SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 50
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
History of Architecture 1
         BS Architecture
1st Term AY 2012-2013
Hoa1 lecture 6 early christian architecture
     Geographical
      Geological
      Climatic
      Religious
      Socio-Cultural
      Historical


Discussion Points
 Architectural Character
 Building Materials and Construction systems
 Comparative Analysis
     Plans
     Ornaments
     Openings / Entrances
     Structural Elements
Hoa1 lecture 6 early christian architecture
•   Beginning of Prehistory          35,000 BC
•   Construction of Stonehenge   2900 – 1400 BC
•   Egyptian Old Kingdom         2649 – 2134 BC
•   Const. of Pyramids at Giza   2550 – 2460 BC
•   Egyptian Middle Kingdom      2040 – 1640 BC
•   Egyptian New Kingdom         1550 – 1070 BC
•   Minoan Civilization               2800 – 1400 BC
•   Mycenaean Civilization            1600 – 1100 BC
•   Trojan War                                1250 BC
•   Iliad and Odyssey                  8th century BC
    Assume Final Form
•   Archaic Greek Period                700 – 500 BC
•   Classical Greek Period              497 – 323 BC
•   Construction of Parthenon                 458 BC
•   Life of Plato                       427 – 347 BC
•   Conquest of Alexander the Great     333 – 323 BC
•   Height of Power of the
    Etruscan Civilization                                   550 BC
•   The Roman Republic                                          509 - 27 BC
•   Dictatorship of Julius Caesar                        46 - 44 BC
•   Reign of Caesar Augustus and
    Beginning of the Roman Empire                        27 - 14 BC
•   Vitruvius wrote De Architectura                       ca. 27 BC
•   Reign of Nero                       54 - 68 AD
•   Reign of Vespasian          69 - 79 AD
•   Construction of Colloseum                            Completed 80 AD
•   Reign of Domitian, Trajan, and Hadrian                      81- 138 AD
•   Construction of Pantheon            ca.125 AD
•   Reign of Septimus Severus                 193 - 211 AD
•   Reign of Diocletian               284 - 305 AD
•   Reign of Constantine              310 - 337 AD
•   Reign of Caesar Augustus and
    Beginning of the Roman Empire                 27 - 14 BC
•   Life of Jesus                           ca. 33 BC – 1 AD
•   Reign of Constantine                        310 - 337 AD
•   Constantine legalizes Christianity          310 - 337 AD
•   Construction of Old St. Peter’s              318 - 22 AD
•   Founding of Constantinople                       324 AD
•   End of Roman Empire in the West                  476 AD
•   Reign of Emperor Justinian                527 - 565 AD
•   Construction of Hagia Sophia              532 - 537 AD
•   Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman          1453 AD
I.      Geographical.
•       Christianity had its birth in Judaea,
        an eastern province of the Roman
        Empire, spread and carried by St.
        Peter, St. Paul, and other
        missionaries to Rome, as the
        centre of the World-Empire.


    •   In spite of opposition and persecution, the new religion took root and
        grew, till it was strong enough to become the recognized universal
        religion of the whole Roman Empire.

    •   Early Christian architecture at Rome was influenced by, and was the
        logical outcome of;
         • Existing Roman architecture
         • modified in other parts of the Empire according to the type already
           recognized as suitable for the geographical situation of those
           countries, such as Syria, Asia Minor, North Africa, and Egypt.
II. Geological.

•   Geological influences may be said to have acted indirectly on Early
    Christian architecture for the ruins of Roman buildings often
    provided the quarry where materials were obtained.

•   This influenced the style, both as regards construction and
    decoration.

•   Columns and other architectural features, as well as fine sculptures
    and mosaics from older buildings, were incorporated into basilican
    churches of the new faith.
III. Climatic

•   North Italy has the climate of the temperate region of Europe
•   Central Italy is genial and sunny
•   Southern Italy is almost tropical.
•   This variety of climatic conditions is sufficient to account for
    diversity of architectural features and treatment in the peninsula
    itself.
•   The climatic conditions in Roman provinces as Egypt, Syria, and
    North Africa where Christianity was established were varied, and
    naturally modified the style in those countries where the fiercer
    sun and hotter climate necessitated small windows and other
    Eastern features.
IV. Religious

•   In all human history there is no record so striking as that of the rise
    of Christianity a phenomenon so outstanding as the rapidity with
    which it was diffused throughout the civilized world, and, not only in
    this period but also in all subsequent ages.

•   Christianity has inspired the building of some of the greatest
    architectural monuments.

•   The number of Christian communities established by the Apostle
    Paul in his missionary journeys round the Eastern Mediterranean, in
    Syria, Africa, Greece, and Italy, might lead us to expect many more
    ruins of Early Christian basilican churches throughout these districts.
IV. Religious
•   In this connection, however, it must be remembered that the God preached by S.
    Paul was " not like unto gold or silver or stone graven by art and device of man,"
    nor a God that dwelled " in temples made with hands " like those of the old
    Greeks and Romans which were built to shelter the statues of the gods.

•   Purpose of the Christian church was to shelter worshippers who met for prayer
    and praise to an unseen Deity, and, during the unsettled conditions at the
    beginning of Christianity, various places were adapted for this worship.

•   Building of pagan temples ceased before any attempt was made to build Christian
    churches.
•
•   In A.D. 313 Constantine issued his celebrated decree from Milan, giving
    Christianity equal rights with other religions.

•   in A.D. 323 he himself professed Christianity, which became the official religion of
    the Roman Empire, and the Christians then began to build churches of a type suit-
    able to their needs and ritual.
V. Social
•   Constantine changed the capital of the Empire from Rome to
    Byzantium in A.D. 324, when the old Roman political system came to
    an end, and reigned as an absolute monarch till his death in A.D.
    337.
•   Christianity suffered disabilities upon the division of the Roman
    Empire, which first took place in A.D. 365 when Valentinian became
    Emperor of the West and his brother Valens of the East.
•   Theodosius the Great (A.D. 379-395) reunited, for a time, the
    Eastern and Western Empires, and in A.D. 438 Theodosius II
    published his legal code, an important work on the constitutions of
    the Emperors from the time of Constantine.
•   The series of Emperors in the West came to an end in A.D. 475, and
    the Eastern and Western Empires were nominally reunited by Zeno,
    who reigned at Constantinople.
V. Social
•   Then again the seat of power was changed, and Theodoric the Goth
    reigned in Italy (A.D. 493–526) during a period of peace and
    prosperity
•   Byzantine art influenced Early Christian art by way of Ravenna, which
    rivaled Rome in importance and was the capital of the Gothic
    Dynasty A.D. 493–552 with the exception of a short period when it
    was subdued by Justinian (A.D. 537)
•   Kings were now elected for the separate states of Spain, Gaul,
    Northern Africa, and Italy, where King Odoacer recognized the
    supremacy of the one Roman Emperor at Constantinople.
•   Emancipation of Western Europe from direct Imperial control
    resulted in the development of Romano-Teutonic civilization, it
    facilitated the growth of new states and nationalities, gave a fresh
    impulse to Christianity, and eventually strengthened the power of
    the Bishops of Rome.
VI. Historical
•   The Early Christian period is generally taken as lasting from
    Constantine to the death of Gregory the Great (A.D. 604), although
    in Rome and many Italian cities it continued up to the tenth century.

•   Huns incursions into Germany about A.D. 376 eventually brought
    about invasions from the north into Italy, and in A.D. 410 Rome itself
    was sacked by the Goths under Alaric.

•   Spread of the new religion was arrested during this period of change
    and upheaval, till A.D. 451, the defeat of Attila, King of the Huns, at
    the battle of Chalons aided in the consolidation of Christianity in
    Europe.
VI. Historical
•   In A.D. 568 the Lombards penetrated into Italy and held the northern
    part for 200 years. In A.D. 800 Charlemagne was crowned by the
    Pope in Rome, and from this date the Empire was styled the Holy
    Roman Empire, a title retained till A.D. 1800.

•   Under Pope Gregory the Great (A.D. 590–604) Early Christian
    architecture, the latest phase of Roman art, gradually fell into disuse,
    and for the next two centuries architectural development was
    practically at a standstill in Europe

•   Even though the influence of Byzantium asserted itself, old Roman
    traditions were in abeyance till the time when Romanesque
    architecture gradually evolved.

Early Christian Architecture - Introduction
•  Early Christian architecture may be taken to have lasted from
   about 300 to 600 AD.
•   The Early Christians, as Roman craftsmen, continued old Roman
    traditions
•   Utilized as far as possible the materials from Roman temples
    which had become useless for their original purpose for their new
    buildings.
•   Their churches, modeled on Roman basilicas, used old columns
    which by various devices were brought to a uniform height.
•   Early Christian buildings hardly have the architectural value of a
    style produced by the solution of constructive problems.
Hoa1 lecture 6 early christian architecture
Early Christian Architecture - Introduction
•  Basilican churches had either closely spaced columns carrying the
   entablature, or more widely spaced columns carrying semicircular
   arches.
•   The basilican church with three or five aisles, covered by a
    simple timber roof, is typical of the Early Christian style as
    opposed to the vaulted Byzantine church with its central circular
    dome placed over a square by means of pendentives and
    surrounded by smaller domes.
•   It s long perspective of oft-repeated columns which carry the eye
    along to the sanctuary ; a treatment which, combined with the
    comparatively low height of interiors, makes these churches
    appear longer than they really are, as is seen in S. Paolo fuori le
    Mura, and S. Maria Maggiore.
Hoa1 lecture 6 early christian architecture
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE (300 AD – 600 AD)
•   DIVIDED IN 2 PARTS
    1. The Eastern Empire
    2. The Western Empire
•   CHARACTERISTIC OF EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE
    1. Simplicity in Design and Treatment
    2. Coarseness in Execution
 Early Christian Architecture is Transitional Architecture
 Influenced by Roman Architecture and with no own structure
•   SYSTEM OF CONSTRUCTION
    Trabeated and Arcuated
•   BUILDING MATERIALS
    Salvaged materials from Pagan Temples
PRINCIPAL BUILDING/STRUCTURE
•   CHURCHES
    Basilicas or Roman halls of justice probably served the Early
    Christians as models for their churches, connecting link between
    buildings of pagan Classic times and those of the Romanesque period
    which followed.
    Basilica (Gk. basilikos = kingly), was applied to a Christian church as
    early as the 4th century, was a peculiarly appropriate designation for
    buildings dedicated to the service of the King of Kings
    PLANS USED BY EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCHES
    1. LONGITUDINAL
    One axis referring to Basilican Type
    2. CENTRAL – Two axes referring to square plan added before the
    church proper.
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE (300 AD – 600 AD)
Hoa1 lecture 6 early christian architecture
Hoa1 lecture 6 early christian architecture
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE (300 AD – 600 AD)
• Two types of Trusses Introduced
  1. King Post Trusses
  2. Queen Post Trusses
CHARACTERISTIC STRUCTURES

          PLANS USED BY EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCHES




1. PLAN
BASILICA: Typical plan.   Types of Apse
A, D, apse                1. Semi-circular (Italian)
B, B’, secondary apse;    2. Polygonal (German)
C, high altar;
                          3. Square (English)
G, transept;
                          4. Compound (French)
H, nave;
J, J’, aisles




            BASILICA: Typical Section
CHARACTERISTIC STRUCTURES
   PLANS USED BY EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCHES

                                            Types of Apse
                                            1. Semi-circular (Italian)
                                            2. Polygonal (German)
                                            3. Square (English)
                                            4. Compound (French)




1. Section
PRINCIPAL BUILDING/STRUCTURE
•   CHURCHES
PRINCIPAL STRUCTURE
CHURCHES
PRINCIPAL STRUCTURE
CHURCHES
PRINCIPAL STRUCTURE - CHURCHES
PRINCIPAL STRUCTURE
CHURCHES
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
    A. Plans
•   The Early Christians followed the basilican model for their new churches.
•   May also have used old Roman halls, baths, dwelling-houses, and even pagan
    temples as places of worship.

    B. Walls
•   These were still constructed according to Roman methods of using rubble or
    concrete, faced with plaster, brick, or stone.
•   Mosaic decoration was added internally, and sometimes also externally on
    west facades.
•   Little regard was paid to external architectural effect.

    C. Openings
•   Arcades, doors, and windows were either spanned by a semicircular arch
•   Which in nave arcades, often rested directly on the capitals without any
    entablatures, or were spanned by a lintel..
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
    D. Roofs
•   Timber roofs covered the central nave, and only simple forms of construction,
    such as king and queen post trusses, were employed.
•   The narrower side aisles were occasionally vaulted and the
•   Apse was usually domed and lined with beautiful glass mosaics, which formed
    a fitting background to the sanctuary .
    E. Columns
•   Differ both in design and size, often taken from earlier Roman buildings. It was
    natural that early Christian builders should use materials and ornament of the
    pagan Romans.
•   Used Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, or Composite from ancient Roman
    buildings, except those in S. Paolo fuori le Mura.
•   The carved capitals are governed by Roman pagan precedent and sometimes
    by that of Byzantine, and in both the acanthus leaf forms an important part.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
    F. Moldings
•   Coarse variations of old Roman types, and the carving, though rich in general
    effect, is crude ; for the technique of the craftsman had gradually declined.
•   Enrichments were incised on moldings in low relief, and the acanthus
    ornament, although still copied from the antique, became more conventional
    in form.
    G. Ornament
•   The introduction of color gave richness and glimmering mystery to interiors.
•   The mosaics which was the principal form of interior ornament, lined the
    domed apses generally represented Christ surrounded by apostles and saints
    with all those symbolic emblems. Usually made of glass
•   Fresco painting usually in figure forms
Plan of San Clemente, Rome
      (A.D. 1084-1108)
San Clemente, Rome (A.D. 1084-1108)
San Clemente, Rome
(A.D. 1084-1108)
rebuilt over an earlier church,
retains the original internal
arrangement as well as fittings
of the fifth century and shows
the suitability of the basilican
plan for Christian ritual and for
sheltering a number of
worshippers .
Basilican Church of St. Peter, Rome (A.D. 330)
Erected by Constantine near the site of the martyrdom of St. Peter
Basilica of St Peter
Built by Constantine the Great
Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome (A.D. 432)
Built by Pope Sixtus III and is the only church of which there is evidence that it was
 originally a pagan basilica, and it is one of the most typical of basilican churches .
Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem
Erected by Constantine over the reputed tomb of Christ
The Church of the Nativity,
Bethlehem (A.D. 330)
Founded by Constantine over the
traditional birthplace of Christ.
Church of St. Paul Outside the Wall (A.D. 380)
Was destroyed in A.D. 1823, but was rebuilt on the original design,
 and is the largest and most impressive of all basilican churches.
Church of
 St. Paul Outside the Wall
Largest and most impressive
   example of Early Christian
          Architecture
BAPTISTERIES – Early Christian baptisteries were originally used only for the
sacrament of baptism, and for this rite Roman circular temples and tombs
supplied a most suitable type of building.
Example – Baptistery of Constantine, Rome ( A.D. 430-440)
Among the oldest Italian Baptisteries, of which was probably the model.
Example – The Baptistery, Nocera (A.D. 350)




Baptistery Plans
OTHER STRUCTURES
1. BELFRY – Attached bell tower

2. CAMPANILLE – Detached bell tower
Example - Leaning Tower of Pisa

3. TOMBS - Early Christian burial up to the end of the fourth century of the
Christian era took place in the Catacombs outside Rome ; for burial within the
city was prohibited by law. These tombs, cut in the tuf a formation, followed
the old Roman type, except that, as the Christian church did not then allow
cremation, " loculi " or wall recesses were formed to receive the bodies.
Examples
- St. Constanza, Rome (A.D. 330) erected by Constantine for his daughter, but
later converted into a church in A.D. 1256.
 -The Tomb of Galla Placidia, Ravenna (A.D. 420) , appears to be the earliest
building which is cruciform in plan.

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Romanesque Architecture
Romanesque ArchitectureRomanesque Architecture
Romanesque Architecture
 
HISTORY: Early Christian Architecture 1.0
HISTORY: Early Christian Architecture 1.0HISTORY: Early Christian Architecture 1.0
HISTORY: Early Christian Architecture 1.0
 
Romanesque Architecture
Romanesque ArchitectureRomanesque Architecture
Romanesque Architecture
 
Lec 7 Early christian architecture
Lec 7 Early christian architectureLec 7 Early christian architecture
Lec 7 Early christian architecture
 
italian romanesque architecture
 italian romanesque architecture italian romanesque architecture
italian romanesque architecture
 
Byzantine architecture
Byzantine architectureByzantine architecture
Byzantine architecture
 
HISTORY: Early Christian Architecture
HISTORY: Early Christian ArchitectureHISTORY: Early Christian Architecture
HISTORY: Early Christian Architecture
 
Greek architecture
Greek architectureGreek architecture
Greek architecture
 
Architecture History Lecture 1
Architecture History Lecture 1Architecture History Lecture 1
Architecture History Lecture 1
 
HISTORY: Romanesque Architecture
HISTORY: Romanesque ArchitectureHISTORY: Romanesque Architecture
HISTORY: Romanesque Architecture
 
Early christian architecture
Early christian architectureEarly christian architecture
Early christian architecture
 
Romanesque architecture
Romanesque architectureRomanesque architecture
Romanesque architecture
 
08 09 early christian & byzantine architecture
08 09 early christian & byzantine architecture08 09 early christian & byzantine architecture
08 09 early christian & byzantine architecture
 
West asian architecture
West asian architectureWest asian architecture
West asian architecture
 
French Romanesque Architecture
French Romanesque ArchitectureFrench Romanesque Architecture
French Romanesque Architecture
 
Romanesque2
Romanesque2Romanesque2
Romanesque2
 
Romanesque
RomanesqueRomanesque
Romanesque
 
Gothic Architecture
Gothic ArchitectureGothic Architecture
Gothic Architecture
 
Byzantine architecture
Byzantine architectureByzantine architecture
Byzantine architecture
 
Introduction to Romanesque Architecture
Introduction to Romanesque ArchitectureIntroduction to Romanesque Architecture
Introduction to Romanesque Architecture
 

Ähnlich wie Hoa1 lecture 6 early christian architecture

hoa1lecture6earlychristianarchitecture-130116180052-phpapp02.pdf
hoa1lecture6earlychristianarchitecture-130116180052-phpapp02.pdfhoa1lecture6earlychristianarchitecture-130116180052-phpapp02.pdf
hoa1lecture6earlychristianarchitecture-130116180052-phpapp02.pdfTaranJot7
 
Module 1- Early Christian Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Archi...
Module 1- Early Christian  Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Archi...Module 1- Early Christian  Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Archi...
Module 1- Early Christian Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Archi...Gary Gilson
 
History of architecture i (class6).pptx
History of architecture i (class6).pptxHistory of architecture i (class6).pptx
History of architecture i (class6).pptxTeweldeTsegaye
 
Byzantine Empire Notes
Byzantine Empire NotesByzantine Empire Notes
Byzantine Empire Notesierlynn
 
The byzantine world__russia
The byzantine world__russiaThe byzantine world__russia
The byzantine world__russiajkholland1
 
The byzantine world__russia
The byzantine world__russiaThe byzantine world__russia
The byzantine world__russiajkholland1
 
The Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine EmpireAaron Carn
 
Byzantium ppt nov 2013
Byzantium ppt   nov 2013Byzantium ppt   nov 2013
Byzantium ppt nov 2013Janet Pareja
 
Chapter 6a- Byzantine Empire
Chapter 6a- Byzantine EmpireChapter 6a- Byzantine Empire
Chapter 6a- Byzantine Empirecmonafu
 
1311 Rome, Byzantine Empire, Early Christianity
1311 Rome, Byzantine Empire, Early Christianity1311 Rome, Byzantine Empire, Early Christianity
1311 Rome, Byzantine Empire, Early ChristianityDrew Burks
 
Roman empireroberts2012
Roman empireroberts2012Roman empireroberts2012
Roman empireroberts2012mroberts646
 
Ap Byzantine Empire[1]
Ap Byzantine Empire[1]Ap Byzantine Empire[1]
Ap Byzantine Empire[1]Greg Sill
 
The byzantine empire
The byzantine empireThe byzantine empire
The byzantine empireColleen Skadl
 
L 22- 23 greek architecture - introduction 14th march
L  22- 23 greek  architecture - introduction 14th marchL  22- 23 greek  architecture - introduction 14th march
L 22- 23 greek architecture - introduction 14th marchgoldi arora
 
Week 10 (The Late Roman Empire)
Week 10 (The Late Roman Empire)Week 10 (The Late Roman Empire)
Week 10 (The Late Roman Empire)Steve Santelli
 
World History Ch. 12 Section 1 Notes
World History Ch. 12 Section 1 NotesWorld History Ch. 12 Section 1 Notes
World History Ch. 12 Section 1 Notesskorbar7
 

Ähnlich wie Hoa1 lecture 6 early christian architecture (20)

hoa1lecture6earlychristianarchitecture-130116180052-phpapp02.pdf
hoa1lecture6earlychristianarchitecture-130116180052-phpapp02.pdfhoa1lecture6earlychristianarchitecture-130116180052-phpapp02.pdf
hoa1lecture6earlychristianarchitecture-130116180052-phpapp02.pdf
 
Module 1- Early Christian Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Archi...
Module 1- Early Christian  Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Archi...Module 1- Early Christian  Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Archi...
Module 1- Early Christian Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Archi...
 
History of architecture i (class6).pptx
History of architecture i (class6).pptxHistory of architecture i (class6).pptx
History of architecture i (class6).pptx
 
Byzantine Empire Notes
Byzantine Empire NotesByzantine Empire Notes
Byzantine Empire Notes
 
The byzantine world__russia
The byzantine world__russiaThe byzantine world__russia
The byzantine world__russia
 
The byzantine world__russia
The byzantine world__russiaThe byzantine world__russia
The byzantine world__russia
 
Hoa chronology
Hoa chronologyHoa chronology
Hoa chronology
 
The Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire
 
Byzantium ppt nov 2013
Byzantium ppt   nov 2013Byzantium ppt   nov 2013
Byzantium ppt nov 2013
 
Chapter 6a- Byzantine Empire
Chapter 6a- Byzantine EmpireChapter 6a- Byzantine Empire
Chapter 6a- Byzantine Empire
 
Earlychristianandbyzantine
EarlychristianandbyzantineEarlychristianandbyzantine
Earlychristianandbyzantine
 
1311 Rome, Byzantine Empire, Early Christianity
1311 Rome, Byzantine Empire, Early Christianity1311 Rome, Byzantine Empire, Early Christianity
1311 Rome, Byzantine Empire, Early Christianity
 
Roman empireroberts2012
Roman empireroberts2012Roman empireroberts2012
Roman empireroberts2012
 
Ap Byzantine Empire[1]
Ap Byzantine Empire[1]Ap Byzantine Empire[1]
Ap Byzantine Empire[1]
 
The byzantine empire
The byzantine empireThe byzantine empire
The byzantine empire
 
L 22- 23 greek architecture - introduction 14th march
L  22- 23 greek  architecture - introduction 14th marchL  22- 23 greek  architecture - introduction 14th march
L 22- 23 greek architecture - introduction 14th march
 
Week 10 (The Late Roman Empire)
Week 10 (The Late Roman Empire)Week 10 (The Late Roman Empire)
Week 10 (The Late Roman Empire)
 
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek
 
World History Ch. 12 Section 1 Notes
World History Ch. 12 Section 1 NotesWorld History Ch. 12 Section 1 Notes
World History Ch. 12 Section 1 Notes
 
Jerusalem
JerusalemJerusalem
Jerusalem
 

Mehr von Carla Faner

INSOCIO Midterm Project Submission
INSOCIO Midterm Project SubmissionINSOCIO Midterm Project Submission
INSOCIO Midterm Project SubmissionCarla Faner
 
BLDTEC3 Wall Covering Materials
BLDTEC3 Wall Covering MaterialsBLDTEC3 Wall Covering Materials
BLDTEC3 Wall Covering MaterialsCarla Faner
 
PSURVEY Leveling
PSURVEY LevelingPSURVEY Leveling
PSURVEY LevelingCarla Faner
 
PLANIN1 Oradour Sur-Glane & Copehill Down
PLANIN1 Oradour Sur-Glane & Copehill DownPLANIN1 Oradour Sur-Glane & Copehill Down
PLANIN1 Oradour Sur-Glane & Copehill DownCarla Faner
 
JOSERIZ Rizal's birth & childhood
JOSERIZ Rizal's birth & childhoodJOSERIZ Rizal's birth & childhood
JOSERIZ Rizal's birth & childhoodCarla Faner
 
JOSERIZ Discovery in Binan
JOSERIZ Discovery in BinanJOSERIZ Discovery in Binan
JOSERIZ Discovery in BinanCarla Faner
 
NATSCA Final Presentation by Carla Faner
NATSCA Final Presentation by Carla FanerNATSCA Final Presentation by Carla Faner
NATSCA Final Presentation by Carla FanerCarla Faner
 
Same Sex Marriage Issue
Same Sex Marriage IssueSame Sex Marriage Issue
Same Sex Marriage IssueCarla Faner
 
Boracay Brochure
Boracay BrochureBoracay Brochure
Boracay BrochureCarla Faner
 
Early Italian Renaissance
Early Italian RenaissanceEarly Italian Renaissance
Early Italian RenaissanceCarla Faner
 
Chapter 7: The Phenomenon of Man
Chapter 7: The Phenomenon of ManChapter 7: The Phenomenon of Man
Chapter 7: The Phenomenon of ManCarla Faner
 
Chapter 3: Philosophizing & Insights
Chapter 3: Philosophizing & InsightsChapter 3: Philosophizing & Insights
Chapter 3: Philosophizing & InsightsCarla Faner
 
Chapter 2: Why Philosophy?
Chapter 2: Why Philosophy?Chapter 2: Why Philosophy?
Chapter 2: Why Philosophy?Carla Faner
 
Chapter 1: Philosophy
Chapter 1: PhilosophyChapter 1: Philosophy
Chapter 1: PhilosophyCarla Faner
 
Rules and guidelines on debate competition
Rules and guidelines on debate competitionRules and guidelines on debate competition
Rules and guidelines on debate competitionCarla Faner
 
Post Modern Architecture
Post Modern ArchitecturePost Modern Architecture
Post Modern ArchitectureCarla Faner
 

Mehr von Carla Faner (20)

INSOCIO Midterm Project Submission
INSOCIO Midterm Project SubmissionINSOCIO Midterm Project Submission
INSOCIO Midterm Project Submission
 
BLDTEC3 Wall Covering Materials
BLDTEC3 Wall Covering MaterialsBLDTEC3 Wall Covering Materials
BLDTEC3 Wall Covering Materials
 
PSURVEY Leveling
PSURVEY LevelingPSURVEY Leveling
PSURVEY Leveling
 
PLANIN1 Lot
PLANIN1 Lot PLANIN1 Lot
PLANIN1 Lot
 
PLANIN1 Oradour Sur-Glane & Copehill Down
PLANIN1 Oradour Sur-Glane & Copehill DownPLANIN1 Oradour Sur-Glane & Copehill Down
PLANIN1 Oradour Sur-Glane & Copehill Down
 
JOSERIZ Rizal's birth & childhood
JOSERIZ Rizal's birth & childhoodJOSERIZ Rizal's birth & childhood
JOSERIZ Rizal's birth & childhood
 
JOSERIZ Discovery in Binan
JOSERIZ Discovery in BinanJOSERIZ Discovery in Binan
JOSERIZ Discovery in Binan
 
NATSCA Final Presentation by Carla Faner
NATSCA Final Presentation by Carla FanerNATSCA Final Presentation by Carla Faner
NATSCA Final Presentation by Carla Faner
 
Same Sex Marriage Issue
Same Sex Marriage IssueSame Sex Marriage Issue
Same Sex Marriage Issue
 
Boracay Brochure
Boracay BrochureBoracay Brochure
Boracay Brochure
 
Palladianism
PalladianismPalladianism
Palladianism
 
Early Italian Renaissance
Early Italian RenaissanceEarly Italian Renaissance
Early Italian Renaissance
 
Chapter 7: The Phenomenon of Man
Chapter 7: The Phenomenon of ManChapter 7: The Phenomenon of Man
Chapter 7: The Phenomenon of Man
 
Chapter 3: Philosophizing & Insights
Chapter 3: Philosophizing & InsightsChapter 3: Philosophizing & Insights
Chapter 3: Philosophizing & Insights
 
Chapter 2: Why Philosophy?
Chapter 2: Why Philosophy?Chapter 2: Why Philosophy?
Chapter 2: Why Philosophy?
 
Chapter 1: Philosophy
Chapter 1: PhilosophyChapter 1: Philosophy
Chapter 1: Philosophy
 
Rules and guidelines on debate competition
Rules and guidelines on debate competitionRules and guidelines on debate competition
Rules and guidelines on debate competition
 
Wood
Wood Wood
Wood
 
Plumbing
PlumbingPlumbing
Plumbing
 
Post Modern Architecture
Post Modern ArchitecturePost Modern Architecture
Post Modern Architecture
 

Hoa1 lecture 6 early christian architecture

  • 1. History of Architecture 1 BS Architecture 1st Term AY 2012-2013
  • 3. Geographical  Geological  Climatic  Religious  Socio-Cultural  Historical Discussion Points  Architectural Character  Building Materials and Construction systems  Comparative Analysis Plans Ornaments Openings / Entrances Structural Elements
  • 5. Beginning of Prehistory 35,000 BC • Construction of Stonehenge 2900 – 1400 BC • Egyptian Old Kingdom 2649 – 2134 BC • Const. of Pyramids at Giza 2550 – 2460 BC • Egyptian Middle Kingdom 2040 – 1640 BC • Egyptian New Kingdom 1550 – 1070 BC
  • 6. Minoan Civilization 2800 – 1400 BC • Mycenaean Civilization 1600 – 1100 BC • Trojan War 1250 BC • Iliad and Odyssey 8th century BC Assume Final Form • Archaic Greek Period 700 – 500 BC • Classical Greek Period 497 – 323 BC • Construction of Parthenon 458 BC • Life of Plato 427 – 347 BC • Conquest of Alexander the Great 333 – 323 BC
  • 7. Height of Power of the Etruscan Civilization 550 BC • The Roman Republic 509 - 27 BC • Dictatorship of Julius Caesar 46 - 44 BC • Reign of Caesar Augustus and Beginning of the Roman Empire 27 - 14 BC • Vitruvius wrote De Architectura ca. 27 BC • Reign of Nero 54 - 68 AD • Reign of Vespasian 69 - 79 AD • Construction of Colloseum Completed 80 AD • Reign of Domitian, Trajan, and Hadrian 81- 138 AD • Construction of Pantheon ca.125 AD • Reign of Septimus Severus 193 - 211 AD • Reign of Diocletian 284 - 305 AD • Reign of Constantine 310 - 337 AD
  • 8. Reign of Caesar Augustus and Beginning of the Roman Empire 27 - 14 BC • Life of Jesus ca. 33 BC – 1 AD • Reign of Constantine 310 - 337 AD • Constantine legalizes Christianity 310 - 337 AD • Construction of Old St. Peter’s 318 - 22 AD • Founding of Constantinople 324 AD • End of Roman Empire in the West 476 AD • Reign of Emperor Justinian 527 - 565 AD • Construction of Hagia Sophia 532 - 537 AD • Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman 1453 AD
  • 9. I. Geographical. • Christianity had its birth in Judaea, an eastern province of the Roman Empire, spread and carried by St. Peter, St. Paul, and other missionaries to Rome, as the centre of the World-Empire. • In spite of opposition and persecution, the new religion took root and grew, till it was strong enough to become the recognized universal religion of the whole Roman Empire. • Early Christian architecture at Rome was influenced by, and was the logical outcome of; • Existing Roman architecture • modified in other parts of the Empire according to the type already recognized as suitable for the geographical situation of those countries, such as Syria, Asia Minor, North Africa, and Egypt.
  • 10. II. Geological. • Geological influences may be said to have acted indirectly on Early Christian architecture for the ruins of Roman buildings often provided the quarry where materials were obtained. • This influenced the style, both as regards construction and decoration. • Columns and other architectural features, as well as fine sculptures and mosaics from older buildings, were incorporated into basilican churches of the new faith.
  • 11. III. Climatic • North Italy has the climate of the temperate region of Europe • Central Italy is genial and sunny • Southern Italy is almost tropical. • This variety of climatic conditions is sufficient to account for diversity of architectural features and treatment in the peninsula itself. • The climatic conditions in Roman provinces as Egypt, Syria, and North Africa where Christianity was established were varied, and naturally modified the style in those countries where the fiercer sun and hotter climate necessitated small windows and other Eastern features.
  • 12. IV. Religious • In all human history there is no record so striking as that of the rise of Christianity a phenomenon so outstanding as the rapidity with which it was diffused throughout the civilized world, and, not only in this period but also in all subsequent ages. • Christianity has inspired the building of some of the greatest architectural monuments. • The number of Christian communities established by the Apostle Paul in his missionary journeys round the Eastern Mediterranean, in Syria, Africa, Greece, and Italy, might lead us to expect many more ruins of Early Christian basilican churches throughout these districts.
  • 13. IV. Religious • In this connection, however, it must be remembered that the God preached by S. Paul was " not like unto gold or silver or stone graven by art and device of man," nor a God that dwelled " in temples made with hands " like those of the old Greeks and Romans which were built to shelter the statues of the gods. • Purpose of the Christian church was to shelter worshippers who met for prayer and praise to an unseen Deity, and, during the unsettled conditions at the beginning of Christianity, various places were adapted for this worship. • Building of pagan temples ceased before any attempt was made to build Christian churches. • • In A.D. 313 Constantine issued his celebrated decree from Milan, giving Christianity equal rights with other religions. • in A.D. 323 he himself professed Christianity, which became the official religion of the Roman Empire, and the Christians then began to build churches of a type suit- able to their needs and ritual.
  • 14. V. Social • Constantine changed the capital of the Empire from Rome to Byzantium in A.D. 324, when the old Roman political system came to an end, and reigned as an absolute monarch till his death in A.D. 337. • Christianity suffered disabilities upon the division of the Roman Empire, which first took place in A.D. 365 when Valentinian became Emperor of the West and his brother Valens of the East. • Theodosius the Great (A.D. 379-395) reunited, for a time, the Eastern and Western Empires, and in A.D. 438 Theodosius II published his legal code, an important work on the constitutions of the Emperors from the time of Constantine. • The series of Emperors in the West came to an end in A.D. 475, and the Eastern and Western Empires were nominally reunited by Zeno, who reigned at Constantinople.
  • 15. V. Social • Then again the seat of power was changed, and Theodoric the Goth reigned in Italy (A.D. 493–526) during a period of peace and prosperity • Byzantine art influenced Early Christian art by way of Ravenna, which rivaled Rome in importance and was the capital of the Gothic Dynasty A.D. 493–552 with the exception of a short period when it was subdued by Justinian (A.D. 537) • Kings were now elected for the separate states of Spain, Gaul, Northern Africa, and Italy, where King Odoacer recognized the supremacy of the one Roman Emperor at Constantinople. • Emancipation of Western Europe from direct Imperial control resulted in the development of Romano-Teutonic civilization, it facilitated the growth of new states and nationalities, gave a fresh impulse to Christianity, and eventually strengthened the power of the Bishops of Rome.
  • 16. VI. Historical • The Early Christian period is generally taken as lasting from Constantine to the death of Gregory the Great (A.D. 604), although in Rome and many Italian cities it continued up to the tenth century. • Huns incursions into Germany about A.D. 376 eventually brought about invasions from the north into Italy, and in A.D. 410 Rome itself was sacked by the Goths under Alaric. • Spread of the new religion was arrested during this period of change and upheaval, till A.D. 451, the defeat of Attila, King of the Huns, at the battle of Chalons aided in the consolidation of Christianity in Europe.
  • 17. VI. Historical • In A.D. 568 the Lombards penetrated into Italy and held the northern part for 200 years. In A.D. 800 Charlemagne was crowned by the Pope in Rome, and from this date the Empire was styled the Holy Roman Empire, a title retained till A.D. 1800. • Under Pope Gregory the Great (A.D. 590–604) Early Christian architecture, the latest phase of Roman art, gradually fell into disuse, and for the next two centuries architectural development was practically at a standstill in Europe • Even though the influence of Byzantium asserted itself, old Roman traditions were in abeyance till the time when Romanesque architecture gradually evolved. 
  • 18. Early Christian Architecture - Introduction • Early Christian architecture may be taken to have lasted from about 300 to 600 AD. • The Early Christians, as Roman craftsmen, continued old Roman traditions • Utilized as far as possible the materials from Roman temples which had become useless for their original purpose for their new buildings. • Their churches, modeled on Roman basilicas, used old columns which by various devices were brought to a uniform height. • Early Christian buildings hardly have the architectural value of a style produced by the solution of constructive problems.
  • 20. Early Christian Architecture - Introduction • Basilican churches had either closely spaced columns carrying the entablature, or more widely spaced columns carrying semicircular arches. • The basilican church with three or five aisles, covered by a simple timber roof, is typical of the Early Christian style as opposed to the vaulted Byzantine church with its central circular dome placed over a square by means of pendentives and surrounded by smaller domes. • It s long perspective of oft-repeated columns which carry the eye along to the sanctuary ; a treatment which, combined with the comparatively low height of interiors, makes these churches appear longer than they really are, as is seen in S. Paolo fuori le Mura, and S. Maria Maggiore.
  • 22. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE (300 AD – 600 AD) • DIVIDED IN 2 PARTS 1. The Eastern Empire 2. The Western Empire • CHARACTERISTIC OF EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE 1. Simplicity in Design and Treatment 2. Coarseness in Execution Early Christian Architecture is Transitional Architecture Influenced by Roman Architecture and with no own structure • SYSTEM OF CONSTRUCTION Trabeated and Arcuated • BUILDING MATERIALS Salvaged materials from Pagan Temples
  • 23. PRINCIPAL BUILDING/STRUCTURE • CHURCHES Basilicas or Roman halls of justice probably served the Early Christians as models for their churches, connecting link between buildings of pagan Classic times and those of the Romanesque period which followed. Basilica (Gk. basilikos = kingly), was applied to a Christian church as early as the 4th century, was a peculiarly appropriate designation for buildings dedicated to the service of the King of Kings PLANS USED BY EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCHES 1. LONGITUDINAL One axis referring to Basilican Type 2. CENTRAL – Two axes referring to square plan added before the church proper.
  • 24. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE (300 AD – 600 AD)
  • 27. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE (300 AD – 600 AD) • Two types of Trusses Introduced 1. King Post Trusses 2. Queen Post Trusses
  • 28. CHARACTERISTIC STRUCTURES PLANS USED BY EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCHES 1. PLAN
  • 29. BASILICA: Typical plan. Types of Apse A, D, apse 1. Semi-circular (Italian) B, B’, secondary apse; 2. Polygonal (German) C, high altar; 3. Square (English) G, transept; 4. Compound (French) H, nave; J, J’, aisles BASILICA: Typical Section
  • 30. CHARACTERISTIC STRUCTURES PLANS USED BY EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCHES Types of Apse 1. Semi-circular (Italian) 2. Polygonal (German) 3. Square (English) 4. Compound (French) 1. Section
  • 36. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS A. Plans • The Early Christians followed the basilican model for their new churches. • May also have used old Roman halls, baths, dwelling-houses, and even pagan temples as places of worship. B. Walls • These were still constructed according to Roman methods of using rubble or concrete, faced with plaster, brick, or stone. • Mosaic decoration was added internally, and sometimes also externally on west facades. • Little regard was paid to external architectural effect. C. Openings • Arcades, doors, and windows were either spanned by a semicircular arch • Which in nave arcades, often rested directly on the capitals without any entablatures, or were spanned by a lintel..
  • 37. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS D. Roofs • Timber roofs covered the central nave, and only simple forms of construction, such as king and queen post trusses, were employed. • The narrower side aisles were occasionally vaulted and the • Apse was usually domed and lined with beautiful glass mosaics, which formed a fitting background to the sanctuary . E. Columns • Differ both in design and size, often taken from earlier Roman buildings. It was natural that early Christian builders should use materials and ornament of the pagan Romans. • Used Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, or Composite from ancient Roman buildings, except those in S. Paolo fuori le Mura. • The carved capitals are governed by Roman pagan precedent and sometimes by that of Byzantine, and in both the acanthus leaf forms an important part.
  • 38. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS F. Moldings • Coarse variations of old Roman types, and the carving, though rich in general effect, is crude ; for the technique of the craftsman had gradually declined. • Enrichments were incised on moldings in low relief, and the acanthus ornament, although still copied from the antique, became more conventional in form. G. Ornament • The introduction of color gave richness and glimmering mystery to interiors. • The mosaics which was the principal form of interior ornament, lined the domed apses generally represented Christ surrounded by apostles and saints with all those symbolic emblems. Usually made of glass • Fresco painting usually in figure forms
  • 39. Plan of San Clemente, Rome (A.D. 1084-1108)
  • 40. San Clemente, Rome (A.D. 1084-1108)
  • 41. San Clemente, Rome (A.D. 1084-1108) rebuilt over an earlier church, retains the original internal arrangement as well as fittings of the fifth century and shows the suitability of the basilican plan for Christian ritual and for sheltering a number of worshippers .
  • 42. Basilican Church of St. Peter, Rome (A.D. 330) Erected by Constantine near the site of the martyrdom of St. Peter
  • 43. Basilica of St Peter Built by Constantine the Great
  • 44. Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome (A.D. 432) Built by Pope Sixtus III and is the only church of which there is evidence that it was originally a pagan basilica, and it is one of the most typical of basilican churches .
  • 45. Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem Erected by Constantine over the reputed tomb of Christ
  • 46. The Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem (A.D. 330) Founded by Constantine over the traditional birthplace of Christ.
  • 47. Church of St. Paul Outside the Wall (A.D. 380) Was destroyed in A.D. 1823, but was rebuilt on the original design, and is the largest and most impressive of all basilican churches.
  • 48. Church of St. Paul Outside the Wall Largest and most impressive example of Early Christian Architecture
  • 49. BAPTISTERIES – Early Christian baptisteries were originally used only for the sacrament of baptism, and for this rite Roman circular temples and tombs supplied a most suitable type of building. Example – Baptistery of Constantine, Rome ( A.D. 430-440) Among the oldest Italian Baptisteries, of which was probably the model. Example – The Baptistery, Nocera (A.D. 350) Baptistery Plans
  • 50. OTHER STRUCTURES 1. BELFRY – Attached bell tower 2. CAMPANILLE – Detached bell tower Example - Leaning Tower of Pisa 3. TOMBS - Early Christian burial up to the end of the fourth century of the Christian era took place in the Catacombs outside Rome ; for burial within the city was prohibited by law. These tombs, cut in the tuf a formation, followed the old Roman type, except that, as the Christian church did not then allow cremation, " loculi " or wall recesses were formed to receive the bodies. Examples - St. Constanza, Rome (A.D. 330) erected by Constantine for his daughter, but later converted into a church in A.D. 1256. -The Tomb of Galla Placidia, Ravenna (A.D. 420) , appears to be the earliest building which is cruciform in plan.