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Post-Modernism
“ Architects can no longer afford to be
intimidated by the puritanically moral
language of orthodox Modern architecture.”
– Robert Venturi
Outline
Introduction
• “Less is A Bore”
Robert Venturi
• “Learning From Las Vegas”
• The Duck and the Decorated Shed
The Architects of Post-Modernism and their
Works
Breaking the Box of Modernism
The monolith of
Modernism began to
show hairline cracks
after WWII.
Architects surveyed the
field and found the
zeal, conviction and
utopian vision of the
pioneering Modernists
waning.The Seagram Building
Mies Van Der Rohe, 1958
The Reaction to
Modernism, 1950s-1970s
Postmodern architecture
began as an international
style whose first examples
are generally cited as being
from the 1950s, but did not
become a movement until
the late 1970s and
continues to influence
present-day architecture.
1000 de La Gauchetière, Montréal, Lemay
& Associates architects, 1992
The Emergence of Post-Modernism
• 1960s - the emergence of Post-Modernism, a way
of thinking of architecture that is quite different
from the approach of International Style
designers.
• “Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture”,
Robert Venturi, 1966 made the case for non-
straightforward architecture and glorified
Baroque architecture.
Mies Van de Rohe “Less is more “
Robert Venturi “Less is a bore”
Robert Venturi’s Vision
I like elements which are hybrid rather
than ‘pure’, compromising rather
than ‘clean’, distorted rather than
‘straightforward’, ambiguous rather
than ‘articulated’, perverse as well
as impersonal, boring as well as
‘interesting’, conventional rather
than ‘designed’, accommodating
rather than excluding, redundant
rather than simple, vestigial as well
as innovating, inconsistent and
equivocal rather than direct and
clear. I am for messy vitality over
obvious unity. I include the non
sequitor and proclaim the duality.
Robert Venturi, Vanna Venturi House, Pennsylvania, 1962
In this modest dwelling, Venturi combined simplicity of external form with
complexity of interior layout, and conventional symbols and elements with
contradictory arrangements.The house was constructed with intentional
formal architectural, historical and aesthetic contradictions.
Farnsworth House, Illinois
Mies Van Der Rohe
1951
The Duck and the Decorated Shed
The terms “duck” and “decorated shed” were
codified in the 1972 book Learning from Las
Vegas by Robert Venturi, his wife Denise Scott
Brown, and their friend Steven Izenour. The
book argues that there are two distinctly
different types of buildings and that all
buildings can be classified as one or the other.
Duck-shaped roadside building, Eastern Long
Island, used to sell ducks and eggs.
‘Wit, ornament and reference’
Postmodernity in architecture is generally
thought to be heralded by the return of "wit,
ornament and reference" to architecture in
response to the formalism of the International
Style of modernism.
City Hall, Mississauga, Canada , 1987
The functional and formalized shapes and
spaces of the modernist movement are
replaced by unapologetically diverse
aesthetics:
•styles collide
•form is adopted for its own sake
•new ways of viewing familiar styles and
space abound.
Perhaps most obviously, architects
rediscovered the expressive and symbolic
value of architectural elements and forms
that had evolved through centuries of
building—often maintaining meaning in
literature, poetry and art—but which had
been abandoned by the modern movement.
Modernism=Post Modernism
• Modernist architects may regard
postmodern buildings as vulgar,
associated with a populist ethic, and
sharing the design elements of
shopping malls andmay cluttered
with "gew-gaws". ..
• This contrast was exemplified in the
juxtaposition of the "whites" against
the "grays," in which the "whites"
were seeking to continue (or revive)
the modernist tradition of purism
and clarity, ...
The divergence in opinions comes down
to a difference in goals: modernism is
rooted in minimal and true use of
material as well as absence of
ornament...
• ...while Postmodern architects may
regard many modern buildings as
soulless and bland, overly simplistic
and abstract.
• ...while the "grays" were embracing a
more multifaceted cultural vision,
seen in Robert Venturi's statement
rejecting the "black or white" world
view of modernism in favor of "black
and white and sometimes gray."
• ... While postmodernism is a
rejection of strict rules set by the
early modernists and seeks meaning
and expression in the use of building
techniques, forms, and stylistic
references.
The ‘Post-Modern’ Architects
• Philip Johnson
• Charles Moore
• Michael Graves
• Robert A.M. Stern
• James Stirling
• Frank Gehry
• Robert Venturi
Philip Johnson
Left: Pazzi Chapel, Brunelleschi, Florence, 1441
No 20th C architect has
received more attention for
his historicism than Philip
Johnson, nor has any
architect practiced or
indeed lived longer than he
has.
In 1984, Johnson took the
center of Post-Modernist
age, with his AT&T
Headquarters in New York
City.
At its base is a giant
Serliana, which has been
compared by some to the
facade of Brunelleschi’s
Pazzi Chapel, and at its
crown a broken pediment,
which has been compared
to a grandfather’s clock or
18th C highboy.
AT&T Building, New York
1984
With this building and its references to
architectural styles of the past,
Philip Johnson broke completely
with the Miesian tradition. In fact,
his client had said emphatically
that the company did not want
another glass box. Philip Johnson and John Burgee, American Telephone
and Telegraph Headquarters, New York, 1984.
The Miesian Tradition
Philip Johnson
Bank of America Center,
Houston, John Burgee and
Philip Johnson, 1984
combines architecture
elements of pre-WWII
skyscrapers with elements
of modern aesthetics.
Charles Moore, 1933
The Piazza d’Italia in New
Orleans (1975-79) consists
of a flamboyant, wildly
Ne0-Classical, neon-
outlined, scenographic
backdrop for a contour
map of Italy set in a pool
of water that is
demarcated by concentric
rings of marble paving. It
is much spectacle as
architecture.
Piazza d’ Italia, 1979
Charles Moore brought to Post-
Modernism a gentle but studied
playfulness that made his
buildings immediately accessible
to the public and professionals
alike. Moore took pleasure in
historical allusions, but with
large doses of whimsy.
Michael Graves, 1934
Graves describes his work as
‘figurative’, with the figural
elements traceable to
‘classical and
anthropomorphic sources’.
The Portland Building in
Portland, Oregon (1980) is
replete with quotations
from the classical language:
the temples on the roof
(never built), the giant
keystone beneath them,
the pair of fluted pilasters
of indeterminate order,
and the tiered stylobate at
street level.
The Portland Building in Portland, Oregon
(1980)
The Portland Building, Oregon,
1984
Graves was also a force in reintroducing color
into 20th c architecture, as here with the green
base, terracotta-colored columns, and tan
flanking walls punctured by square windows.
Swan and Dolphin Hotel, Michael Graves
Disneyworld, Orlando, Florida, 1987
Michael Graves Projects, 1980s
A Private Residence
Top:
Celebration Florida Fire Station
St Coletta School, Washington D.C., 2006
Various products for commercial outlets
Michael Graves
Robert A.M. Stern (b 1939)
Disney’s Newport Bay Club, 1992.
Disney's Newport Bay Club is a hotel situated at the Disneyland Paris. It was
designed by architect Robert A.M. Stern and styled after archetypal New
England architecture with its white clapboard exterior, porches, woodwork and
nautical memorabilia. Its name was derived from the town of Newport, Rhode
Island.
Post-Modernism defined by Robert Stern:
contextualism, allusionism, and ornamentalism.
Contextualism refers to connections
between the building and its
setting as Post-Modernist
architects attempt to link their
buildings to established patterns,
geometries, and possibilities for
future growth, rather than
conceiving each design as an
isolated object in the landscape, as
many would argue that Modernists
did.
Robert Stern Projects
One of the entrances to the Walt Disney World Casting Center, across the road from Downtown Disney. The
architectural design is by Robert Stern, with its castle-like influences and Mickey Mouse shapes.
Stern has written at length about classicism, calling it the “fulcrum about which architectural discourse balances”
and has built in a variety of traditional styles.
Residence, Edgartown.
Post Modern Architecture
Staatsgalerie, Stuttgart, Germany 1984
Stirling’s Staatsgalerie in Stuttgart, Germany contains a host of historical allusions, and responds to its site in a
fashion somewhere between the search for a genus loci, or peculiar character of the place, and literal
deconstruction.
Stirling made the rotonda a sculptural garden and part of a public walkway designed in homage to an established
pedestrian path through the site. As for the allusions, Stirling used Greek or Roman pediments to Egyptian cavetto
cornices to displaced stonework.
James Stirling
(1926-1992)
James Stirling Projects
Cambridge Faculty of History, England
1968
The Biological Science Library,
University of California, Irvine, 1994
Team Disney Building, Arato Isozaki, 1990
Education City Convention Centre, Qatar by Arata Isozaki
Under Construction
The conceptual design of the centre was developed to incorporate a large “Sidra tree” has
very strong roots, which allow it to flourish in the harsh climate of the desert. The tree is a
symbol of strength and growth, serving as an icon to the people of Qatar as well as the
emblem of the Qatar Foundation.
Frank Gehry, (b1929)
Frank Gehry has succeeded in having a host of designs that would seem destined to remain as models
or conceptual drawings actually built. Early in his career he realized that he often preferred buildings in
an incomplete state of construction to the finished products. While most would have left it at that,
Gehry started to design new buildings that seemed frozen in a state of becoming.
Above: Frank Gehry Residence, 1978
Team Disney Administration Building, California, 1995
Seen from the freeway, its flat,
quilted metal facade
appears to be quite
conventional, its regularity
broken only by slight offsets
in the stacking of windows
and the mottled colored
scheme.
To the rear however, the buildings massing
becomes curvilinear, warped, even delusional,
as canary-yellow walls bend, lean forward, and
lean back, their canopies equally disfigured, as
if a result of a recent seismic event.
Team Disney Burbank, California, 1991.
Michael Graves designed the building, which features large figures of the dwarves
from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs on its facade acting as caryatids.
National Nederlander, “Fred and Ginger”, Praque (1997)
Here, within a historic context, Gehry took movement as his theme for a corner building that
twists and projects in space with an energy expressive of the opening up of Eastern Europe since
the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Gehry, National Nederlander, “Fred and Ginger”, Praque (1997)
The entrance tower of concrete columns bundled in glass seem to sway as if part of an
urban choreography in step with the surrounding buildings and space, hence the “Fred
and Ginger” nickname. The result, though idiosyncratic, is surprisingly contextual,
acknowledging adjacent medieval towers and Baroque facades and domes.
Gehry, Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao (1997)
This museum has aroused a kind of popular and critical interest equalled by few other 20th c constructions. His
exhilarating structure replaced dock facilities on a site adjacent to the Nervion river in a gritty manufacturing city.
Out of a four mass blossom “pleated petals” of titanium attached to a steel frame. The museum acts as a mirror,
reflecting and absorbing the city, reflecting and absorbing itself. Giving off a metallic luminescence, it hovers and
shimmers at the end of a hard-edged urban vistas.
Gehry began to explode buildings, breaking them up into discrete
volumes in a way that to some, reflects the fragmentation in modern
society.
Frank Gehry, Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao (1997)
Toronto Entertainment Center, Under Construction
UTS Campus, Sydney
Under Construction
FIN
Post Modern Architecture

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Post Modern Architecture

  • 1. Post-Modernism “ Architects can no longer afford to be intimidated by the puritanically moral language of orthodox Modern architecture.” – Robert Venturi
  • 2. Outline Introduction • “Less is A Bore” Robert Venturi • “Learning From Las Vegas” • The Duck and the Decorated Shed The Architects of Post-Modernism and their Works
  • 3. Breaking the Box of Modernism The monolith of Modernism began to show hairline cracks after WWII. Architects surveyed the field and found the zeal, conviction and utopian vision of the pioneering Modernists waning.The Seagram Building Mies Van Der Rohe, 1958
  • 4. The Reaction to Modernism, 1950s-1970s Postmodern architecture began as an international style whose first examples are generally cited as being from the 1950s, but did not become a movement until the late 1970s and continues to influence present-day architecture. 1000 de La Gauchetière, Montréal, Lemay & Associates architects, 1992
  • 5. The Emergence of Post-Modernism • 1960s - the emergence of Post-Modernism, a way of thinking of architecture that is quite different from the approach of International Style designers. • “Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture”, Robert Venturi, 1966 made the case for non- straightforward architecture and glorified Baroque architecture. Mies Van de Rohe “Less is more “ Robert Venturi “Less is a bore”
  • 6. Robert Venturi’s Vision I like elements which are hybrid rather than ‘pure’, compromising rather than ‘clean’, distorted rather than ‘straightforward’, ambiguous rather than ‘articulated’, perverse as well as impersonal, boring as well as ‘interesting’, conventional rather than ‘designed’, accommodating rather than excluding, redundant rather than simple, vestigial as well as innovating, inconsistent and equivocal rather than direct and clear. I am for messy vitality over obvious unity. I include the non sequitor and proclaim the duality.
  • 7. Robert Venturi, Vanna Venturi House, Pennsylvania, 1962 In this modest dwelling, Venturi combined simplicity of external form with complexity of interior layout, and conventional symbols and elements with contradictory arrangements.The house was constructed with intentional formal architectural, historical and aesthetic contradictions.
  • 9. The Duck and the Decorated Shed The terms “duck” and “decorated shed” were codified in the 1972 book Learning from Las Vegas by Robert Venturi, his wife Denise Scott Brown, and their friend Steven Izenour. The book argues that there are two distinctly different types of buildings and that all buildings can be classified as one or the other. Duck-shaped roadside building, Eastern Long Island, used to sell ducks and eggs.
  • 10. ‘Wit, ornament and reference’ Postmodernity in architecture is generally thought to be heralded by the return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism.
  • 11. City Hall, Mississauga, Canada , 1987 The functional and formalized shapes and spaces of the modernist movement are replaced by unapologetically diverse aesthetics: •styles collide •form is adopted for its own sake •new ways of viewing familiar styles and space abound. Perhaps most obviously, architects rediscovered the expressive and symbolic value of architectural elements and forms that had evolved through centuries of building—often maintaining meaning in literature, poetry and art—but which had been abandoned by the modern movement.
  • 12. Modernism=Post Modernism • Modernist architects may regard postmodern buildings as vulgar, associated with a populist ethic, and sharing the design elements of shopping malls andmay cluttered with "gew-gaws". .. • This contrast was exemplified in the juxtaposition of the "whites" against the "grays," in which the "whites" were seeking to continue (or revive) the modernist tradition of purism and clarity, ... The divergence in opinions comes down to a difference in goals: modernism is rooted in minimal and true use of material as well as absence of ornament... • ...while Postmodern architects may regard many modern buildings as soulless and bland, overly simplistic and abstract. • ...while the "grays" were embracing a more multifaceted cultural vision, seen in Robert Venturi's statement rejecting the "black or white" world view of modernism in favor of "black and white and sometimes gray." • ... While postmodernism is a rejection of strict rules set by the early modernists and seeks meaning and expression in the use of building techniques, forms, and stylistic references.
  • 13. The ‘Post-Modern’ Architects • Philip Johnson • Charles Moore • Michael Graves • Robert A.M. Stern • James Stirling • Frank Gehry • Robert Venturi
  • 14. Philip Johnson Left: Pazzi Chapel, Brunelleschi, Florence, 1441 No 20th C architect has received more attention for his historicism than Philip Johnson, nor has any architect practiced or indeed lived longer than he has. In 1984, Johnson took the center of Post-Modernist age, with his AT&T Headquarters in New York City. At its base is a giant Serliana, which has been compared by some to the facade of Brunelleschi’s Pazzi Chapel, and at its crown a broken pediment, which has been compared to a grandfather’s clock or 18th C highboy.
  • 15. AT&T Building, New York 1984 With this building and its references to architectural styles of the past, Philip Johnson broke completely with the Miesian tradition. In fact, his client had said emphatically that the company did not want another glass box. Philip Johnson and John Burgee, American Telephone and Telegraph Headquarters, New York, 1984. The Miesian Tradition
  • 16. Philip Johnson Bank of America Center, Houston, John Burgee and Philip Johnson, 1984 combines architecture elements of pre-WWII skyscrapers with elements of modern aesthetics.
  • 17. Charles Moore, 1933 The Piazza d’Italia in New Orleans (1975-79) consists of a flamboyant, wildly Ne0-Classical, neon- outlined, scenographic backdrop for a contour map of Italy set in a pool of water that is demarcated by concentric rings of marble paving. It is much spectacle as architecture.
  • 18. Piazza d’ Italia, 1979 Charles Moore brought to Post- Modernism a gentle but studied playfulness that made his buildings immediately accessible to the public and professionals alike. Moore took pleasure in historical allusions, but with large doses of whimsy.
  • 19. Michael Graves, 1934 Graves describes his work as ‘figurative’, with the figural elements traceable to ‘classical and anthropomorphic sources’. The Portland Building in Portland, Oregon (1980) is replete with quotations from the classical language: the temples on the roof (never built), the giant keystone beneath them, the pair of fluted pilasters of indeterminate order, and the tiered stylobate at street level. The Portland Building in Portland, Oregon (1980)
  • 20. The Portland Building, Oregon, 1984 Graves was also a force in reintroducing color into 20th c architecture, as here with the green base, terracotta-colored columns, and tan flanking walls punctured by square windows.
  • 21. Swan and Dolphin Hotel, Michael Graves Disneyworld, Orlando, Florida, 1987
  • 22. Michael Graves Projects, 1980s A Private Residence Top: Celebration Florida Fire Station
  • 23. St Coletta School, Washington D.C., 2006
  • 24. Various products for commercial outlets Michael Graves
  • 25. Robert A.M. Stern (b 1939) Disney’s Newport Bay Club, 1992. Disney's Newport Bay Club is a hotel situated at the Disneyland Paris. It was designed by architect Robert A.M. Stern and styled after archetypal New England architecture with its white clapboard exterior, porches, woodwork and nautical memorabilia. Its name was derived from the town of Newport, Rhode Island.
  • 26. Post-Modernism defined by Robert Stern: contextualism, allusionism, and ornamentalism. Contextualism refers to connections between the building and its setting as Post-Modernist architects attempt to link their buildings to established patterns, geometries, and possibilities for future growth, rather than conceiving each design as an isolated object in the landscape, as many would argue that Modernists did.
  • 27. Robert Stern Projects One of the entrances to the Walt Disney World Casting Center, across the road from Downtown Disney. The architectural design is by Robert Stern, with its castle-like influences and Mickey Mouse shapes. Stern has written at length about classicism, calling it the “fulcrum about which architectural discourse balances” and has built in a variety of traditional styles. Residence, Edgartown.
  • 29. Staatsgalerie, Stuttgart, Germany 1984 Stirling’s Staatsgalerie in Stuttgart, Germany contains a host of historical allusions, and responds to its site in a fashion somewhere between the search for a genus loci, or peculiar character of the place, and literal deconstruction. Stirling made the rotonda a sculptural garden and part of a public walkway designed in homage to an established pedestrian path through the site. As for the allusions, Stirling used Greek or Roman pediments to Egyptian cavetto cornices to displaced stonework. James Stirling (1926-1992)
  • 30. James Stirling Projects Cambridge Faculty of History, England 1968 The Biological Science Library, University of California, Irvine, 1994
  • 31. Team Disney Building, Arato Isozaki, 1990
  • 32. Education City Convention Centre, Qatar by Arata Isozaki Under Construction The conceptual design of the centre was developed to incorporate a large “Sidra tree” has very strong roots, which allow it to flourish in the harsh climate of the desert. The tree is a symbol of strength and growth, serving as an icon to the people of Qatar as well as the emblem of the Qatar Foundation.
  • 33. Frank Gehry, (b1929) Frank Gehry has succeeded in having a host of designs that would seem destined to remain as models or conceptual drawings actually built. Early in his career he realized that he often preferred buildings in an incomplete state of construction to the finished products. While most would have left it at that, Gehry started to design new buildings that seemed frozen in a state of becoming. Above: Frank Gehry Residence, 1978
  • 34. Team Disney Administration Building, California, 1995 Seen from the freeway, its flat, quilted metal facade appears to be quite conventional, its regularity broken only by slight offsets in the stacking of windows and the mottled colored scheme. To the rear however, the buildings massing becomes curvilinear, warped, even delusional, as canary-yellow walls bend, lean forward, and lean back, their canopies equally disfigured, as if a result of a recent seismic event.
  • 35. Team Disney Burbank, California, 1991. Michael Graves designed the building, which features large figures of the dwarves from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs on its facade acting as caryatids.
  • 36. National Nederlander, “Fred and Ginger”, Praque (1997) Here, within a historic context, Gehry took movement as his theme for a corner building that twists and projects in space with an energy expressive of the opening up of Eastern Europe since the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
  • 37. Gehry, National Nederlander, “Fred and Ginger”, Praque (1997) The entrance tower of concrete columns bundled in glass seem to sway as if part of an urban choreography in step with the surrounding buildings and space, hence the “Fred and Ginger” nickname. The result, though idiosyncratic, is surprisingly contextual, acknowledging adjacent medieval towers and Baroque facades and domes.
  • 38. Gehry, Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao (1997) This museum has aroused a kind of popular and critical interest equalled by few other 20th c constructions. His exhilarating structure replaced dock facilities on a site adjacent to the Nervion river in a gritty manufacturing city. Out of a four mass blossom “pleated petals” of titanium attached to a steel frame. The museum acts as a mirror, reflecting and absorbing the city, reflecting and absorbing itself. Giving off a metallic luminescence, it hovers and shimmers at the end of a hard-edged urban vistas.
  • 39. Gehry began to explode buildings, breaking them up into discrete volumes in a way that to some, reflects the fragmentation in modern society.
  • 40. Frank Gehry, Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao (1997)
  • 41. Toronto Entertainment Center, Under Construction
  • 42. UTS Campus, Sydney Under Construction
  • 43. FIN

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. The VannaVenturi House is one of the first prominent works of the postmodern architecture movement.
  2. City Hall, Mississauga, Canada conveys a Postmodern architectural style depicting the concept of a "futuristic farm”.
  3. Economic constraints called for one more floor than in neighbouring buildings, but accommodated within the same cornice height. In order to resolve the conflict, Gehry lowered and camouflaged the floor levels by means of fish scale-like undulating layers of cement plaster and more displaced windows.