1. The Atlantic
World
1492-1800
Chapter 20

2. Age of Exploration: Pre-Colonial
America

3. Section 1: Spanish Conquests in the
Americas
 Main Idea: The voyages of Columbus prompted
the Spanish to carve out the first European
colonies in the Americas
 Why it matters now? Throughout the
Americas, Spanish culture, language and
descendants are the legacy of this period

4. Setting the Stage
 Competition for
wealth in Europe
exploration
Christopher
Columbus- sea
captain, sailed for Spain, 1492
 Sailed west, not east, in
search of alternate
trade route to Asia

5. Columbus’s Voyages Paves the
Way
 Set sail:
August,
149
2
 Nina, Pint and the
Santa Maria

6. Columbus

7. 1492 Trailer

8. Horrible Histories: Columbus

9. First Encounters
 Arrived October, 1492
 Thinking they had reached the West
Indies, Columbus called the natives “los
indios” (Indians)
 Landed in the
Bahamas in the
Caribbean Sea (Taino Indians)
 Named the land,
San
Salvador, or “Holy Savior”
 Columbus was
looking for
gold and didn’t find much in San
Salvador, so he explored other islands
(staking his claims at each one)
 1493: returned to Spain
 Spain agreed to finance more trips
 Journeyed as an empire

10. Other Explorers Take to the Sea
 Portugal: Cabral
Brazil
 Amerigo Vespucci 
eastern S. America
 German mapmaker named
America after Vespucci
 Vasco Nunez de
Balboa first to gaze
upon Pacific Ocean
 Magellan sailed
around S. America into the
Pacific Ocean, landed on
Guam, Philippines
 Killed in a local war in

11. 1492

12. Spain Builds an American Empire
 Sailed for Spain
 Landed in Mexico
Conquistador
s= conquerors
 Rumors of wealth in the
New Land
 Conquered the Aztecs &
leader
Montezuma 2

13. Cortes Conquers the Aztecs
 Montezuma was
convinced he was a god
 Human sacrifices
 Spanish
advantages:
 Weapons
 disease
(smallpox/measles/typhus
- natives had no natural
immunity)
 able to enlist the help of
natives
 Disease killed
90% of
native population

14. Pizarro Subdues the Inca
 Francisco Pizzaro




conquistador
1532: Pizzaro took small
force into South America
(Peru-Incas)
Met the Incan
ruler, Atahualpa
Spanish crushed
Atahualpa’s force of 30,000
and kidnapped Atahualpa
Atahualpa offered riches for
his release, but after
receiving the ransom, he
was strangled
Pizzaro then marched on
Cuzco and took the capital

15. Pizarro

16. Spain’s Pattern of Conquest
 Peninsulares=
Spanish settlers
 Practiced techniques
learned from the
reconquista of Spain
(time when Spanish
conquered Muslims and
inflicted their culture on
them)
 Spanish lived with natives
and intermarried
Encomienda=
system of forced labor
imposed on the Natives

17. The Portuguese in Brazil
 One area that remained outside
of Spanish control was
Brazil
 Cabral: claimed land for
Portuguese
 1530’s: Portuguese colonies in
Brazil
 Resources: little gold and
silver, settlers grew sugar
cane (demand for sugar in
Europe was great)
 Portuguese, like

18. Spain Expands Its Influence
 Spain’s American colonies
made Spain one of the most
powerful nations in
the world (16th century)
 Wealth of the Americas helped
usher in a golden age of art
and culture in Spain
 Also increased in
military
power (to protect their
treasure ships)
 Strong
navy and army (for
a century and a half, Spain
never lost a battle)

19. Conquistadors Push North
 Spain continued to send
expeditions into
southwestern United States
 Juan Ponce de
Leon modern-day
Florida
 Francisco Vasquez de
Coronado
Arizona, New
Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma,
Kansas
 Scattered

20. Opposition to Spanish Rule
Spanish priests
spread
Christianity, they
 As
spoke against cruel
treatment of natives
 Priests didn’t like the
harsh treatment of the
encomienda system
(which was abolished in
1542)
spoke
against African
 Priests also

21. Native Resistance
 Spanish priests weren’t the only
ones to rebel- natives
 Example 1: Taino Indians
tried to rebel against Columbus
with poison arrows, but after
several years, they submitted
 Example 2: Natives
resisting rule in New Mexico
(Spanish had burned sacred
objects and prohibited native
rituals, physical abuse)
 Example 3: Pope, a Pueblo
ruler, organized an uprising
against the Spanish, involved
17,000 Indians, Indians
successfully pushed back the
Spanish for the next 12 years

22. Horrible Histories: Colonization

23. Section 2: Competing Claims in
North America
 Main Idea: Several European nations fought for
control of North America and England, and
eventually emerged victorious
 Why it matters now? The English settlers in North
America left a legacy of law and government that
guides the United States today

24. Setting the Stage
 Other
Europeans, besides the
Spanish, were
interested in colonizing
Treaty of
Tordesillas=
divided South America
between Spain and
Portugal

25. European Nations Settle North
America
 Spain claimed the
route around the
southern tip of South
America as theirs
 Other Europeans wanted
to find a more direct
route
 If they could find a
northwest route through
North America to Asia lots
of money could be made
 Not finding a route, the
French, Dutch established

26. Explorers Establish New France
 Giovanni da
Verrazzano= Italian who
worked for France, sailed to
find a sea route to the
Pacific, but instead discovered
New York Harbor
Jacques Cartier=
Canada, followed St Lawrence
River to large island which he
called Mont Royal (Montreal)
 Samual de
Champlain=
Quebec, settlement grew and
became the base of France’s
colonial empire (NEW
FRANCE)

27. A Trading
Empire
 France had a huge
territory but it was not
heavily populated
 French colonists
characteristics:
 No desire to build towns or
raise families
 Some Catholic priests
trying to convert Native
Americans
 Young, single men
engaged in FUR
trade (1500’s hottest
fashion was beaver
skinned hats)

28. The English Settle at Jamestown
 English
settlement, 1606
 Coast of Virginia
 Disastrous start
(more interested in gold
than in planting crops)
 70% of crew died in
the first few years
Tobacco (cash

29. New World Trailer

30. Puritans Create a “New England”
 PILGRIMS founded
PLYMOUTH, Mass. (2nd
colony)
 Pilgrims were persecuted for
religious beliefs in England’
 PURITANS= sought
religious freedom from
England’s Anglican Church
MASSACHUSETTS
BAY
 Wanted to build a model
community that would set an

31. The Dutch Found New
Netherland
 Dutch East India
Company- competed for
trade in the Indian Ocean and
then turned their attention to
the Americas
 Henry
Hudson=waterways near
New York- Hudson River, Bay
and Strait
 Established fur trade with the
Iroquis
 Dutch lands New
Netherlands
 Dutch settlers came to settle
after the fur trade picked up
(Dutch, Germans, French and
Scandinavians settled the area)

32. Colonizing the Caribbean
 French seized control of the
Caribbean islands
(Haiti, Guadeloupe and
Martinique)
 British settled
Barbados and
Jamaica
 Dutch
captured
Netherlands Antilles
and Aruba from Spain
 What did they do there?
Tobacco and sugar
plantations
 These crops demanded a
SUPPLY OF FREE

33. The Fight for North America
 France, England
and the
Netherlands
battled each
other for colonial
supremacy
 After much
battle, the
English gained
control of most

34. The English
Oust the Dutch
 To the English, the
Dutch had formed a
wedge between their
two colonies
 English king gave
permission for the
Duke of York
(his brother) to drive
out the Dutch
 Dutch surrendered
without firing a shot
 Duke of York claimed
the territory and called
it NEW YORK
 English continued to
spread out
13

35.  English pushed further west
 When they did, they collided
with France’s North
American land
 FRENCH AND INDIAN
WAR:
 Began as a dispute over
land in the Ohio Valley
French and
English (and with both
 Between
their European allies)
 Became a larger conflict
known as the 7 YEARS
WAR
 Winners: British in 1763
England Battles
France

36. French & Indian War

37. Native American Reaction
 European
colonization
brought mostly
disaster for the
original
inhabitants, as
many fell to
disease and
warfare

38.  French and Dutch had a
cooperative
relationship with the
Native Americans
 Why? Mutual benefits of the
fur trade
 Didn’t live in harmony
always
 English relations with the
Natives were not so great–
many time they pushed the
Indians out of their lands
and with this, tensions grew
 Misunderstandings of
A Strained
Relationship

39. Settlers and Native Americans Battle
 Hostility led to
warfare
 Example 1:
Powhatan tribe
attacked
Jamestown
 Example 2: King
Philip’s
War, Metacom
(King Philip)
attacked 52
colonial villages
throughout

40. Natives Fall to Disease
Disease was more destructive than
their weapons