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Piping generally refers to Piping Engineering. It
is an application of Mechanical and Chemical
engineering principles, which deals with
Design,
Analysis,
Installation,
Testing,
Commissioning and Maintenance of Piping
System. Industrially, all piping activities are
performed with the compliance and guidelines
of International and Industrial Codes &
Standards as well as the laws and regulations
of respective local authority.
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Piping Components
Pipe
Pipe is hollow cylinder used to conduct or transfer fluids (liquids and
gases) from one place to other place. The main difference between
pipe and tube is the critical dimension used to describe the pipe size or
the tube size. For pipe, internal diameter (ID) roughly corresponds to
the nominal pipe size for standard wall thickness. For tube, the outer
diameter (OD) closely corresponds to the tube size. In current European
standards pipes and tubes are nowadays described as outside diameter
by wall thickness. The three standard types of pipe ends used in the
piping industries are; Plain Ends (PE), Threaded Ends (TE) and Beveled
Ends (BE). In the past, many types of material have been used in
conveying water from one point to another. Masonry and wood were
probably the first materials used. Plastics are the newest, and are now
being used quite extensively.
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Piping Components
Pipe Fittings
Pipe fittings are attachments placed on
pipe end, which provide flexibility in
piping system. These are commonly used
for changing the direction of flow,
distribution, increase or decrease the flow
capacity and interconnection. Commonly
used pipe fittings are elbow, bend, return,
tee, cross, reducer, end cap, plug, nipple,
union, coupling, boss, owlet etc.
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Piping Components
Flanges
Pipe flange is a disc, collar or ring that attaches to pipe.
Flanged joints are made by bolting together two flanges with
a gasket between them to provide a seal. It can also be
defined as a ring that is usually provided with holes for bolts,
and screwed or welded over the end of a tube or pipe to
permit other objects to be attached to it. It also provides easy
access for maintenance, cleaning, inspection or modification.
The major different types of flanges used in piping systems are
slip-on pipe flanges, weld neck pipe flanges, blind pipe
flanges, lap joint pipe flanges, threaded pipe flanges, socketweld pipe flanges. Spectacle blinds, spacer and spades are
also using along with flanged piping systems.
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Piping Components
Valves
Valves are mechanical devices that control the
flow and pressure within a piping system.
These are the essential components of any
piping system. Commonly used Valves are:
gate, globe, plug, ball, butterfly, check,
diaphragm, pinch, pressure relief, and control
Valves.
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Piping Components
Bolting
In piping industry, for flange connections Stud
Bolts and Machine Bolts are used. The Stud
Bolt is a threaded rod with two heavy hexagon
nuts, while the Machine Bolt has a head with
one nut. Selection of bolting material depends
on the matching flange material, service
conditions, mechanical properties and high
temperature characteristics.
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Plumbing equipment includes devices
often hidden behind walls or in utility
spaces which are not seen by the general
public. It includes:
WATER METER
A typical residential water meter
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Water meters are used to measure the volume of water
used by residential and commercial building that are
supplied with water by a public water supply system.
Water meters can also be used at the water
source, well, or throughout a water system to determine
flow through a particular portion of the system. In most
of the world water meters measure flow in cubic meters
(m3) or liters but in the USA and some other countries
water meters are calibrated in cubic feet (ft.3), or US
gallons on a mechanical or electronic register. Some
electronic meter registers can display rate-of-flow in
addition to total usage.

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Plumbing equipment includes devices
often hidden behind walls or in utility
spaces which are not seen by the general
public. It includes:
PUMP
A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or
gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical action.
Pumps can be classified into three major groups
according to the method they use to move the fluid:
direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps.
Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically
reciprocating or rotary), and consume energy to
perform mechanical work by moving the fluid.
Pumps operate via many energy sources, including
manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind
power, come in many sizes, from microscopic for use
in medical applications to large industrial pumps.
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Plumbing equipment includes devices
often hidden behind walls or in utility
spaces which are not seen by the general
public. It includes:
EXPANSION TANK
An expansion tank or expansion
vessel is a small tank used to
protect closed water heating
systems and domestic hot water
systems from excessive pressure.
The tank is partially filled with
air, whose compressibility
cushions shock caused by water
hammer and absorbs excess water
pressure caused by thermal
expansion.
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Plumbing equipment includes devices
often hidden behind walls or in utility
spaces which are not seen by the general
public. It includes:
BACKFLOW ARRESTOR
water metersA backflow prevention assembly is used to protect
potable water supplies from contamination or
pollution due to backflow.
In water supply systems, water is normally
maintained at a significant pressure to enable
water to flow from the tap, shower etc. When
pressure fails or is reduced, as may happen if a
water main bursts, pipes freeze or there is
unexpectedly high demand on the water
system, then such reduced pressure in the pipe
may allow contaminated water from the
ground, from storage or from other sources to be
drawn up into the system.
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Plumbing equipment includes devices
often hidden behind walls or in utility
spaces which are not seen by the general
public. It includes:
WATER FILTER
removes impurities from water by
means of a fine physical barrier, a
chemical process or a biological
process. Filters cleanse water to
different extents for purposes like
irrigation, drinking water,
aquariums, and swimming pools.
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Plumbing equipment includes devices
often hidden behind walls or in utility
spaces which are not seen by the general
public. It includes:
WATER SOFTENER
The water softener is just a special type of "filter" that removes the calcium and
magnesium in hard water by using plastic beads and cleans itself periodically by a
process called “regeneration.”
Water softeners have three main components: A mineral tank, brine tank and control
valve. Smaller capacity models combine the mineral tank and brine tanks into one
cabinet, but the two tanks are still separated within the cabinet.
Larger flow capacity systems have separate stand alone mineral and brine tanks.
Mineral Tank:
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The mineral tank is where the action is. It is where the water filtration takes place and
the hard water is softened (calcium and magnesium are removed).
Brine Tank:
The brine tank is where a highly concentrated solution of salt or potassium is stored.
Control Valve:
The control valve is the device that controls the flow of water into and out of the
mineral and brine tanks during regeneration.

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Plumbing equipment includes devices
often hidden behind walls or in utility
spaces which are not seen by the general
public. It includes:
WATER HEATER
consist of a cylindrical vessel or
container that keeps water
continuously hot and ready to use.
Typical sizes for household use
range from 75 to 400 liters (20 to
100 US gallons). These may use
electricity, natural gas, propane,
heating oil, solar, or other energy
sources.
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Plumbing equipment includes devices
often hidden behind walls or in utility
spaces which are not seen by the general
public. It includes:
HEAT EXCHANGERS
a piece of equipment built for efficient
heat transfer from one medium to
another. The media may be separated
by a solid wall to prevent mixing or
they may be in direct contact. They are
widely used in space heating,
refrigeration, air conditioning, power
plants, chemical plants, petrochemical
plants, petroleum refineries, natural
gas processing, and sewage treatment.
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Plumbing equipment includes devices
often hidden behind walls or in utility
spaces which are not seen by the general
public. It includes:
GAUGES
a device used to make
measurements
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Plumbing equipment includes devices
often hidden behind walls or in utility
spaces which are not seen by the general
public. It includes:
CONTROL SYSTEM
a device, or set of devices, that
manages, commands, directs or
regulates the behavior of other
device(s) or system(s).
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A plumbing fixture is an
exchangeable device
which can be connected
to an existing plumbing
system to deliver and
drain away water but
which is also configured to
enable a particular use.
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BATHTUB
A bathtub is a large container for holding
water in which a person may bathe. Most
modern bathtubs are made of acrylic or
fiberglass, but alternatives are available in
enamel on steel or cast iron; occasionally,
waterproof finished wood. A bathtub is usually
placed in a bathroom either as a stand-alone
fixture or in conjunction with a shower.
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BIDET
Bidets are primarily used to wash and clean the genitalia,
perineum, inner buttocks, and anus. They may also be
used to clean any other part of the body such as feet.
Despite appearing similar to a toilet, it would be more
accurate to compare it to the washbasin or bathtub.
Bidets once served as a practical way for couples to
prepare themselves before sex, as well as to rinse
themselves afterwards.
It is generally understood that the user should sit on a
bidet facing the tap and nozzle for washing the genitalia,
and should sit with back to the tap and wall when washing
the anus and buttocks. A dedicated towel or wipe is often
available for drying.
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DRINKING FOUNTAIN
A drinking fountain, also called a water fountain or
bubbler, is a fountain designed to provide drinking
water. It consists of a basin with either continuously
running water or a tap. The drinker bends down to the
stream of water and swallows water directly from the
stream. Modern indoor drinking fountains may
incorporate filters to remove impurities from the water
and chillers to reduce its temperature. Water fountains
are usually found in public places, like schools, rest
areas, libraries, and grocery stores. Many jurisdictions
require water fountains to be wheelchair accessible (by
sticking out horizontally from the wall), and to include
an additional unit of a lower height for children and
short adults. The design that this replaced often had
one spout atop a refrigeration unit.
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KITCHEN SINK
used for washing dishes, vegetables, etc.
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LAVATORY
bathroom sink
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SHOWER
A shower (or shower-bath, walk-in shower,
steam shower) is a place in which a person
bathes under a spray of water. The water is
then drained through a drain in the shower
base. The modern shower comes with
configurable temperature and spray
pressure settings, along with adjustable
showerhead nozzle settings.
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OUTLETS AND DRAINS
Each of these plumbing fixtures has one or more
water outlets and a drain. In some cases, the drain
has a device that can be manipulated to block the
drain to fill the basin of the fixture. Each fixture
also has a flood rim, or level at which water will
begin to overflow. Most fixtures also have an
overflow, which is a conduit for water to drain
away, when the regular drain is plugged, before
the water actually overflows at the flood rim level.
However, water closets and showers (that are not
in bathtubs) usually lack this feature because their
drains normally cannot be stopped.
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TRAPS AND VENTS
All plumbing fixtures have traps in their drains; these
traps are either internal or external to the fixtures.
Traps are pipes which curve down then back up; they
'trap' a small amount of water to create a water seal
between the ambient air space and the inside of the
drain system. This prevents sewer gas from entering
buildings.
Most water closets, bidets, and many urinals have the
trap integral with the fixture itself. The visible water
surface in a toilet is the top of the trap's water seal.
Each fixture drain, with exceptions, must be vented so
that negative air pressure in the drain cannot siphon
the trap dry, to prevent positive air pressure in the
sewer from forcing gases past the water seal, and to
prevent explosive sewer gas buildup.
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POOL
A typical swimming pool has a
number of major components
including a basin, a motorized
pump, a water filter, drains,
return lines, and plumbing
piping
connecting
these
components. Chlorine is often
the sanitizing agent used in
swimming pools, and given the
corrosive nature of chlorine,
PVC plastic is usually the
material
of
choice
for
swimming pool plumbing and
piping. The water in a pool
must be sanitized and have
debris strained out of it.
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FOUNTAIN
Fountain pumps are pumps designed to handle the particular challenges associated with
fountains. Most fountains are designed to lift columns of water into the air for decorative effect.
Fountains are also open to the atmosphere and subject to surface debris similar to a swimming
pool, and therefore, the pumps and pumping systems are designed to operate in this
environment. An example is the Debris Pumping Tetra Pond Pump shown below.
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This includes information related to gas and vacuum
systems that are installed in laboratory and
healthcare facilities during construction. Gas and
vacuum systems deliver compressed air, gas and
processed water to point of use locations within a
facility. They also serve to remove or dispose of
general wastewater, chemical waste and vapors.
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