2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
ID: 1710
DRAFTING
ID: 2750
ARCHITECTURAL
PERSPECTIVE
& RENDERING
ID:2710
INTRO TO
CAD
ID:1550
INTERIOR
MATERIALS
ID: 2861/2862
RESIDENTIAL
DESIGN I & II
ID:2530
BUILDING CODES
& REGULATION
AH:2070
HISTORY OF
ARCHITECTURE
INTERIORS
ID:2870
DESIGN PROCESS
& PLANNING
ID: 1230
INTRO TO
SUSTAINABLE
DESIGN
ID:1510
SURVEY OF
ID
30. Living/Dining - In this space I wanted an openness since there would be entertaining and much of the Romando’s time spent in this space. I
chose to use the entire back wall for the built in shelving for the collections/books and for the coat closet (with shoe storage underneath) and a
built in china cabinet. This would give the space a hand crafted appearance.
Kitchen - In the kitchen I chose to create the entire space as an island for the middle of the apartment keeping with the openness. I feel as
though the kitchen is the center of entertaining and this would be a barrier between public (for parties) and private areas (the bedrooms). I
created the actual kitchen island as a unit for many uses such as a recycling center and additional storage. I also took advantage of the nearby
plumbing line by keeping all the plumbing as close together as possible, see the laundry/utility/half bath.
Master Bedroom/Bath - I wanted the master bedroom to have enough space for his and hers closets, large bathroom and king size bed as sug-
gested. I think the walls prior to the closets could make a useful spot to display some artwork or to utilize built in shelving. I also wanted the
couple to be near their office(s) and far enough away from the guest bedroom to provide privacy for themselves, and their daughter (when she
stays).
Workspaces - I used two different variations for the couples offices since their needs may change. One may need more space and the larger
office will provide accommodations for the grandson. Both offices are large enough for both two have their own space a door in between the
offices will connect and allow for a practical egress.
Guest Bedroom - In the guest bedroom, I changed the bathroom from a bathtub to just the shower to allow for more space in the bathroom
since storage will be needed. Linen storage will be provide with beautiful floating shelves that will be tailored to the guest. A twin pull out bed
will accommodate the son even though their will be chair-and-a-half in the office in case the couple wants privacy.
NOTE: I was not sure how to draw them on a plan, but I wanted to make a side note that I wanted to install barn doors on as many locations as
possible. I think this would look attractive to the location, city and history of the building the Romando’s are located in. These types of doors would
also allow for more floor space and circulation.
38. The beach is a representation of the silence and
openness our clients will experience in their own
space. The beach is a metaphorical scene for the ele-
ments of nature that will be infused within the home.
The coffee cup represents the relaxing and calming
nature that should be present in the home. A cup of
coffee or tea reminds me of lazy days on the week-
ends when you can lay in bed and enjoy the nice
warmth and cozy feeling a hot beverage brings to the
soul.
Tranquility, Relaxation, Serene, Cap-
turing, Desire, Elegance
Comfort, Warmth, Cozy, Calm, En-
during
39. Vibrant, Intense, Culture,
Modern, Rustic, Home, Time-
less, Sophistication
Although this painting may not be found in our
clients home, the colors will be found throughout
the home and possibly in their private collections
from travels. This painting also represents culture,
both in their heritage and NYC.
The image of this table describes the many ele-
ments of modern, rustic and elegance that can be
found throughout our clients apartment. The var-
ious tones of wood intertwined within this table
are representative of their distinct cultural back-
grounds which materialize as one.
56. EXERCISE 8:
HISTORIC STRUCTURES
& ACCESSIBILITY
Table of Contents
A. Ramp Sketches
* elevation drawings
B. Revised Plan with Ramp Design
C. Design Intention Summary
D. Materials & Codes
57.
58.
59.
60.
61. DESIGN INTENTION
Although the Summer Brewery is considered indus-
trial by a design perspective, I wanted to construct the
ADA ramp with an approach which reflects the era that
it was originally built. For the ramp design I chose to
use materials that reflect the history of the building and
the local landscape for which it is surrounded. I chose
a small local Lodgepole Pine tree for the lumber which
frames the ramp for support and brick for the ramp
flooring. Both pine and brick are durable materials that
can uphold several years of foot traffic without the need
for replacement.
74. “Chrysanthemum,” wallpaper, William Morris,
Late 19th century.
Tile panel of 66 tiles,
designed by William
Morris and made by
the firm of William de
Morgan, 1876.
ENGLISH ARTS & CRAFTS
• Oak Frame
• Utrecht Velvet upholstery
• Adjustable Back
Philip Webb, “Morris Chair,”-
Adjustable Back Chair c. 1886.
Painted pine, oil paint on leather, brass, copper
Philip Webb (British, 1831–1915), Designer; Morris, Mar-
shall, Faulkner & Co., Maker; Sir Edward Burne–Jones
Dining Chair
c. 1882
A. H. Mackmurdo
• fretwork back painted decora-
tions
• Mahagony
• upholstered seat
WEEK 6:
ASSIGNMENT 1 -ARTS & CRAFT COLLAGE
75. AMERICAN ARTS & CRAFTS
Hanging shade, ca. 1899
Louis Comfort Tiffany (American, 1848–1933);
Tiffany Glass and Decorating Company (American,
1892–1902)
Leaded Favrile glass
Minneapolis, Minnesota 1911
George Grant Elmslie (American, 1871–1952);
Purcell, Feick and Elmslie (American, 1909–13)
Minneapolis, Minnesota (and later Chicago,
Illinois)
Leaded glass
• copper
• oak
Tall clock ca. 1900
Charles Rohlfs (Ameri-
can, 1853–1936)
Armchair, ca. 1907-1909
Charles Sumner Greene (American, 1868–
1957) and Henry Mather Greene (Ameri-
can, 1870–1954); Made by Peter and John
Hall’s Workshop
Pasadena, California
Honduras mahogany
ebony
fruitwood
silver
copper
and mother–of–pearl
• Box, ca. 1910–20
• Marie Zimmermann (American,
1879–1972)
• Wood
• silver alloy
• brass
• ivory
• amethyst
• and semi–precious quartz
76. ART NOVEAU DETAILS
• Maude Adams (1872–1953) as
Joan of Arc, 1909
• Alphonse Mucha (Czech,
1860–1939)
• Oil on canvas; 82 1/4 x 30 in.
Silver partly gilded
Vase, ca. 1896
Designer: Philippe Wolfers (Belgian,
1858–1929), by Philippe Wolfers &
Wolfers Frères
Belgian (Brussels)
• Walnut
• Copper
• Tapestry covers
Armchair, ca. 1905
Designer: Henri-Jules-Fer-
dinand Bellery-Desfontaines
(French, 1867–1910); possibly
by Gagnant; possibly carved
by Léon-Albert Jallot (French,
1874–1967); tapestry covers
possibly by factory of Antoine
Jorrand, Aubusson
French (Paris)
Tea service, ca. 1910
Josef Hoffmann (Austrian, 1870–
1956)
• Silver
• ebony
• amethyst
• carnelian
Washstand, 1904
Charles Rennie Mackintosh (Scottish,
1868–1928), Designer
• Oak
• ceramic tile
• colored and mirror glass and lead
77. VIENNA SECESSIONIST DETAILS
• Silver
Flower Basket, Jossef Hoff-
man,Manufacturer by Wiener
Werkstätte, ca. 1905
Armchair
Koloman Moser
(Austrian, Vienna 1868–1918 Vien-
na), Josef Hoffmann (Austrian, Pirnitz
1870–1956 Vienna), 1903
• Wood
• cane
Color Lithograph
Portrait of a Woman
Egon Schiele
(Austrian, Tulln 1890–1918
Vienna), Published by Wiener
Werkstätte,1910
Tray
Josef Hoffmann
(Austrian, Pirnitz 1870–1956
Vienna), ca. 1920
• Brass
Textile sample
Josef Hoffmann
(Austrian, Pirnitz 1870–1956 Vienna)
Manufacturer: Wiener Werkstätte, ca.
1920
78. WHAT IS REVIVAL
STYLE?
WEEK 5 -
ASSIGNMENT 1
Rococo Revival Style
Througout this lesson, Rococo style has become my favorite revival style by
far. I believe I have always loved this style but never really new what to call
it. I always called it Victorian, but Rococo style is so much more than that. it
is the ornate bold curvilinear appearance, symmetry, and rich colorful pat-
terns which make rococo revivial a successful design. I chose to explore the
use of rococo revival for this project because I truly love the artisty in the
details. In regards to the furniture alone, I can appreciate the curved frame,
carved backing with flower and leaf motif and my absolute favorite is the
deeply tufted backing. If I were a person of a certain class during the 19th
century, this would be my style of choice.
Recoco style characterisitics:
• Rococo style carpets have scrolls, curving forms, and flowers.
• mantels are focal points, and are usually of white or black marble and of-
ten have curving shapes.
• Wall are treated as a single unit with no dado, Between the cornice mold-
ings and baseboards, walls may be painted or papered. Mass-produced or
hand-blocked wallpapers are nearly universal, with French papers the most
highly prized.
• The typical window treatment for parlors and other important rooms con-
sists of a lambrequin with an intricate, curving shape.
• Rococo Revival interiors have many textiles including wall-to-wall carpet,
fabrics on walls and at windows, upholstered furniture, and bed hangings.
93. Living Rooms
Client: A family of three with a new born baby
who like to entertain family and guests. They
want a multipurpose space for reading, lounging
and movie watching.
Behaviorial Considerations
Friendship formation: There will enough spac-
ing to consider 4-6 people comfortably while still
allowing for an intimate and cozy feeling.
Communication: Clean lines and sleek furnish-
ings in a well lit environment will be important to
the use of this space.
PROJECT 3:
LIVING ROOMS &
BEDROOMS
94. Client: Four Freshman college students sharing
an apartment. They want a living room with all
four to watch television and enough room to
have friends over to parties.
Behavioral Considerations
Friend Formation: This space allows for guests
to sit or stand with plenty of room for interac-
tion.
Communication: This well lit living room and
large, comfortable seating help guests feel com-
fortable and there is space to move around.
Client: A new couple who have recent-
ly landed careers with equitable incomes.
They don’t need the furnishings, but like to
fill a space with nice items.
Behavioral considerations:
Personal Space: 8 people can sit comfort-
ably in this space. The chairs and sofas are
large enough to lounge around while work-
ing or taking an evening nap.
Communication: This open living space is
flooded with natural light which lends well
to the fine furnishings and work space in the
corner of the room.
Living Rooms
95. Client: A family of five; twins boy will share the
third bedroom. They will share storage space and
the beds can be versatile for either bunk beds or
seperated.
Behavorial Considerations
Personal Space: There will be enough room for
the boys to sleep in their own beds.
Territoriality: The boys will share the dresser
storage space but will have there storage under-
neath the bed.
Client: A Single interior design student
who needs to also use this space as an of-
fice.
Territoriality: He doesn’t want to feel
crowded in his sleeping space so a vintage
desk will be provided as an alternative to a
nightstand.
Personal Space: A queen bed will be nec-
essary for plenty of sleeping space.
Bedrooms
96. Bedrooms
Client: Newlyweds with an eye for design. They
are currently living in a rental but want to make the
best out of their small space.
Territoriality: A vanity will be provided for the
wife’s personal items, but she will be sharing a
dresser with the husband. A large dresser will be
needed.
Personal Space: A kings size bed, storage chest,
vanity and dresser provide ample space for both
newlyweds.
99. CLIMATE ZONE 3
WIGWAM
PASSIVE
• Thick branches are implanted into the
ground to create a conical frame.
• Next, two or three rings of saplings were
tied around the structure to increse its
strength.
• Bark, animal hides, thatch, or vegetation
to cover the outside strewn togther to
create a watertight surface.
• Building Orientation
ACTIVE
• I wouldn’t say there are active design
strategies used here since Wigwam’s
are created without any modern conve-
niences.
COMMON ACTIVE &
PASSIVE STRATEGY:
Active: Electric lighting, with
exception of the wigwam.
Passive: Shading devices and
building orientation.
PASSIVE & ACTIVE
DESIGN STRATEGIES
100. CLIMATE ZONE 3
GABLE-FRONT-AND-WING
PASSIVE
• L-shaped wrap around porch protects the
entrance and windows from rain & direct
sunlight.
• Historically gable-front-and-wing homes
weren’t equipped with air conditioning or
heating. Heating was achieved with a fire
place and cooling the home meant the own-
ers opened the windows.
• Double hung sash windows and wood frame
with wood clapboard protect the interior
from various weather conditions
• The L shaped side extension on this home
forms
• Building Orientation
ACTIVE
• These homes were powered by electric
• Although historically these homes would not
have had an HVAC system, some of these
homes are renovated with this modern con-
venience in mind.
COMMON ACTIVE &
PASSIVE STRATEGY:
Active: Electric lighting, with
exception of the wigwam.
Passive: Shading devices and
building orientation.
101. CLIMATE ZONE 3
ARBOR HOUSE
PASSIVE
• Heated and cooled with careful siting,
window placement, and thermal mass.
• It uses a ratio of 1 square foot of solar
glazing 7 square feet of thermal mass.
• Building Orientation
• Wood Burning Stove
• Shading Devices
• Glass Type
ACTIVE
• Electric lighting
• Exhaust fans
• Solar power
COMMON ACTIVE &
PASSIVE STRATEGY:
Active: Electric lighting,
with exception of the wig-
wam.
Passive: Shading devices
and building orientation.
102. CLIMATE ZONE 3
PASSIVE STRATEGIES
• Mass Surface Absorption: The heat absorption through thicker floors and walls will help absorb heat which is needed in the winter.
• Separated or combined Window Opening: The windows opening will allow heat to escape and let in natural daylight which will
benefit this home during the warmer months.
• Arrange Openings for Air Flow: During the warmer months, opening windows without walls restricting flow, will help air flow
through the home.
• South Facing Windows: south facing windows have access to the sun all year long which is great for heat gain when needed in the
winter.
• Skylights: this benefits daylight and heating but can be tricky if placed in the path of an obstruction.
• External Shading: If the orientation isn’t south facing, solar gain can be a concern and shading will block the sun helping to cool it.
• Using Plants Next To Building Skin: This acts as a shading device for the structure and helps cool the home.
• Exterior Projection To Direct Wind Flow: This can help direct wind flow when ventilation is needed.
• Roof Monitors and Stack Ventilation: When warm air exits the space this will help to cool the space.
• Sod or Green Roofs: This provides a layer of insulation that levels both day and night temperatures.
• Entry Wind Shield: Reducing wind infiltration means the heating system doesn’t have to work as hard.
• Building Orientation: These home were oriented to face south to collect much of the sun.
• Earth Sheltered Structure: The surrounding ground will insulate the home resulting in less heat loss and gain.
• Attic and Basement as Buffer Zone: Ventilation can be added to the basement for cooling while insulation between the ceiling and
attic for better heating. The basement should always be insulate for more energy efficiency. Both of theses contribute to heating
and cooling the space.
• Separate Heating & Cooling Zones: This is good for just about any climate zone since this uses the maximum potential for rooms in
need of cooling/heating and blocking other rooms that aren’t in need.
• Skin Thickness & Insulating Materials: This passive strategy contributes to the homes envelope and proper insulation will provide
enough resistance to heat flow through the building envelope relative to the zone 3 climate.
• Vapor Barrier: Since zone 3 is a colder climate this is required for heating purposes.
• Tighter Construction: In the Summer and Winter the home needs to be as leak free as possible so making sure the home has tight-
er joints and using caulking around doors and windows will help with this issue.
• Glass Types: Windows can determine heat loss or air leakage and should be installed tightly for this climate since the weather can
be extreme both in Summer and Winter.
• Low Contrast: expand the window surrounding and paint the window a lighter color to reduce glare.
• Internal/In Between Shading: This will help reduce internal heat gain as well as overall glare.
103. • Photovoltaic roofs and walls: This will work if the home is oriented properly to collect
the sunlight and will also add to the electrical load.
• Ceiling Fans: These help cool a space and reduce the feel of the temperature by five de-
grees.
• Radiant Floor Heating: This system radiates from the interior floor making this ideal for
the harsh cold.
CLIMATE ZONE 3
ACTIVE STRATEGIES
104. CLIMATE ZONE 13
SPICEWOOD HOUSE
PASSIVE
• Deep roof overhangs shade the facade.
• Large windows surrounding the home allow
natural daylight to flood the home.
• Orientation
• Building aspect ratio
• Cross ventilation path
• Shading
• Skylight well
• Day light Strategy: windows.
ACTIVE
• Spicewood doesnt require no outside water. It
only uses rainwater runoff which is collected
in 20,000 gallons cisterns.
• geothermal coils that displace heat into the
ground eliminate the need for airconditioning
condensing units
• Ground source heat pump
105. CLIMATE ZONE 13
PASSIVE STRATEGIES
• Mass Surface Absorption: The heat absorption through thicker floors and walls will help absorb heat which is needed in the
winter.
• Exterior Surface Color: In warmer climates, lighter colors reflect solar radiation bringing down the exterior temperature. In
contrast, darker exterior colors will make absorb the solar radiation in colder climates
• Double Skin Construction: This additional layer on top of the primary layer helps reduce the amount of heat that reaches the
buildings surface.
• Skylight Wells: This brings light into the space indirectly through a “funnel” technique and works when there are reflective
surfaces inside the home.
• Separated or combined Window Opening: The windows opening will allow heat to escape and let in natural daylight which
will benefit this home during the warmer months.
• Arrange Openings for Air Flow: During the warmer months, opening windows without walls restricting flow, will help air flow
through the home.
• Reflected Sunlight: This method will increase daylight without increasing heat gain. In climate zone 13 heat gain is not needed
which makes this an ideal method for this region.
• Light Shelves: Reducing window glare while distributing light evenly is a great option for a home in this region.
• Daylight Enhancing Shades: Shades diffuse the light before hitting the window which protects the windows from too much
solar gain, thus helping cool the interior
• External Shading: If the orientation isn’t south facing, solar gain can be a concern and shading will block the sun helping to
cool it.
• Glass Types: Windows can determine heat loss or air leakage and should be installed tightly for this climate since weather can
be extreme during the Summer
• Using Plants Next To Building Skin: This acts as a shading device for the structure and helps cool the home.
• Exterior Projection To Direct Wind Flow: This can help direct wind flow when ventilation is needed. This can block wind from
one direction while allowing it from another direction.
• Roof Monitors and Stack Ventilation: When warm air exits the space this will help to cool the space.
• Sod or Green Roofs: This provides a layer of insulation that levels both day and night temperatures.
• Building Orientation: These home were oriented to face south to collect much of the sun.
• Skin Thickness & Insulating Materials: This passive strategy contributes to the homes envelope and proper insulation will pro-
vide enough resistance to heat flow through the building envelope relative to the zone 3 climate.
• Vapor Barrier: Since zone 3 is a colder climate this is required for heating purposes.
• Tighter Construction: In the Summer and Winter the home needs to be as leak free as possible so making sure the home has
tighter joints and using caulking around doors and windows will help with this issue.
• Thermal Mass: Materials & thickness of walls absorb heat during the day and are released at night conserving energy when
the sun is no longer present. This will also benefit the Summer months since thicker wall take longer to transfer than thiner
walls.
• Internal/In Between Shading: This will help reduce internal heat gain as well as overall glare.
106. CLIMATE ZONE 13
ACTIVE STRATEGIES
• Photovoltaic roofs and walls: This will work if the home is oriented properly to collect the sunlight and will also add to
the electrical load.
• Solar Hot Water: When daylight is present most of the year in zone 13, this is ideal for powering the hot water heater
when oriented specifically toward the sun.
• Ceiling Fans: These help cool a space and reduce the feel of the temperature by five degrees.
107. I discovered additional ways to make a home more passive and less active in the case studies
and additional research. For example, I had no idea until researching that wall thickness let off
heat slower than thinner wall. Although this may seem simple it’s not necessarily something I
would have thought of before. Both climate zone three and thirteen have typical Summer and
Winter months, yet they are completely different in terms of strength. The winter months in
zone three are stronger than in zone thirteen while the Summer is just the opposite. I learned
that it’s not only about the building materials used but also the orientation, vegetation and
climate contribute largely to the home and will depend on the efficiency during warm and cold
months. I think the common denominator is electricity for each of these homes. I am not sure
how to make a home more passive in terms of electricity. Solar design leans away from using
energy but still contributes actively. The Gable-Front-And-Wing home is probably the most
inefficient home since most of them were constructed during the 1920’s. Most of these homes
didn’t involve much of the strategies discussed in this project. Updating the windows and
doors to prevent heat gain and air leakage is probably the largest contributor to the homes
inefficiency.
SUMMARY
108. COMPARE & CONTRAST
ZONE 3/ZONE 13
COMPARE
Passive Strategies
mass surface absorption
separated or combined window openings
skylight/skylight wells
arrange opening for air flow
external shading
using plants next to building skin
roof monitors and stack ventilation
sod or green roofs
building orientation
skin thickness and insulating materials
glass types
vapor barrier
tighter construction
CONTRAST
Passive Strategies:
exterior surface color
double skin construction
reflected sunlight
light shelves
entry wind shield
earth sheltered
attic and basement as buffer zones
separate heating and cooling zones
low contrast
internal/in between shading
thermal mass
COMPARE
Active Strategies
photovoltaic roofs and walls
ceiling fans
CONTRAST
Active Strategies
solar hot water
radiant floors
109. BUILDING MATERIAL
LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS
CELLULOSE: ENVIRONMENTAL
FRIENDLY INSULATION
cellulose is one of the greenest building products
in the world. The cellulose insulation is created by
recovered newspaper, mixed paper, or cardboard as
raw material. It seems like a simple idea to transform
waste paper and old newspapers into insulation. It
just makes sense to redirect tons of paper from land-
fills and use it to design usable and effective insula-
tion products. Rather than allowing all the paper
waste to break down and discharge destructive gases
into the environment, it can be utilized as a part of
attics, walls and crawl spaces to protect almost any
structure. Applying cellulose insulation really traps
carbon in the structure for the building’s life fur-
ther minimizing the production of green house gasses.
Cellulose insulation is formed by using a renewable
natural resource in the form of wood cell matter
that requires low levels of energy to create. This
not only restricts greenhouse gases emissions during
the assembling process although it manages the waste
paper from discharging ecologically harmful gasses as it breaks down in landfills. It’s only one of the numerous added advan-
tages in addition to the primary cellulose insulation function behind decreasing waste and making structures more comfort-
able.
110. There are many ways that cellulose is considered an eco-friendly product and can contribute to the environment.
• The higher the recycled content of the raw material used to make the product has a huge influence on the envi-
ronment. Cellulose insulation is up to 85% recycled paper.
• The amount of energy required to manufacture the product has a direct impact on the environment. Cellulose in-
sulation has the lowest embodied energy of the leading insulation products.
• The shipping distance from the factory to the consumer impacts the environment. Cellulose insulation is produced
regionally and has generally shorter shipping distances lowering resulting fuel emissions.
• Having a renewable natural resource for the raw material influences the environmental aspects of the product.
Cellulose insulation is made from consumer paper products, which are tied to responsible forestry management
and a highly renewable resource of planted trees.
• The waste created during installation of a building product has an impact on the environment. Cellulose insula-
tion is fully recovered and reused on site, when installed by professional insulation contractors, leaving virtual-
ly no excess material to return to the waste stream.
• A building product that can sequester carbon has a huge benefit to the environment by reducing greenhouse gas-
es that cause climate change. Cellulose insulation is basically plant cell mater in the form of paper that is made
from wood and thus contains high percentages of carbon. When added to homes, as part of wood-intensive con-
struction, cellulose insulation traps that carbon for years effectively lowering the carbon footprint of homes.
CELLULOSE: ENVIRONMENTAL
FRIENDLY INSULATION
112. Raw Materials:
Cellulose insulation is essentially shredded recovered wastepaper that is coated with fire retardants. The mix of these materials is provid-
ed in the following Table; while the relative proportions of the fire retardants vary among manufacturers, they are assumed to be mixed in
equal proportions
Table 2: Cellulose Insulation Constituents
Constituent mass fraction (%)
recovered newspaper 85
ammonium sulfate 7.5
boric acid 7.5
Recovered newspaper data includes burdens from wastepaper collection, sorting, and subsequent transportation to the insulation manufac-
turer. Since it is a recovered product, burdens from upstream production of the pulp are not included in the system boundaries. Ammonium sul-
fate is assumed to be a co-product of the production of nylon (caprolactam). The boric acid flame retardant is assumed to be produced from
borax.
Manufacturing:
Energy Requirements and Emissions. There are no wastes or water effluents from the process of manufacturing cellulose insulation. The pro-
cess includes shredding the wastepaper and blending it with the different fire retardants. Manufacturing energy is assumed to come from
purchased electricity, as shown below.
Table 3: Energy Requirements for Cellulose Insulation Manufacturing
Energy Carrier: MJ/kg (Btu/lb) - Electricity: 0.35 (150)
Transportation. The raw materials are all assumed to be shipped 161 km (100 mi) to the manufacturing plant
via diesel truck.
Waste: All waste produced during the production process is recycled back into other insulation materials, therefore, no solid waste is gener-
ated during the production process.
Transportation: Transportation of cellulose insulation by heavy-duty truck to the building site is modeled as a variable .
CELLULOSE:
LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS
113. Installation: Cellulose insulation has a functional lifetime of more than 50 years – there is no need to replace or maintain the
insulation during normal building use. During the installation of loose fill insulation, any waste material is added into the build-
ing shell where the insulation is installed, so there is effectively no installation waste. For loose fill insulation, a diesel generator
is used to blow the insulation material into the space. For one h of operation, a typical 18 kW (25 hp) diesel engine can blow 818 kg
(1 800 lb) of insulation. The emissions and energy use for this generator are included in the system boundaries for this product. No
other installation energy is required.
Use: It is important to consider thermal performance differences when assessing environmental and economic performance for insu-
lation product alternatives. Thermal performance affects building heating and cooling loads, which in turn affect energy-related
LCA inventory flows and building energy costs over the 50-year use stage. Since alternatives for ceiling insulation all have R-38
thermal resistance values, thermal performance differences are an issue only for the wall insulation alternatives.
End of Life
While cellulose insulation is mostly recyclable, it is assumed that all of the insulation is disposed of in a landfill at end of life.
CELLULOSE:
LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS
114. Production of borax and boric acid: The production of these chemicals used as flame retardants are very similar. Natural borax
or colemanite ores are mined from the earth in open-pit mines in the Mojave desert of California. These ores are also available as
imports from Turkey or China. The Ores are crushed and then sent to reactors where they are dissolved. To manufacture borax,
the ore is dissolved in water. To manufacture boric acid, the ore is reacted with hot sulfuric acid. The mixtures are then thick-
ened, crystallized, centrifuged to collect the crystals, and finally dried.
Energy data were available for borax manufacture from a 1975 and it doesn’t appear the process hasn’t changed since the 1970’s.
The efficiencies have likely improved somewhat since then, but these differences were not taken into account. As the processes
are very similar with the exception of the dissolving process, the same energy data was used for the production of boric acid.
The energy for the reactor is most likely understated for the boric acid manufacture. Some process emissions data (particulates,
sulfur oxides, and solid waste from processing) are available for the boric acid manufacture from previous reports.
Approximately 20 percent of the cellulose insulation is flame retardant. u.s manufactures will use a mixture of borax and boric
acid which is between 50 and 100 percent of the flame retardant. Many manufactures use ammonium sulfate in the U.S. Although
cellulose insulation does produc particulates, dust mask in manufacturing plants and building sites are optional. the amound of
dust produced is connected with the nature of the feedstock used. virgin paper or additives can be used to produce a virtually
dust-free insulation.
CELLULOSE:
ADDITIONAL COMPONENTS
115. RAMMED EARTH
To make a rammed earth divider, soil is taken starting from the earliest stage, poured into formwork and compacted in layers,
more often than not, around 100mm deep. The formwork is then evacuated leaving a strong divider. Historically this compaction
was done physically, however cutting edge rammed earth development establishes pneumatic rammers to accomplish the same
result. Slammed earth has likewise seen a restoration as a present day development strategy, because of its low carbon substance
and innate reuse capacity. There is a requirement for the improvement of displaying techniques for rammed earth structures,
both notable and new-form.
Rammed earth is one of the most historic of all natural building routines. Established in the Middle East and Africa, it goes back
to the time of the pharaohs. Today, business manufacturers in California, New Mexico, Arizona and Colorado are utilizing this
proven system to build present day structures. To construct a rammed earth structure, wooden or steel structures are mounted
on a 1-to 2 foot-thick establishment. Six to 8 inches of marginally soaked soil are scooped into the structures, then packed with a
pneumatic packing gadget. More earth is included, then packed. When the structure is filled, it’s uprooted. The soaked soil dries,
making a thick, solid, sandstone-like divider. Organic earth dividers, particularly those containing local subsoil and dirt, are as-
toundingly strong and appealing. Customary rammed earth development depends on a blend of 70 percent sand, aggregate and
30 percent mud. The mud performs like a coupling agent. In ranges where dampness and fault lines are an issue, rammed Earth
developers frequently utilize a blend of sand and Portland concrete, in spite of the fact that the outcomes do not have the visual
demand of organic earth dividers. Rammed Earth dividers may be left in it’s present condition, or stuccoed to give an extra mea-
sure of insurance.(4)
HOW MUCH DOES IT COST?
As a general guideline, you can expect rammed earth construction to cost you the same as a typical brick/concrete construction,
yet the advantages to rammed earth outweigh the cost. Issues which will influence the expense include: how the soil is trans-
ferred (sometimes the land which it’s constructed on can be used); The amount of wall area is taken into consideration; The com-
plexity of the structure; The height of the walls. Expenses can be cited at an early phase of configuration so one may contrast the
expense and different routines suitable for the structure.
116. PROS
• Easily identifiable appearance
• Natural and plentiful resource
• Low carbon emissions associated with manipulating, de-
livering and building with material
• Material reusable when building is demolished
• Strong, Durable, and Low Maintenance
• Due to high moisture mass, the humidity of the building is
well regulated
• Noise Reduction
• Fire-Proof
• Use of local soil supports local economies
• Good at regulating internal temperature of buildings
(Thermal Mass)
• Airtight construction is possible
• Produces an extremely attractive and enduring structure.
• Suitable for many different architectural styles.
• Often cheaper to build than brick, stone and adobe struc-
tures.(3)
CONS
• Issues have arisen about its durability, particularly during
extreme weather conditions
• Unable to be fully insulated without additional materials
(i.e polystyrene insulation)
• Only certain types of soil can be used in construction of
this type
• Construction labour can be expensive due to quality regu-
lations
• Longer construction process
• The addition of other construction materials to help staba-
lise a structure made out of rammed earth
• (i.e cement or concrete) can increase carbon emissions
therefore ruining environmental benefits.
• Requires special skills and construct ion of forms; general-
ly not suited for owner-builders.
• Costly, if labor costs are high.
• May be difficult to gain building department approval.(3)
117. PROS
• Easily identifiable appearance
• Natural and plentiful resource
• Low carbon emissions associated with manipulating,
delivering and building with material
• Material reusable when building is demolished
• Strong, Durable, and Low Maintenance
• Due to high moisture mass, the humidity of the building
is well regulated
• Noise Reduction
• Fire-Proof
• Use of local soil supports local economies
• Good at regulating internal temperature of buildings
(Thermal Mass)
• Airtight construction is possible
• Produces an extremely attractive and enduring struc-
ture.
• Suitable for many different architectural styles.
• Often cheaper to build than brick, stone and adobe
structures.(3)
CONS
• Issues have arisen about its durability, particularly
during extreme weather conditions
• Unable to be fully insulated without additional materials
(i.e polystyrene insulation)
• Only certain types of soil can be used in construction of
this type
• Construction labour can be expensive due to quality
regulations
• Longer construction process
• The addition of other construction materials to help sta-
balise a structure made out of rammed earth
• (i.e cement or concrete) can increase carbon emissions
therefore ruining environmental benefits.
• Requires special skills and construct ion of forms; gener-
ally not suited for owner-builders.
• Costly, if labor costs are high.
• May be difficult to gain building department approval.
(3)
118.
119. PAPERCRETE
PaperCrete is basically a kind of modern quality paper maché for construction made with paper, cardboard, sand and Port-
land cement. Numerous possibilities come from papercrete. Basically, the ingredients when blended in diverse amounts,
results in PaperCrete of fluctuating properties. A solution mixture is 60% paper, 20% sand and 20% cement. The strategy for
creating PaperCrete is exceptionally basic. The dry elements are blended with water in a mixer to shape slurry. The slurry is
thrown into pieces or boards and left in the sun to dry. When it the solution stiffens, PaperCrete is lightweight (its 80 percent
air), and acts as an excellent insulator (R 2.8 for each inch), holds its frame even when wet, and is surprisingly durable (com-
pressive quality of 260 psi). Furthermore, since it contains shreds of paper, it has an impressive elasticity and compressive
quality. PaperCrete is suitable for making minimal effort homes with limited life span and sturdiness. It is likewise suitable
for making group rooms, storage spaces, and lodging for domesticated animals. PaperCrete can be utilized as a mortar. It can
be sprayed on walls to give them great sound and warmth protecting properties(6).
PaperCrete is a relatively new innovation and its utilization is restricted to experimental use. When utilized in partnership
with more conventional building strategies, papercrete has generated positive and empowering results. The code compliance
remains to be seen for papercrete where many issues could arise during the building process. In numerous rural areas, espe-
cially in the West, there are either no construction codes or the current codes are roughly authorized. In New Mexico, one can
apply for an exploratory grant. This requires plans to be drawn up and approved by an architect. Utilizing PaperCrete as a
wall divider is likely to gain approval among building inspectors(6).
120. PROS
• Raw materials are very inexpensive and freely
available.
• Equipment used is relatively low-tech and inex-
pensive.
• Has high compressive strength.
• It has excellent heat and sound insulating proper-
ties.
• PaperCrete is light weight and can be used to
make inexpensive roofing alternatives.
• PaperCrete is very workable and can be formed
into different shapes such as blocks, panels and
sheets with ease.
• Recycles paper waste
• Reduces amount of concrete in build
• Lighter building material is safer and easier on
manuel labor.
• Minimal equipment is needed to make your own
bricks
• Easy technique to learn
• Lends itself to curvy, artistic expression
• Papercrete brick manufacturers have emerged
• Lite weight only requires a 2inch concrete pad for
a foundation
• Suitable for hot/arid climate (5), (6)
CONS
• Poor moisture resistance
• Susceptible to termite and mould
• Disintegrates when exposed to water for pro-
longed periods of time.
• Low longevity
• Expands and contracts frequently leading to
cracks and buckling
• Poor tensile strength.
• You want to build a what? Getting permits
• Non-resistance to water
• Not too many construction crews around doing
this yet
• Not suitable for wet climates (5), (6)
121.
122. CONCLUSION
Although there are many positives and negatives to both rammed Earth and papercrete, only one can be chosen as an alternative
building option for Rocky Mountain College of Art & Design facilities. When considering building options I thought of papercrete
and rammed Earth as two alternatives which have various methods for construction that could be beneficial to the building process.
In the previous pages I have laid out a foundation for the reasonably for both of these methods. After conducting my research I find
that rammed Earth is best for the cost, local climate, thermal induction, labor, time, aesthetic, noise reduction as a considerable con-
tribution to elevate the other facilities on the RMCAD campus. Not only is rammed Earth a sustainable alternative to typical building
construction, it could use the local soil for the construction and will appeal to the students and faculty. The structure is resistant to
pests (especially termites), and due to the high moisture mass, the buildings humidity level is regulated. By utilizing rammed earth
walls rather than concrete, RMCAD can keep in balance with the energy-saving trend and reduce emissions. The rammed earth wall
is certain to have wide prospect of use in the construction field, and where better to utilize this technique than our campus. Step-by-
step instructions on the transplantation of cutting edge strategy and other building material fields into rammed earth, along with in-
ventiveness, is one of the examination points deserving of importing on which will enhance the quality and development proficiency.
