- Consortium of Rice: obtained IGP and
subsequently won both regional and national
funding for the promotion of the product
- Rice Fair : it has become the most important
promoter of rice and related products. It has also
Il Laboratorio di Internazionalizzazione e Innovazione
d’Impresa dell’Università di Trento ha approfondito il tema del
riso e del suo impatto sullo sviluppo sostenibile dei territori.
Lo scorso anno due studenti hanno analizzato gli spazi per
aperture di risotterie all’estero e uno del Camerun ha cercato sia
nel laboratorio che in attività successive di proporre alla world
bank la possibilità di avviare una azienda modello nel suo
paese.
Anche una tesi di laurea magistrale in Economia e Management
ha avviato un confronto tra Isola della Scala – Verona,
caratterizzata dalla filiera corta e Vercelli dove la filiera lunga
è molto diffusa.
Per chi non ha mai avuto l’occasione di assaggiare un risotto a
Isola
della
Scala
(
vedi
il
video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=teNLEHyT_Y&feature=youtube_gdata_player ) approfondiamo
cosa
significa per questo territorio la filiera corta:
I coltivatori non conferiscono il loro prodotto ai
grandi acquirenti ma lo lavorano direttamente (pila) e
lo trasformano per portarlo direttamente verso il
consumatore (ristorazione, aggregazione con altri
prodotti, produzione di biscotti e gallette, ecc.)
In questa situazione le proposte di
collaborazione tra imprenditori trovano terreno fertile
perché c’è un interesse diretto del produttore a rendere
il suo terreno sempre più attrattivo (turismo locale,
turismo internazionale, ecc.)
In effetti a Isola della Scala sono attive alcune
importanti iniziative:
o Consorzio del Riso: ha realizzato l’IGP e a
seguito ha ottenuto finanziamenti sia
regionali che nazionali per la promozione del
prodotto
o Fiera del Riso: è diventata il più

3. importante promotore del risotto e dei
prodotti collegati. Ha inoltre avviato nuove
fiere (bollito, ecc.). Attua un forte
coinvolgimento della popolazione e permette
alle associazioni di volontariato di svolgere
funzioni remunerate (1000 persone)
o Sistema Pianura: prepara la promozione a
livello
internazionale
(risotterie
e
cooperazione internazionale per esportare
questo interessante modello di sviluppo)
o GAL della Pianura: diffonde le
opportunità che derivano dalla progettualità
europea
È quindi chiaro che, superata la fase critica
iniziale, ora gli imprenditori aderiscono ben volentieri
alle iniziative perché la spesa viene ripagata con
migliori risultati.
Quest’anno quindi proponiamo agli studenti di Isola della Scala
- Verona di partecipare al Laboratorio di Internazionalizzazione
e Innovazione d’Impresa o a quello a Sociologia di Social
Innovation, a prescindere dal fatto che studino a Trento o in
qualsiasi altra Università.
E’ obiettivo del territorio del Riso formare i giovani nella
conoscenza sempre più approfondita di questo modello di
sviluppo che permetterà loro di andare all’estero, esportando
non un prodotto ma un sistema di sviluppo sostenibile.
EXPO2015 sarà un trampolino di lancio ma anche ogni altra
occasione di contatto internazionale sarà ben utilizzata.
Nel progetto troveranno spazio tutti i corsi di studio:
dall’economia alla sociologia, dall’architettura alla
giurisprudenza, dalla medicina all’agricoltura, ecc.
In sintesi la differenza tra Isola e Vercelli è la seguente:
Le aziende di Isola sono a filiera corta e quelle
di Vercelli sono a filiera lunga
La filiera lunga porta i coltivatori a conferire il
prodotto ai grandi marchi
I grandi marchi si preoccupano quindi della
trasformazione del prodotto e della sua promozione e
commercializzazione
È chiaro che il coltivatore è nelle mani dei
grandi acquirenti internazionali e quindi può
facilmente entrare in crisi ad ogni oscillazione del
prezzo del prodotto
Il produttore di qualunque prodotto, se lo
conferisce a grandi acquirenti, non è interessato ad
essere coinvolto in azioni di promozione del territorio
Vediamo ora i problemi e vantaggi della filiera corta:
I coltivatori non conferiscono il loro prodotto ai
grandi acquirenti ma lo lavorano direttamente (pila) e
lo trasformano per portarlo verso il consumatore
(ristorazione, aggregazione con altri prodotti,
produzione di biscotti e gallette, ecc.)
In questa situazione le proposte di
collaborazione tra imprenditori trovano terreno fertile
perché c’è un interesse diretto del produttore a rendere
il suo terreno sempre più attrattivo (turismo locale,
turismo internazionale, ecc.)
Sono in fase di analisi territori caratterizzati da prodotti diversi
e verranno predisposti progetti europei sia in “Central Europe”
che in altre aree.
launched new shows ( boiled meat , etc.). . It
generates a strong involvement of the population
and allows voluntary associations to carry out
remunerated activities (1000 people)
Plain System : Prepares the promotion at an
international level ( risotterie and international
cooperation to export this interesting development
model )
GAL of the Plane : spreads the opportunities arising
from European projects
- It is therefore clear that after a critical initial phase
, the entrepreneurs willingly adhere to the initiatives
because spending is rewarded with better results .
This year we offer students from Isola della Scala Verona to participate in the “Workshop on
Corporate Innovation and Internationalization”, and
in the one held at the Sociology department called
“Social Innovation” , regardless of the fact that they
study in Trento or in any other University .
The territory of Rice wants to train young people in
a deeper and deeper knowledge of this model of
development that will allow them to go abroad,
exporting not a product but a system of sustainable
development.
EXPO2015 will be a springboard but also any other
occasion for international contact will be well used .
In the project all study courses will have relevance:
from economics to sociology , from architecture to
law, from medicine to agriculture , etc. .
To summarize, the difference between Island and
Vercelli is the following:
- Companies in Isola della Scala - Verona are “short
chain” and those in Vercelli are “long chain”
- The long chain leads farmers to deliver the product
to major brands
- The big brands are responsible of the processing of
the product and its promotion and marketing
- It is clear that the farmer is in the hands of large
international buyers and therefore can easily get in
crisis with every movement in product price
- The manufacturer of any product, if it is given to
large buyers , is not interested in being involved in
the promotion of the territory
Let us now see the problems and advantages of
short chain :
- Farmers do not give their product to large buyers
but they work it directly (stack ) and transform it to
bring it to the consumer (food , aggregation with
other products , production of cookies and crackers ,
etc.).
- In this situation, proposals for collaboration
between entrepreneurs find fertile ground because
there is a direct interest of the producer in making
his land more attractive ( local tourism,
international tourism , etc.).
We are analyzing areas characterized by different
products and European projects will be prepared
both in " Central Europe" and in other areas .

4. HOW A RICE GRAIN IS STRUCTURED
(gentile concessione della riseria Ferron – La Pila Vecia)
Alum - Husk – Caryopsis - Aleuronic layer - Husk layers - Embryo - Stem
Rice is the common name of ORYZA SATIVA, a graminaceous plant.
Rice comes originally from Asia (India, Indo-China, China) where it has been cultivated since antiquity.
It was brought into Europe by Arabian in thè 8th century and exactly in Spain; it was brought into the land of Neaples
only in the 15th century by the Aragons and then used in Tuscany and Veneto.
The sort Oryza Sativa was subdivided into two subspecies: Communis and Brevis, to the first belong two groups,
"proles indica" and "proles japonica”. Most varieties of cultivated rice in the world belong to the subspecies
communis: the proles indica includes varieties with long and narrow caryopsides, which are cultivated in India, South
China, Formosa, Indo-China, Java and Philippines. To proles japonica belongs varieties with short and round
caryopsides, which are cultivated in Japan, Korea, North China, Egypt, Turkey, Spain and U.S.A. There is the use to
distinguish Common, Mountain and Glutinous rice: the Common rice is the most cultivated in the world, the Mountain
rice grows on tropical hilly areas and is cultivated without submersion during the rainy season (this kind of rice is small,
has short vegetative cycle and gives moderate production), the Glutinous rice is so called not for the quantity of gluten
inside it, but for the mucilaginous mass spreading out while cooking it. It presents an opaque caryopsides without horny
transparency and is used only in the far East countries.
Other agricultural and commercial classifications distinguisih rice according to the form of the cayopsides in long, large
and round rice.
Rice is suitable to various conditions of the earth, like sandy or clayey grounds, acid or quite alkaline grounds, and so
on. Anyway, rice needs a high temperature to grow.
Rice is cultivated without submersion, too, but in almost any case it requests hot climate and steady temperature. In the
countries with temperate climate rice finds its habitat only in submersed fields.
Usually the rice field is subject to rotation of crops. Rice cultivation is replaced for a year by grassland, wheat, maize,
beetroot. Rice is cultivated on a field for 1 or 2 years, but sometimes for 3 or even 5 years: it depends on the nature and
the reaction of the earth. Rice fields without rotation are rare.
In Italy rice cultivation follows the following times:
sowing in April

5. weeding in June and July
harvesting in September or October
Before sowing, the earth is ploughed and levelled. Dikes are built and furrows are
cleaned. Then the ground is ready for sowing.
If the climate is mild, as soon as the rice germinates water is lowered till the draining of the field. In this way the small
plants can take root well. The rice field is then inundated again until water is 10 cm high. This will be the level of water
until to the next drying.
The mowing takes place when the grains are ripe. Before mowing, the field is dried so that the plants completely ripe
and the grains harden. Now the reaping machine can start its job.
Rice can be damaged by weather calamity, by insects or other animals like snails, by vegetal diseases.
USE: ¾ of the people in the world use this noble cereal only for nourishment. In Italy rice has recently started to be
cooked in several ways: hors d'oeuvre, soups, crème, risotto, bread, with the second course, desserts. After the reaping
and the drying - process rice is raw and isn't eatable. All the components coming out of the refining are used.
This is the rice after the harvesting and the drying process. Ideal humidity for the refining and the conservation is from
12,50% till 14,00%.
This is the rice obtained from the "shelling", which consists on the elimination of the most exterior covering of the corn.
Particular machines, called "paddy", separate the shelled grains from the raw rice. The following operation is a selection
to remove the green grains, i.e. the unripe ones. We obtain wholemeal rice or semi-raw rice.
This is the rice obtained at the end of the working of the wholegrain rice. The wholegrain rice is worked to eliminate the
light dark covering of the grain. This operation is carried out by machines that whiten rice.
This is the rice obtained with the old pestles of the XVII
century still functioning.
Wooden pestles, tumbling rhythmically on holes with
wholegrain rice inside move the rice slowly but faithfully
and the grains are refined rubbing up against one another.
The result is a particular rice, between wholegrain and
refined rice.

6. Rice Flour is obtained by milling rice finely and it is ideal
product for baking. Cakes, puff-pastry and pizza can be
made with rice flour, which is used also for thickening
sauces, soups and gravies.
Rice Flour for Polenta is obtained by milling rice thickly.
With the traditional cooking method, the polenta becomes
a white, delicate, soft and highly digestible cream, as it
doesn't contain gluten.
It is the external part of the grain. It is not eatable and
very siliceous. It contains a small percentage of tar. It is
employed for: insulator panels, litter for animals and
combustible tiles.
It is the product of the delicate rubbing of the wholegrain
corn. It is used for animals' nourishment.
It is a product of refuse made of rice that is not
completely ripe. It is used for nourishment of winged.
It is the product of refuse made of broken grains. It is
separated from rice after the whitening and is used for the
nourishment of animals or for rice meal, starch, powder or
beer.
Our genuine and craftmade products are particularly sensitive to heat and humidity, which can cause the growth
of worms and insects.