WACE PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT LECTURES 2010

1. SEWP ZC 241:SEWP ZC 241:
PRINCIPLES OFPRINCIPLES OF
MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
Human FactorsHuman Factors
and Motivationand Motivation

2. THE AIM OF THIS SESSION:THE AIM OF THIS SESSION:
The basic human factors that affect
managing.
The meaning of motivation.
Various theories of motivation and
their strengths and weaknesses.
Special motivational techniques, with
emphasis on the role of money,
participation, the quality of working
life and job enrichment.
The systems and situational approach
to motivation.

3. What is Managing?What is Managing?
Managing requires the
creation and maintenance of
an environment in which
individuals work together in
groups toward the
accomplishment
of common
objectives

4. Importance of PersonalImportance of Personal
DignityDignity
The concept of individual
dignity means that people
must be treated with
respect, no matter what
their position in the
organization

5. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?
GROUP ‘A’ GROUP ‘B’

6. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?
GROUP ‘A’ GROUP ‘B’

7. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?
GROUP ‘A’ GROUP ‘B’

8. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?
GROUP ‘A’ GROUP ‘B’

9. WHAT MAKES
THE
DIFFERENCE?

11. WHAT IS
MOTIVATION?

12. What is Motivation?What is Motivation?
• Derived from Latin word,
‘movere’, meaning “to
move”.
• Motivation is a general
term applying to the entire
class of drives, desires,
needs, wishes, and similar
forces

13. MOTIVATION IS……..
Why
WE DO SOMETHING
AND DON’T DO
OTHERS

14. SOME THINGS IN LIFE
ARE PURE BLACK AND
WHITE

15. MOST THINGS IN
LIFE ARE IN
VARIOUS SHADES
OF GREY!!

16. THERE IS NO UNIVERSALLY
ACCEPTABLE SINGLE
THEORY OF LEADESHIP!!!

17. MAJOR TYPES OF MOTIVATIONMAJOR TYPES OF MOTIVATION
THEORIESTHEORIES
• CONTENT THEORIES OF
MOTIVATION
• PROCESS THEORIES OF
MOTIVATION

18. CONTENT THEORIES OFCONTENT THEORIES OF
MOTIVATIONMOTIVATION
• Views motivation a result if
INTERNAL DRIVES that force
an individual to take ACTION.
• Focuses on INNER FACTORS
that boost and direct
behavior.

19. MAJOR CONTENT THEORIESMAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
• MASLOW’s Hierarchy of Needs.
• ALDERFER’s ERG Theory
• HERZBERG’s Motivator- Hygiene
Theory
• McClelland’s Learned Needs Theory

20. The Hierarchy of Needs TheoryThe Hierarchy of Needs Theory
• Maslow concluded that when one set of
needs is satisfied, this kind of need
ceases to be a motivator

21. Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

22. Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

23. PHYSIOLOGICAL NEED: FOODPHYSIOLOGICAL NEED: FOOD

24. PHYSIOLOGICAL NEED: SHELTERPHYSIOLOGICAL NEED: SHELTER

25. PHYSIOLOGICAL NEED: CLOTHINGPHYSIOLOGICAL NEED: CLOTHING

26. SECURITY NEEDSECURITY NEED

27. BELONGING NEEDBELONGING NEED

28. ESTEEM NEEDESTEEM NEED

29. SELF ACTUALIZATIONSELF ACTUALIZATION
NEEDNEED

30. MASLOWS HEIRACHY THEORY OF
NEEDS
Individuals needs live within a
hierarchy of physiological needs.
Physiological needs are necessity
factors for SURVIVAL.
Lower level needs like security
and physiological needs required to
be met before upper level needs.

31. MAJOR CONTENT THEORIESMAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
• MASLOW’s Hierarchy of Needs.
• ALDERFER’s ERG Theory
• HERZBERG’s Motivator- Hygiene
Theory
• McClelland’s Learned Needs Theory

32. Alderfer's ERG TheoryAlderfer's ERG Theory
• ERG theory has three categories:
existence needs, relatedness
needs, and growth needs

33. ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY
Classification into 3 groups.
Existence
Relatedness
Growth
Does not suggest that lower level
needs are to be met COMPLETELY
in order for upper levels to become
MOTIVATIONAL.

34. MASLOW TO ALDERFER

35. MAJOR CONTENT THEORIESMAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
• MASLOW’s Hierarchy of Needs.
• ALDERFER’s ERG Theory
• HERZBERG’s Motivator- Hygiene
Theory
• McClelland’s Learned Needs Theory

36. Theory X and Theory YTheory X and Theory Y
• Theory X and Theory Y :
Assumptions about the nature of
people Example of Theory X
Average human beings have an inherent
dislike of work and will avoid it if they
can
• Example of Theory Y
The expenditure of physical effort and
mental effort in work is as natural as
play or rest

37. Theory X and Theory YTheory X and Theory Y

38. Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene‑Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene‑
TheoryTheory
• According to Herzberg,
dissatisfiers are not
motivators. They are also
called maintenance, hygiene,
or job context factors
• Satisfiers are motivators –
related to job content

39. HERZBERGS HYGEINE THEORY

40. HERZBERGS HYGEINE THEORY

41. HERZBERGS HYGEINE THEORY

42. The satisfiers and dissatisfiers identified by
Herzberg are similar to the factors
suggested by Maslow.

43. MAJOR CONTENT THEORIESMAJOR CONTENT THEORIES
• MASLOW’s Hierarchy of Needs.
• ALDERFER’s ERG Theory
• HERZBERG’s Motivator- Hygiene
Theory
• McClelland’s Learned Needs Theory

44. McClelland's Needs Theory ofMcClelland's Needs Theory of
MotivationMotivation
•McClelland’s
types of
motivating
needs are:

45. NEED FOR POWERNEED FOR POWER

46. NEED FORNEED FOR
ACHIEVEMENTACHIEVEMENT

47. NEED FOR POWERNEED FOR POWER

48. PROCESS THEORIES OFPROCESS THEORIES OF
MOTIVATIONMOTIVATION
• Aimed at determining how
behavior starts, is directed
and maintained..
• Focuses on human
decision process as an
explanation for behavior.

49. MAJOR PROCESS THEORIESMAJOR PROCESS THEORIES
• EXPECTANCY Theory
• EQUITY Theory
• GOAL SETTING Theory
• REINFORCEMENT Theory

50. The Expectancy Theory ofThe Expectancy Theory of
MotivationMotivation
Vroom holds that people will be motivated to
do things to reach a goal if they believe in the
worth of that goal and if they can see that
what they do will help them in achieving it

51. VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY
Individuals choose work behaviour
that they believe would lead to an
OUTCOME which they VALUE.
Force = Valence xForce = Valence x
ExpectancyExpectancy

52. Force = Valence x ExpectancyForce = Valence x Expectancy
• Force is the strength of a person's motivation.
• Valence is the strength of an individual's
preference for an outcome.
• Expectancy is the probability that a particular
action will lead to a desired outcome

53. VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY
VALENCE= The extent of
attractiveness or unattractiveness of
EXPECTED outcomes
EXPECTANCY= The degree of
effort .

54. MAJOR PROCESS THEORIESMAJOR PROCESS THEORIES
• EXPECTANCY Theory
• EQUITY Theory
• GOAL SETTING Theory
• REINFORCEMENT Theory

55. VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY

56. VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY

57. VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY

58. MAJOR PROCESS THEORIESMAJOR PROCESS THEORIES
• EXPECTANCY Theory
• EQUITY Theory
• GOAL SETTING Theory
• REINFORCEMENT Theory

59. Equity TheoryEquity Theory
• Equity theory refers to an individual's subjective judgments about the
fairness of the reward she or he got, relative to the inputs in comparison
with the rewards of others
• Outcomes by a person Outcomes by another
person
------------------------------ = -----------------------------
• Inputs by a person Inputs by another
person

60. EQUITY THEORYEQUITY THEORY

61. EQUITY THEORYEQUITY THEORY

62. MAJOR PROCESS THEORIESMAJOR PROCESS THEORIES
• EXPECTANCY Theory
• EQUITY Theory
• GOAL SETTING Theory
• REINFORCEMENT Theory

63. The Porter and Lawler MotivationThe Porter and Lawler Motivation
ModelModel

64. Skinner’s Reinforcement TheorySkinner’s Reinforcement Theory
• Positive reinforcement or behavior modification,
holds that individuals can be motivated by
proper design of their work environment and
praise for their performance and that
punishment for poor performance produces
negative results

65. Job EnrichmentJob Enrichment
• Job enlargement means enlarging the scope of
the job by adding similar tasks without
enhancing responsibility
• Job enrichment attempts to build into jobs a
higher sense of challenge and achievement