World History

1. Enclosure
• Public lands shared doing the Middle Ages were enclosed by fences,
allowing private farming and private gain.

2. Urbanization
• Cities grew.

3. Domestic System
• An arrangement where most of the cotton was woven into cloth in
homes or small shops.

4. Flying Shuttle
• Invented by John Kay which sped up the weaving process.

5. Spinning Jenny
• Invented by John Hargreaves which was capable of spinning vast
amounts of thread.

6. Cotton Gin
• Invented by Eli Whitney allowing massive amounts of cotton to be
quickly processed in the Americas and exported to Europe.

7. Steam Engine
• Developed by Thomas Newcomer by improved by James Watt. Used
to generate power for industry and also for transportation.

8. Steamship
• Built by Robert Fulton.

9. George Stephenson
• Built the first steam powered locomotive.

10. Interchangeable Parts
• Invented by Eli Whitney so machines that broke down could be easily
replaced.

11. Assembly Line
• Invented by Henry Ford so each factory worker added only one part
to a finished product.

12. Adam Smith
• Wrote in "The Wealth of Nations" that economic prosperity and
fairness is best achieved through private ownership.

13. Free Market System (Capitalism)
• Individuals owning the means of production and sell their products
and service in an open market, where demand for goods and service
would determine prices and availability.

14. Laissez-Faire Capitalism
• When government remove themselves entirely from capitalism
regulations.

15. Karl Marx
• German economist and philosopher who pointed factory workers
were being exploited as a consequence of capitalism. Wrote in "The
Communist Manifesto" that the working class would eventually
revolt.

16. Marxism
• Served as foundation of socialism and communism.

17. Socialism
• The government owns some of the means of production.

18. Factory Act of 1883
• Passed by British Parliament that limited hours of each workday,
restricted children working in factories. and required owners to
making working conditions safer and cleaner.

19. Labor Unions
• Employees bargaining for better working conditions, or threatened to
strike.

20. Social Mobility
• Ability to work their way up from one social class to the next.

21. Social Darwinists
• Claimed the dominant races or classes of people rose to the top
through a process of "survival of the fittest".