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Gene expression and IVUS
1.
Original Article A peripheral
blood gene expression score is associated with plaque volume and phenotype by intravascular ultrasound with radiofrequency backscatter analysis: results from the ATLANTA study Parag H. Joshi1, Sarah Rinehart1, Gustavo Vazquez1, Zhen Qian1, Abhinav Sharma1, Hunt Anderson1, Laura Murrieta1, Nancy Flockhart1, Dimitri Karmpaliotis1, Anna Kalynych1, Bela Asztalos2, Michael R. Elashoff3, John Blanchard3, Steven Rosenberg3, Charles Brown III1, Szilard Voros4 1 Piedmont Heart Institute, Atlanta, GA 30309, USA; 2Boston Heart Diagnostics, Framingham, MA 01702, USA; 3CardioDx, Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; 4Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY. Work was performed while at Piedmont Heart Institute, USA Corresponding to: Sarah Rinehart, MD, FACC, FSCCT. Piedmont Heart Institute, 1968 Peachtree Road, NW, 95 Building, Atlanta, GA 30309, USA. Email: sarah.rinehart@piedmont.org. Background: A composite, peripheral gene expression score based on quantitative RNA-measurements has been validated for detecting stenosis against invasive coronary X-ray angiography. IVUS/VH has been validated for quantitative measurements of coronary plaque volume and composition and has been shown to be predictive of outcomes and treatment effects. The correlation between peripheral gene expression and coronary plaque composition by intravascular ultrasound with radiofrequency backscatter (IVUS/VH) is unknown. Methods: Peripheral blood gene expression score (GES) was prospectively measured in 18 patients undergoing IVUS/VH. Plaque volume and composition [fibrous tissue (FI), fibro-fatty tissue (FF), necrotic core (NC) and dense calcium (DC)] were quantified in 3 dimensions in all plaques within the entire pullback. The relationship to GES was assessed by Spearman rank correlation. Results: Mean age was 61.1±8.6 years; 67% were male. 1,158 mm of coronary anatomy was imaged by IVUS/VH. Using a validated scale of 1-40, mean GES was 21.6±9.4. GES was associated with plaque volume (R2=0.55; P=0.018), NC volume (R2=0.56; P=0.015), DC volume (R2=0.60; P=0.007), and non-calcified plaque volume (R2=0.50; P=0.036) by Spearman rank correlation. Conclusions: In this preliminary report, increased GES was associated with higher plaque volume and a more vulnerable plaque phenotype as evidenced by NC and DC. This composite GES is not only associated with obstructive coronary disease, but also with higher plaque volume and vulnerable phenotype. Key Words: Gene expression; intravascular ultrasound; necrotic core; plaque volume; vulnerable plaque Submitted Dec 21, 2012. Accepted for publication Jan 22, 2013. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2013.01.02 Scan to your mobile device or view this article at: http://www.thecdt.org/article/view/1437/2255 Introduction factors, resulting in a large number of intermediate Atherosclerosis is the result of complex interactions between phenotypes that ultimately lead to the development of genetic susceptibility and the environment. Genetic atherosclerosis. Such intermediate phenotypes include susceptibility is transcribed into a dynamic pattern of RNA vascular permeability, vascular adhesion, vascular reactivity, gene expression under the influence of environmental blood pressure, lipoprotein levels and innate and adaptive © Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy. All rights reserved. www.thecdt.org Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2013;3(1):5-14
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Joshi et al. Gene expression and IVUS/VH immunity. Traditional clinical evaluation is based on the a prospective, single-center, investigator-initiated study assessment of risk factors based on such intermediate approved by the Institutional Review Board of Piedmont phenotypes including blood pressure, cholesterol, high- Healthcare. All participants provided informed consent density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and diabetes according to institutional protocols. The overall study combined into global risk assessment scores, such as the design of phase I has been published previously (11); Framingham Risk Score (FRS) (1,2). More recently, several here we report combined results from a gene-expression extensive, genome-wide association studies attempted sub-study of Phase I and Phase II (ClinicalTrials.gov to identify variants in the human genome that carry NCT00817102). Briefly, the study enrolled symptomatic susceptibility for the development of coronary artery disease males and females between ages 18 and 90 presenting with (CAD) and cardiovascular events (3-6). stable angina symptoms with at least one coronary arterial Interestingly, less is known about the relationship plaque with percent diameter stenosis of 40-99%. Each between gene expression patterns in circulating blood cells patient underwent invasive X-ray angiography, IVUS/VH, and coronary atherosclerosis. We recently published the fractional flow reserve (FFR) measurements, and coronary first validation of a composite gene expression score for the computed tomography angiography. The study lesion was diagnosis of obstructive CAD, defined as 50% or greater identified for each patient based on identifiable standard percent diameter stenosis based on invasive coronary anatomical landmarks (i.e. septal, diagonal, obtuse marginal X-ray angiography from a different, larger population branches) amongst all imaging modalities in order to (N=526) (7). In this study we found that a composite gene facilitate co-registration. Blood was collected and batched expression score based on age, sex and 23 gene expression for core laboratory measurements of biomarkers. Since the values derived from an independent development cohort, gene expression algorithm was developed and validated only was associated with the severity of angiographic CAD in non-diabetic subjects, we excluded diabetic patients from and provided incremental diagnostic value beyond the the current analysis. Diamond-Forrester classification system. However, while that study assessed the relationship between obstructive Lipoprotein and biomarker measurements CAD and peripheral gene expression, it did not directly evaluate the relationship to atherosclerotic plaque volume All patients underwent fasting lipid profile measurements and composition. including total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL Intravascular ultrasound with radiofrequency cholesterol, and triglycerides using standard enzymatic backscatter analysis (IVUS/VH) has been validated for methods. Additionally, all patients had high sensitivity quantitative measurements of coronary plaque volume and C-reactive protein (hsCRP) measurements based on the composition and has been shown to predict outcomes and highly sensitive Near Infrared Particle Immunoassay treatment effects (8-10). Therefore, the objective of the r a t e m e t h o d o l o g y ( B e c k m a n - C o u l t e r, B r e a , C A ) . present study was to assess the relationship between this Finally, all patients underwent lipoprotein-associated previously validated GES and coronary plaque volume and phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) testing using enzyme- composition by IVUS/VH. We hypothesized that a higher linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) through a commercial laboratory (Boston Heart Lab; Boston, MA). GES would be associated with greater plaque volume and All measurements were done at one time-point in one more advanced, more vulnerable plaque phenotype as laboratory to maintain consistency. assessed by IVUS/VH. Evaluation of peripheral blood gene expression Methods We utilized a previously validated, commercially available, General study design composite peripheral blood gene expression score for the The ATLANTA study program (Assessment of Tissue assessment of CAD (Corus® CAD; CardioDx, Inc; Palo characteristics, Lesion morphology and hemodynamics Alto, CA) (7,12). This score is based on patient age, sex, and by Angiography with fractional flow reserve, intravascular expression levels of 23 genes that have been associated with ultrasound and virtual histology and Non-invasive obstructive CAD, and yields a score of 1-40, with higher computed Tomography in Atherosclerotic plaques) was scores associated with higher likelihood of obstructive CAD. © Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy. All rights reserved. www.thecdt.org Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2013;3(1):5-14
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Therapy, Vol 3, No 1 March 2013 7 A B E C D Figure 1 Plaque composition by intravascular ultrasound with radiofrequency backscatter analysis (IVUS/VH). Grayscale IVUS dataset in longitudinal (A) and cross-sectional views (B) and corresponding IVUS/VH datasets (C,D) are shown; Percent contribution of each IVUS/ VH plaque component in current study population (E), presented as mean ± standard deviation (n=18 subjects) Blood collection, RNA purification and RT-PCR lamina was performed in each frame. Based on a previously validated algorithm (8), the software classified each pixel as Whole blood samples were collected in PAXgene® tubes dense calcium (DC; white), fibrous tissue (FI; green), fibro- prior to coronary angiography and IVUS/VH, and fatty tissue (FF; light green) or necrotic core (NC; red) frozen at –20 ℃. RNA purification was performed with treated according to the manufacturer’s instructions, then (Figure 1A-D). Total volume and percentage of each of the four components was measured in the entire pullback. an automated method based on the Agencourt RNAdvance system (7,12). All PCR reactions were run in triplicate and median values were used for score calculation as described (7). Quantitative analysis We measured geometrical and compositional variables in IVUS-VH image acquisition each distinct plaque within the region of the entire IVUS/ VH pullback. As seen in Figure 2, the starting point of After intracoronary injection of nitroglycerin (median total a plaque was defined as the site where plaque burden dose per case: 200 mcg; Interquartile range, 200-400 mcg) exceeded 40% in three consecutive frames and termination and after placing a guiding catheter in the target coronary point was defined as the site where plaque burden fell artery, a 3.2 F, 20 MHz ultrasound catheter (Eagle Eye; below 40% in three consecutive frames. This definition Volcano Inc; Rancho Cordova, CA) was inserted and was of IVUS/VH plaque was based on current, international advanced at least 2 cm beyond the most distal portion of recommendations for IVUS/VH measurements and it the target lesion. Automated pullback was performed at a was similar to the large, prospective PROSPECT study rate of 0.5 mm/sec (R-100; Volcano Inc; Rancho Cordova, (10,13). Geometrical variables included minimal lumen CA). The electrocardiographic signal was simultaneously diameter (MLD), percent diameter stenosis (%DS), recorded for the reconstruction of the radiofrequency minimal lumen area (MLA) and percent area stenosis (%AS). backscatter information using In-Vision Gold (Volcano Inc; %DS and %AS were calculated based on a proximal and Rancho Cordova, CA). distal reference segment to correct for vessel tapering. Absolute total plaque volume was measured in each plaque, as well as the volume and percent of each of the four IVUS/VH image analysis plaque components. Plaque burden was also calculated in De-identified IVUS/VH datasets were analyzed by an 3 dimensions at each frame across the entire length of the experienced cardiologist (GV) using dedicated software plaque rather than only at the point of maximal stenosis. (pcVH 3.0.394, Volcano Inc, Rancho Cordova, CA) on a Plaque burden was calculated as the difference between dedicated workstation using Simpson’s rule. Semi-automatic the vessel volume and the luminal volume expressed as a contouring of the luminal boundary and the external elastic percentage of the vessel volume (Figure 3). © Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy. All rights reserved. www.thecdt.org Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2013;3(1):5-14
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Joshi et al. Gene expression and IVUS/VH Figure 2 Schematic of segment selection of plaque burden ≥40% for quantitative analysis of intravascular ultrasound with radiofrequency backscatter analysis (IVUS/VH) dataset. The entire vessel pullback from the IVUS/VH dataset was analyzed frame-by-frame in each subject and the minimal lumen area (MLA) frame was selected. The study segment extended proximally and distally from the MLA frame until reaching 3 consecutive frames containing less than 40% plaque burden in each direction Figure 3 3-Dimensional calculation of plaque burden for study segment. The total vessel and lumen volumes for the study segment were measured. Plaque burden was calculated as the difference between the total vessel and lumen volumes, expressed as a percentage of the total vessel volume Ethical standards biomarkers, gene expression score and plaque variables was determined using Spearman rank correlation and an The experiments described in the study comply with the associated exact P-value. A P-value ≤0.05 was considered current laws of the United States and were approved by the Institutional Review Board of Piedmont Healthcare as statistically significant. Due to the limited sample size, only described. The procedures followed were in accordance correlations with gene expression score were analyzed to with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on help reduce multiple testing limitations and false discovery. human experimentation (institutional and national) and To account for multiple comparisons, a permutation with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000. test was used to estimate the likelihood of the observed results under the null hypothesis. Statistical analyses were conducted independently at the Piedmont Heart Institute in Statistical analysis Atlanta, GA by the investigators and also by a biostatistician Associations between lipoprotein measurements, at CardioDx, Inc. The investigators at the Piedmont Heart © Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy. All rights reserved. www.thecdt.org Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2013;3(1):5-14
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Therapy, Vol 3, No 1 March 2013 9 Table 1 Clinical characteristics, lipoproteins, biomarkers, gene Table 2 Plaque geometrical and compositional variables based expression score and angiography results in all patients expressed on intravascular ultrasound with radiofrequency backscatter as mean ± standard deviation or median and interquartile range, analysis (IVUS/VH) expressed as mean ± standard deviation as appropriate IVUS/VH variables Results Characteristics Results Mean coronary artery length analyzed 64.4±10.9 mm Age (years) 61.1±8.6 Plaque burden % 56.4±6.1% Gender (% male) 67% Total plaque volume (mm ) 3 211±185.2 % on lipid-lowering medications 88.9% Fibrous tissue volume (mm3) 98.1±84.5 % on aspirin therapy 88.9% Fibro-fatty tissue volume (mm3) 21.1±17 % with hypertension 83.3% Necrotic core volume (mm3) 57.4±58.2 Total cholesterol (mg/dL) 154.2±53.5 Dense calcium volume (mm ) 3 34.7±37.7 LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)† 75.4±21.3 Minimal lumen diameter (mm) 1.8±0.3 HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)‡ 45.8±19 % diameter stenosis 47.1±12.5% Triglycerides (mg/dL) 101.9 (67.2-165) Minimal lumen area (mm ) 2 3.2±1.2 hsCRP (mg/dL)§ 0.9 (0.4-2.3) % area stenosis 69.4±15.6% Lp-PLA2 (ng/mL)¶ 148.2±44.5 Gene expression score 21.6±9.4 % luminal stenosis 58±16% Table 3 Coefficients of determination obtained by Spearman rank test analysis of gene expression score as a predictor of Fractional flow reserve 0.88±0.1 † plaque geometrical and compositional response variables based Low-density lipoprotein; ‡High-density lipoprotein; §high on intravascular ultrasound with radiofrequency backscatter sensitivity C-reactive protein; ¶Lipoprotein-associated phos- pholipase A2 analysis (IVUS/VH). Adjusting for multiple hypotheses (using a Bonferroni correction multiplier of 6) shows the P-values are at best weakly significant Institute were responsible for data analysis, interpretation Gene expression score IVUS/VH variable and the writing of the manuscript. r2 P-value Plaque volume 0.55 0.018 Results Non-calcified volume 0.50 0.036 Fibrous tissue volume 0.34 0.16 General patient characteristics Fibro-fatty-tissue volume 0.04 0.88 From the ATLANTA study cohort, 18 patients had Necrotic core volume 0.56 0.015 simultaneous gene expression score and interpretable IVUS/ Dense calcium volume 0.60 0.007 VH data available constituting the study population for the present analysis. Mean age was 61.1±8.6 years; 67% were male. Clinical characteristics, lipids, biomarkers, and angiography was 21.6±9.4; with a range of 5-34. Of the 18 patients, 5 results of the patients are shown in Table 1. Angiographically, patients had a low score (<15). average luminal diameter stenosis was 58±16%; range 33% to 80%. T patients had non-obstructive CAD (<70% diameter en IVUS/VH characteristics of patients stenosis) and 8 had obstructive CAD (≥70% diameter stenosis). Mean FFR of the study lesions was 0.88±0.1; 3 patients had We assessed a total of 1,158 mm of coronary anatomy FFR<0.75. Medication usage included high rates of statin by IVUS/VH (mean 64.4±10.9 mm per patient). Plaque therapy (89%) and antiplatelet therapy (94%). geometrical and compositional variables based on IVUS/ VH are shown in Table 2 and Figure 1E. Of the 18 vessels interrogated by IVUS/VH, 15 had MLA <4 mm2. Although Gene expression data angiographically there were 8 study lesions of ≥70% Average GES (Table 1) on a previously validated scale of 1-40 stenosis, by IVUS/VH none had %DS >70%. © Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy. All rights reserved. www.thecdt.org Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2013;3(1):5-14
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Joshi et al. Gene expression and IVUS/VH A B C R2=0.55 P=0.018 R2=0.56 P=0.015 R2=0.60 P=0.007 Figure 4 Correlation between gene expression score and intravascular ultrasound with radiofrequency backscatter analysis (IVUS/VH) plaque volumes. IVUS/VH datasets with low plaque volumes [fibrous tissue (FI), fibro-fatty tissue (FF), necrotic core (NC), and dense calcium (DC)] in a subject with a low gene expression score of 5 (A) and high plaque volumes in a subject with a high gene expression score of 34 (B) are shown. Linear regression analyses demonstrate that gene expression score and total plaque volume (R 2=0.55; P=0.018), NC volume (R2=0.56; P=0.015), and DC volume (R2=0.60; P=0.007) were significantly correlated, but not after Bonferroni adjustment (C) Gene expression score and plaque volume and composition the relationship between peripheral blood gene expression and coronary arterial plaque measurements by IVUS/VH. The main Peripheral gene expression as measured by the composite finding of the study is that altered expression of 23 genes, mostly score was significantly correlated by non-parametric Spearman inflammatory genes and genes involved with innate and acquired rank correlation with volumes of necrotic core (R2=0.56; P=0.015), dense calcium (R2=0.60; P=0.007) non-calcified immunity, as measured by a previously validated composite plaque (R2=0.50; P=0.036) and total plaque (R2=0.55; P=0.018) score, is associated with more necrotic core, dense calcium and (Table 3; Figure 4). None of these IVUS-VH measurements larger plaque volume based on IVUS/VH measurements. showed significant association with lipid measurements (LDL/ HDL, total cholesterol or triglycerides). Permutation of the Development and progression of atherosclerosis composite gene expression scores over 1,000 trials resulted in only 39 (3.9%) showing 4 or more IVUS-VH parameters as There are several key elements in the development of significantly associated with the GES. atherosclerosis (14). The initiating factor is the deposition of atherogenic lipoprotein particles in the subintima, which triggers a reactive, mal-adaptive inflammatory response. It has been shown Discussion that lipoprotein deposition is the primary, and inflammation T the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate o is the secondary process in atherosclerosis (15). Circulating © Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy. All rights reserved. www.thecdt.org Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2013;3(1):5-14
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Therapy, Vol 3, No 1 March 2013 11 Table 4 Genes included in the gene expression algorithm categorized by terms of similar function Term Genes in men Genes in women (I) Neutrophil activation and apoptosis; IL18RAP, TNFAIP6, CASP5, IL8RB, TN- IL18RAP, TNFAIP6, CASP5, IL8RB, Innate immunity FRSF10C, TLR4, KCNE3 TNFRSF10C, TLR4, KCNE3 (II) Neutrophil activation — lymphocyte ratio; S100A8, S100A12, CLEC4E, S100A8, S100A12, CLEC4E, RPL28 Innate immunity and cell necrosis; calcification NCF4, AQP9 (III) Natural Killer cell activation — T-cell ratio; SLAMF7, KLRC4, TMC8, CD3D SLAMF7, KLRC4, TMC8, CD3D Innate immunity (IV) B — T-cell ratio and adaptive immune response SPIB, CD79B, TMC8, CD3D SPIB, CD79B, TMC8, CD3D (V) Unknown AF289562 AF289562 (VI) Unknown TSPAN16 -- monocytes are recruited to the subintima and they are and can quantify the volume and percentage of each of the differentiated to resident macrophages with phagocytic four components (8). capabilities to remove atherogenic lipids through scavenger receptors, such as CD36 and SR-B1 (16-18). Interestingly, Association of gene expression with the biology of since macrophages in the vessel wall cannot shut down atherosclerosis lipoprotein uptake via scavenger receptors and cellular reverse cholesterol transport mechanisms cannot keep Our study found that a composite gene expression score was up with the uptake of oxidized lipoproteins, resident correlated with the volume of necrotic core, dense calcium macrophages accumulate atherogenic lipoproteins, turn volume and total plaque volume, as measured by IVUS/ into foam-cells and ultimately, they undergo apoptosis and VH. Likely, in patients with higher gene expression scores, necrosis, leading to the development of a necrotic core a higher volume of necrotic core and dense calcium, which (19,20). Apoptosis and necrosis is followed by an active are typically closely correlated by IVUS/VH, resulted in a healing process through calcification, which is mediated higher total plaque volume. Interestingly, the majority of by osteoblastic transformation of vascular smooth muscle the 23 genes that are part of the composite score are related cells under the influence of oxidized LDL, angiotensin to inflammation and this supports the notion that this gene II, TNF-alpha and others (21-24). While these early expression pattern reflects an overall inflammatory response stages of the atherosclerotic process are characterized by to lipoprotein deposition in coronary atherosclerotic positive remodeling and minimal luminal compromise plaques. The 23 genes of the composite score can be divided (increased plaque volume; Glagov phenomenon), late stages into 6 different terms, or groups (Table 4). Genes in Term 1 are characterized by progressive fibrosis with negative (Table 4) are related to innate immunity, more specifically remodeling and severe luminal compromise (25,26). to neutrophil activation and apoptosis. Importantly, CASP5 gene expression is up-regulated in CAD, which may represent apoptosis leading to the development of the Coronary atherosclerosis imaging by IVUS/VH necrotic core (28). Thus, this may provide an important link Recently, IVUS/VH has been introduced as an invasive between our finding of the gene expression score and its method for coronary atherosclerotic plaque characterization association with necrotic core by IVUS/VH. Furthermore, (8-11,27). IVUS remains the reference standard for the the TLR4 gene is expressed by macrophages which are measurement of geometrical characteristics of coronary key components in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. plaques, such as MLD, %DS, MLA, %AS, plaque burden Genes in Term 2 (Table 4) are also related to innate and remodeling index. Furthermore, capitalizing on immunity and cell necrosis, again related to neutrophils radiofrequency backscatter data, IVUS/VH can also provide in chronic inflammatory conditions (S100A8, S100A12) some tissue characterization and based on such characteristics, and cell necrosis (CLEC4E), again potentially providing voxels can be characterized as fibrous tissue, fibro-fatty a link between the gene expression score and necrotic tissue, necrotic core and dense calcium (Figure 1A-D). core by IVUS/VH. Term 3 genes (Table 4) are also related This approach has been validated both ex-vivo and in-vivo to innate immunity, more specifically to natural killer © Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy. All rights reserved. www.thecdt.org Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2013;3(1):5-14
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Joshi et al. Gene expression and IVUS/VH (NK) cell activation, normalized for T-cell specific genes. core, dense calcium and total plaque volume. These KLRC4 activates NK cells and inhibits T- and B-cells; NK- findings are consistent with the inflammatory hypothesis cell activation and reduced lymphocyte count have been of atherosclerosis and suggest that this gene expression implicated in atherosclerosis (29). Term 4 (Table 4) is related score, which is mostly related to inflammatory genes, to adaptive immunity and reflects T- and B-cell activation; reflects overall inflammatory activity and a potentially more however, the role of lymphocytes in atherosclerosis is less vulnerable plaque phenotype. clear at this time. Finally, Term 5 and Term 6 consist of genes with unknown functions (Table 4). Limitations An apparent paradox is that atherosclerotic plaques, especially advanced plaques like the ones characterized by Our study has several limitations. First, while this study a necrotic core, mostly contain resident macrophages in was prospective and gene expression analysis was done the lipid-rich necrotic core as well as in the fibrous cap. In prospectively, it was a single-center study with a relatively fact, the presence of a large amount of macrophages, mostly small sample size and we were only able to analyze a limited in the fibrous cap, is one of the hallmarks of “vulnerable number of biomarkers and IVUS/VH parameters due to the plaques” from a histopathologic point of view (30). limitations imposed by the multiple hypotheses (Bonferroni) In addition, activated T-cells expressing HLA-DR4 have correction on the P-values. We tried to mitigate these also been demonstrated in plaques, mostly in the shoulder issues by using a non-parametric analysis method, as well regions (31). This apparent paradox may suggest that as by using permutation testing. The permutation analysis an overall broader inflammatory response, involving suggests that the correlations between plaque volume and neutrophils, NK-cells, T-cells and B-cells and monocytes/ characteristics are unlikely to be due to chance, although macrophages is mounted as a maladaptive response to relationships between individual IVUS-VH parameters lipoprotein retention. and the GES need further work. Thus, this should be regarded as a preliminary, hypothesis-generating study and additional studies in larger cohorts will be needed for Previous studies validation; Second, we only performed IVUS/VH in one While there have not been a large number of studies coronary artery and the influence of atherosclerotic plaques evaluating the relationship between peripheral gene in other coronary arteries and other vascular beds could not expression and CAD, our study is consistent with previous be evaluated; Third, we excluded patients with diabetes, studies and extend on those observations. We have previously as the composite gene expression score was developed in validated this composite gene expression score in a separate non-diabetic subjects; Furthermore, most of the patients patient population for the diagnosis of obstructive CAD were on lipid-lowering medications and non-steroidal anti- (>50% luminal diameter stenosis) using invasive coronary inflammatory agents, which may alter gene expression X-ray angiography as reference standard (7). In that study patterns and may explain the lack of correlation between of 526 non-diabetic patients referred for invasive coronary traditional lipoproteins and plaque components; Finally, the angiography, there was a linear relationship between the full clinical predictive value of IVUS/VH-derived plaque composite GES and the severity of angiographic CAD, features is still actively being investigated. and the addition of the GES to the Diamond-Forrester classification scheme improved the area under the ROC Conclusions curve from 0.66 to 0.72 (P=0.003). While invasive coronary angiography cannot directly evaluate plaque volume, overall To our knowledge, this preliminary report is the first luminal stenosis is related to the total amount of plaque. prospective study to evaluate the relationship between The present study with IVUS/VH-based plaque volume and peripheral gene expression measured by a previously component measurements extends on these findings. validated composite score and the volume and composition In summary, in this preliminary, hypothesis-generating of coronary atherosclerotic plaques by IVUS/VH. Given study of the relationship between peripheral gene the multiple factors that influence atherosclerosis, we found expression measured by a previously validated composite that a predominantly inflammatory gene expression pattern score and plaque volume and composition by IVUS/ was moderately associated with overall larger plaque burden VH, we found that the GES was associated with necrotic and with more advanced atherosclerosis, characterized by © Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy. All rights reserved. www.thecdt.org Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2013;3(1):5-14
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Therapy, Vol 3, No 1 March 2013 13 more necrotic core and dense calcium by IVUS/VH. In 9. Serruys PW, García-García HM, Buszman P, et al. Effects this hypothesis-generating study, our results are consistent of the direct lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) with the inflammatory hypothesis of atherosclerosis and inhibitor darapladib on human coronary atherosclerotic suggest that this composite gene expression score is not plaque. Circulation 2008;118:1172-82. only predictive of obstructive CAD as has been shown in 10. Stone GW, Maehara A, Lansky AJ, et al. A prospective the past, but also predictive of larger atherosclerotic plaque natural-history study of coronary atherosclerosis. N Engl J burden with a more vulnerable phenotype. Med 2011;364:226-35. 11. Voros S, Rinehart S, Qian Z, et al. Prospective validation of standardized, 3-dimensional, quantitative coronary Acknowledgements computed tomographic plaque measurements using We would like to thank the CardioDx, Inc. reference radiofrequency backscatter intravascular ultrasound as laboratory staff for performing the CorusCAD gene reference standard in intermediate coronary arterial expression test. lesions: results from the ATLANTA (assessment of tissue Disclosure: The ATLANTA studies were supported in part characteristics, lesion morphology, and hemodynamics by grants to Dr. Voros from Abbott Vascular, Volcano Inc., by angiography with fractional flow reserve, intravascular Vital Images, Siemens Medical Solutions, and CardioDx. ultrasound and virtual histology, and noninvasive Bela Asztalos is employed by Boston Heart Diagnostics. computed tomography in atherosclerotic plaques) I study. Michael Elashoff, John Blanchard and Steven Rosenberg JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2011;4:198-208. are employees of CardioDx, Inc. 12. Wingrove JA, Daniels SE, Sehnert AJ, et al. Correlation of peripheral-blood gene expression with the extent of coronary artery stenosis. Circ Cardiovasc Genet References 2008;1:31-8. 1. D’Agostino RB Sr, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, et al. General 13. Mintz GS, Nissen SE, Anderson WD, et al. American cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the College of Cardiology Clinical Expert Consensus Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2008;117:743-53. Document on Standards for Acquisition, Measurement 2. Wilson PW, D’Agostino RB, Levy D, et al. Prediction and Reporting of Intravascular Ultrasound Studies (IVUS). of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. A report of the American College of Cardiology Task Circulation 1998;97:1837-47. Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. J Am 3. Clarke R, Peden JF, Hopewell JC, et al. Genetic variants Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1478-92. associated with Lp(a) lipoprotein level and coronary 14. Tabas I, Williams KJ, Borén J. Subendothelial lipoprotein disease. N Engl J Med 2009;361:2518-28. retention as the initiating process in atherosclerosis: 4. Helgadottir A, Thorleifsson G, Manolescu A, et al. A update and therapeutic implications. Circulation common variant on chromosome 9p21 affects the risk of 2007;116:1832-44. myocardial infarction. Science 2007;316:1491-3. 15. Nakashima Y, Fujii H, Sumiyoshi S, et al. Early human 5. Kathiresan S, Melander O, Anevski D, et al. atherosclerosis: accumulation of lipid and proteoglycans in Polymorphisms associated with cholesterol and risk of intimal thickenings followed by macrophage infiltration. cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1240-9. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007;27:1159-65. 6. Samani NJ, Erdmann J, Hall AS, et al. Genomewide 16. Febbraio M, Hajjar DP, Silverstein RL. CD36: a association analysis of coronary artery disease. N Engl J class B scavenger receptor involved in angiogenesis, Med 2007;357:443-53. atherosclerosis, inflammation, and lipid metabolism. J Clin 7. Rosenberg S, Elashoff MR, Beineke P, et al. Multicenter Invest 2001;108:785-91. validation of the diagnostic accuracy of a blood-based 17. Hansson GK, Libby P, Schönbeck U, et al. Innate and gene expression test for assessing obstructive coronary adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. artery disease in nondiabetic patients. Ann Intern Med Circ Res 2002;91:281-91. 2010;153:425-34. 18. Matsumoto A, Naito M, Itakura H, et al. Human 8. Nair A, Kuban BD, Tuzcu EM, et al. Coronary plaque macrophage scavenger receptors: primary structure, classification with intravascular ultrasound radiofrequency expression, and localization in atherosclerotic lesions. Proc data analysis. Circulation 2002;106:2200-6. Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990;87:9133-7. © Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy. All rights reserved. www.thecdt.org Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2013;3(1):5-14
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