Reed Early's presentation on Qualitative Data Analysis from the Professional Development Workshops June 9 - see matched PPTX and DOCX files.

1. Reed Early
Independent consultant
June 9, 2013 Toronto

2. Part 1 QDA Methods
Outcomes – learners understand the origin
and current practice of QDA methods in
general, grounded theory in particular, and
possible applications of the methods.

3. 1. Methods
a. useful for inductive research
b. useful in naturalistic inquiry
c. qualitative methods growing
consensus
d. collection ↔ analysis ↔ collection

4. 2. Qualitative Data (QD)
a. open
b. exploratory
c. useful when questions not yet defined
d. allows insights

5. 3. Overview of QDA

6. 4. QDA cycle

7. 5. overview of process

8. 6. Work plan of research
process

9. 7. Characteristics of QDA
a. constructivist - many meanings
b. context bound i.e. “cast of thousands"
c. uses inflection i.e. "THIS was good."
d. can be sorted in many ways
e. QD by itself has meaning i.e “apple”

10. 8. Sources of QD
a. interviews
b. focus Groups
c. field observations (GPS data)
d. survey comments
e. historical records
f. secondary data
g. photos, paintings, songs
...

11. 9. Types of QD
a. structured text writings, stories, survey
comments, news articles, books etc
b. unstructured text transcription, open interviews, focus
groups, conversation
c. audio recordings, as above, music
d. visual recordings, graphics, art, pictures
e. location specific data Google Earth, GPS

12. 10. Principles of QDA
a. Data entry (gathering)
b. Comprehending (immersion)
c. Synthesizing (sifting)
d. Theorizing (sorting)
e. Re-Contextualizing (emerging theory)

13. 11. Data entry (analogous demo)
a. not easily mechanized
b. important part of process
c. often done by analyst
d. concurrent with analysis
e. transcribe thoroughly, ASAP
f. write memos (reflect)
g. coding (start with few)

14. 12. Comprehending (immersion)
a. begin while entering data
b. start QDA immediately
c. “live with it”
d. line by line examination
e. create new questions for collection

15. 13. Synthesizing (sifting)
“quotes” (decontextualize)
a. use inductive categories
b. find common threads
c. compare transcripts
d. aggregate stories

16. 14. Theorizing (sorting) “coding”
a. ask questions of the data
b. find alternative explanations
c. allow sufficient time
d. be open to insights

17. 15. Re-Contextualizing
a. develop theoretical “elegance”
b. apply to other settings
c. examine fit to literature/research
d. describe emerging theory

18. 16. Data Management Principles
a. stay close to the data
b. be sensitive to emergent theory
c. allow recontextualizing
d. it is a non-linear process

19. 17. QDA method options – everyday
analogues
Content Analysis - like movie ratings by the
censorship bd
Grounded Theory – like a mystery solved
by ordinary citizens
Matrix Analysis – like a map’s matrix of
campsite services
Phenomenology – like a movie
documentary

20. 18. Displaying results
(computer methods)
display code frequencies and charts (in QDA Miner)
Code Count % Codes Cases % Case
1.1 Defines Mgmt Structure, Roles, Resp 36 1.20% 21 5.30%
1.1 Framework Contents 42 1.40% 23 5.80%
1.1 Key People Involved 119 3.90% 59 14.80%
1.1 Lines of Authority 46 1.50% 26 6.50%
1.2 Approval and Endorsement 25 0.80% 17 4.30%
1.2 Key Elements of Strategic Plan Exist 72 2.40% 36 9.00%
1.2 Plan Communicated 55 1.80% 26 6.50%
1.2 Plan Updated 18 0.60% 14 3.50%

22. Exercise 1: Quotes, Codes & Memos

23. 19. Grounded Theory
a. Primary documents (comprehending)
immerse in the primary documents
begin as data are collected
read/view/listen to the data

24. b. Quotations (synthesizing)
select and mark salient quotations/passages
compare each line to other data

25. c. Coding (theorizing)
assign codes in margin
group, sort, categorize codes into families
collect new data based on emerging theory,
memos, codes

26. d. Memos (aids in all
processes)
record insights on memos or post-it notes ie:
ideas for emerging theories, thematic ideas,
linked memos
(Exercise 1)

27. e. Network (re-contextualize)
create network (mind map)
add and arrange network nodes
• (quotes, memos and codes)
collect more data as needed
(Exercise 2)

28. f. Generate theory
Make a matrix of themes (rows) by roles (cols)
Fill in cells with either a selected quote or “*” to
indicate missing data.
Look for patterns, empty cells, areas of
convergence.
Generate an explanation and provide a short
quote to support your "theory". (optional
Exercise)

29. Exercise 2: Grounded Theory and Network
Mapping

30. 20. Methods Matched to Type of
Data
a. structured text
content and matrix analysis etc
b. unstructured text i.e. narratives, open interviews
phenomenology, grounded theory etc
c. audio i.e. interviews, anecdotes, “stories”, music
matrix analysis, grounded theory etc
d. visuali.e. graphics, art, pictures
matrix analysis, grounded theory etc

31. 21. Methods Matched to
Principle Task
a. describe
content analysis …
b. explain / predict
matrix analysis …
c. derive new ideas and insights
phenomenology …
d. test significance
matrix analysis, quantitative …
e. map theoretical relation
grounded theory, mapping …

32. run crosstab (matrix) codes and
variables (QDA Miner)
Proj
A
Proj
B
Proj
C
Time
1
Time
2
Time 3
Chi-
squ
are
P value
finding 1.1.x 2 1 3 9.924 0.357
finding 1.2.x 1 9 1 2 17.447 0.042
finding 1.3.x 1 5 1 10.624 0.302
finding 1.4.x 1 2 12 4 2 41.016 0
finding 2.1.x 3 1 2 1 20.759 0.014
finding 2.2.x 1 2 2.13 0.989
finding 2.3.x 20 2 1 3 4 2 16.514 0.057
Risks 6 2 2 17 4 4 33.709 0
Best
Practice
s
4 1 1 3 6 4 49.178 0

33. Alternate Exercise: Theorizing Using
Matrix Analysis

34. Code network map (Atlas-ti)

35. Code Network Map
Multi-Dimensional Scaling (QDA Miner
Concept Systems)

36. Q&A Questions and answers

37. 23. Some QDA Methods
matched to Software
1. Content Analysis
Word, QDA Miner, Excel, Atlas-ti
2. Matrix analysis
NVivo, QDA Miner
3. Grounded Theory Mapping
Atlas-ti, QDA Miner
4. Phenomenology - using mind maps
Inspiration, Visio
5. Concept Mapping
Concept Systems, QDA Miner

38. 24. QDA software
QDA Miner inclWordStat-SimStat (Provalis, CAN)
Atlas-ti Scientific Software (GER)
NVivo (QSR, AU)
Inspiration (USA)
Concept Mapping (Concept Systems USA)
MS Excel, SPSS (USA)

39. Handouts
Handout 1. Summary of Manual and Software Qualitative
Methods
Handout 2. Website, Software and Internet Resources
The above and these slides are available at
http://www3.telus.net/reedearly/shared/

40. Don’t forget the workshop evaluation…
rearly@telus.net
http://www3.telus.net/reedearly/shared/