What's New for Newborns_Claudia Morrissey & Allyison Moran_10.14.11
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What's New for Newborns_Claudia Morrissey & Allyison Moran_10.14.11
- 1. What’s New for Newborns? Claudia S. Morrissey MD MPH Allisyn Moran PhD MHS Saving Newborn Lives CORE 14 October 2011
- 3. Newborn Survival: A Decade of Progress
- 5. Global progress to MDG 4 MDG 4 target (32) Ref: Lawn, Kerber et al BJOG 2009 updated with data for 2008 from UN Child Mortality Group, WHO//CHERG and IHME (Rajaratnam J eta l 2010) 3.1 million neonatal deaths, 41% of under 5 deaths Links closely with maternal health and MDG 5 USA NMR is 4
- 9. WHERE? Neonatal & maternal deaths 2.4 million neonatal deaths Approx 67% of global total 340,000 maternal deaths Approx 65% of global total Ref: Lawn JE et al BJOG sept 2009. Data sources: Estimates of maternal (2005) and neonatal (2008) deaths from WHO. Updated June 2010 Countries with the highest numbers of neonatal deaths are similar to those with high maternal deaths Ranking for numbers of neonatal deaths Ranking for numbers of maternal deaths India 1 1 Nigeria 2 2 Pakistan 3 8 China 4 13 DR Congo 5 3 Ethiopia 6 5 Bangladesh 7 6 Indonesia 8 7 Afghanistan 9 4 Tanzania 10 9
- 12. WHEN? The first days are critical Up to 50% of neonatal deaths occur in the first 24 hours Source: Lawn JE et al Lancet 2005, Based on analysis of 47 DHS datasets (1995-2003), 10,048 neonatal deaths) 75% of neonatal deaths occur in the first week
- 13. WHY? Causes of newborn deaths Three killers account for 81% of all neonatal deaths 3.1 million Source: CHERG/WHO 2010. Estimates for 193 countries for 2008. Black R et al Lancet 2010 UNICEF, State of the World's Children, 2011. Almost all deaths are due to preventable conditions
- 14. Evidence: a Driver of Progress
- 15. Intervention Packages Source: Lancet Neonatal Survival Series, 2005 Skilled obstetric and immediate newborn care including resuscitation Emergency obstetric care to manage complications such as obstructed labor and hemorrhage Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes # Corticosteroids for preterm labor # Emergency newborn care for illness, especially sepsis management and care of very low birth weight babies Clinical care Folic acid # Counseling and preparation for newborn care and breastfeeding, emergency preparedness Healthy home care including breastfeeding promotion, hygienic cord/skin care, thermal care, promoting demand for quality care Extra care of low birth weight babies Case management for pneumonia Family-community Clean home delivery Simple early newborn care 4-visit antenatal package including tetanus immunization, detection & management of syphilis, other infections, pre-eclampsia, etc Malaria intermittent presumptive therapy* Detection and treatment of bacteriuria # Outreach services Postnatal care to support healthy practices Early detection and referral of complications Infancy Neonatal period Pre- pregnancy Pregnancy Birth Antenatal 7-14% Reduction of NMR Intrapartum 19-34% Reduction of NMR Postnatal 10-27% Reduction of NMR
- 16. Preventive Community-based newborn care packages Preventive + referral Preventive + management
- 17. Generate New Evidence: SNL 1 The 36 research studies supported under SNL 1 built awareness that simple solutions for 3 killers could be feasibly delivered and have impact in low resource settings. Evidence for Joint Statement on PNC Home Visits Evidence for Joint Statement on PNC Home Visits Prevention + Management in India Prevention + Management in Bangladesh Prevention alone in India Prevention + Referral using Government model in Pakistan Ankur 2001-2005 Home-based newborn care (HBNC) replicated in 7 rural, urban and tribal districts 51% NMR Reduction Projahnmo 2001-2006 HBNC replicated in Sylhet district 34% NMR Reduction Shivgarh 2003-2006 HBNC with community mobilization and BCC only 54% NMR Reduction Hala 2003-2005 HBNC through existing CHW system (preventative care w/referral) 28% NMR Reduction in pilot areas
- 19. SNL 2 Research Examples Outcomes Description Influence Infection Management RCT in Pakistan Postnatal Care Package OR in Bangladesh Integration of newborn care RCT in Uganda MNC & HIV Care RCT in South Africa Simplified Antibiotic Trial Testing if simplified antibiotic regimens are effective treatment for sepsis Treatment failure To modify global policy PNC Operations Research Testing existing cadres providing home visits to improve practices Coverage & Practices To inform MOH & partners how to deliver PNC in existing system and scale up UNEST Testing community-based package using volunteers linked to the health system Coverage & Practices To inform MOH how to scale up newborn care through health extension volunteers GOODSTART Testing govrn’t CHWs providing peer counseling at home to improve practices NMR, Coverage & Practices First study looking at integration of HIV/AIDS and ENC/PNC packages by CHWs and urban poor
- 21. Source: Wall et al. Int J Gyn and Obstetr 2009; 107: s47-s64. Birth Asphyxia
- 25. Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews 2011, Conde-Agudelo A et al “ Compared with conventional neonatal care, KMC was found to reduce mortality at discharge.” KMC reduced severe infections, hypothermia, severe illness, and length of hospital stay KMC: What’s the evidence?
- 31. Translating Research & Data for Action Regional Opportunities for Africa’s Newborns ASADI Science in Action LAC Alliance Global Countdown to 2015 CHERG LiST UN Jt. Statement National Situation Analysis (15) Data Profiles
- 34. SNL Pathway to Scale
- 37. SNL Household Surveys Country Design Dates Sample size Bangladesh (GO) Pre/Post Intervention / Comparison Baseline: 2008 Endline: 2010 Baseline: 788 Endline: 794 Nepal Pre/Post Baseline: 2008 Endline: 2011 Baseline: 630 Endline: 630 Indonesia Pre/Post Baseline: 2007/8 Endline: 2011 Baseline: 400 Endline: 400 Vietnam Pre/Post Intervention / Comparison Baseline: 2007 Endline: 2011 Baseline: 1,073 Endline: 1,050 Malawi Pre/Post Baseline: 2007 Endline: 2011 Baseline: 903 Endline: 900
- 38. Preliminary Findings from SNL Household Surveys
- 39. Skilled Birth Attendance *Statistically significant at p<.05
- 40. Immediate Breastfeeding (within 1 hour of birth) *Statistically significant at p<.05
- 41. Delayed Bathing (≥6 hours after birth) *Statistically significant at p<.05
- 42. Knowledge of Newborn Danger Signs *Statistically significant at p<.05
- 43. Preliminary Findings from Scale up Readiness Benchmarks
- 45. Scale up Readiness Benchmarks SNL Countries 2000
- 46. Scale up Readiness Benchmarks SNL Countries 2005
- 47. Scale up Readiness Benchmarks SNL Countries 2010
- 49. Segou Region
- 51. Thank you! Visit the Healthy Newborn Network www.healthynewbornnetwork.org
Hinweis der Redaktion
- 4.6 M in 1990 Mmratio declined 34%
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Why? set the stage. At the end of the last century, 3 independent events occurred that converged to create a Perfect storm , if you will, for newborn survival.
- Dec 1999, Abhay Bang published the results from the SEARCH project in Gadchiroli, India in the Lancet. There was a nearly 50% reduction in NMR when package of newborn preventive and curative care services, including management of newborn sepsis, was provide in the home by frontline workers. These finding ran counter to conventional wisdom that held that little could be done given to save newborns in low-resource settings: the investments needed to establish NICUs and to train sub-specialist staff were out of reach. I remember being at a meeting at Johns Hopkins in 1999 when Dr. Bang presented his preliminary findings. You could have heard a pin drop in that room. The second event in this perfect storm was
- Commitments and pledges were made.
- Save the Children developed a proposal based on new findings from SEARCH and in 2000 Saving Newborn Lives became the “flagship” project for addressing newborn mortality and morbidity in low-resource settings Celebratory moment yet sobering that there continue to be so many needless deaths.
- Worldwide over 60 million births take place at home without the help of a skilled attendant. This can range from 94% in Ethiopia to less that 30% in Malawi where they have “outlawed” deliveries that are not attended by skilled practitioners (MDs, nurses, midwives).
- Among the poorest and most vulnerable Coverage of life-saving interventions is highly inequitable Graph produced by Countdown 2015. On the left you will see a graph of coverage of 8 essential maternal newborn interventions by wealth quintile. The poorest quintile has only 20% coverage while the wealthiest has70% coverage. So…… If all…
- Back in 2000, it was not clear how to impact on newborn survival. What inspired Save the Children and the Gates Foundation to try was the experience of Dr. Abhay Bang in Gadchiroli India where he reduced mortality among newborns by 61%. But there was still a tremendous need for understanding how he got the results he did. So a focus of SNL’s work has been to work with research partners to generate new evidence.
- This is a busy slide based on data from the Lance Neonatal Survival Series, 2005 What it depicts is a breakdown of evidence-based interventions according to how they are delivered. The categories are clinical care, those that can be provided in outreach settings, and those that focus on actions by families and at the community level. Across the bottom we see the interventions positioned along a time line from pre-pregnancy to infancy. We can then create intervention packages along the timeline, divided into those delivered in the antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal periods, and ascribe the amount of reduction that can be achieved by the packages. What becomes clear, is that the most important times we can intervene to impact newborn deaths are the intrapartum and postnatal periods. So we now understand to reach MDG 4 we will have to focus more attention and resources on reducing newborn deaths. We know what these babies are dying from. We have data suggesting when to deliver key interventions. And we can then ask, How are we doing?
- Preventive packages: To improve newborn practices and care seeking Behavior change communication Community mobilization/empowerment to improve newborn practices Preventive + management packages: Behavior change (home visits, community mobilization) Home-based assessment of newborn Home-based management of complications (eg, infection
- A core component of SNL’s work has been to drive the generation of new evidence of what works to improve newborn survival. Overview of SNL 1 Research: Adapted and tested interventions and models in different settings Improved SOTA approaches to reduce mortality from 3 major killers
- Building on learning from SNL1, SNL 2 generates evidence to leverage impact at scale by: Addressing the priority ‘what’ and ‘how’ questions of importance to national stakeholders (eg, MOH). Implementation research with partners involved in national scale up. Research to show how newborn health can be integrated with existing programs/systems already at scale or going to scale.
- For some babies, special care is needed to address babies with complications: For BA, HBB: To increase quality and coverage of neonatal resuscitation at first-level facilities by front-line health workers The HBB curriculum was developed by the American Academy of Pediatrics and is currently be rolled out across the developing world. Any pediatricians here? Are you involved in the HBB roll-out? CCM of infection based on Dr. Bang’s work and on results from the Projahnmo project in Bangladesh funded through SNL showing significant reductions in newborn deaths from sepsis. And for preterm/ LBW infants, Kangaroo Mother Care
- There is also now a new Cochrane Review from 2011 on facility-based KMC that suggests benefits from KMC
- Previous Cochrane review from 2003 had not shown a significant mortality benefit. But numbers were small, studies had different outcomes, and the interventions started at different points. The review was updated 3/2011: Conde-Agudelo A, Belizán JM,Diaz-Rossello J. Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD002771. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002771.pub2 Compared with conventional neonatal care, KMC was found to reduce mortality at discharge or 40 - 41 weeks’ postmenstrual age and at latest follow up. Typical RR .60 Also reduced: severe infection/sepsis, nosocomial infection/sepsis, hypothermia, severe illness, lower respiratory tract disease, length of hospital stay. In addition, KMC increased: weight, head circumference, and length gains frequency and duration of breastfeeding mother satisfaction with method of infant care some measures of maternal-infant attachment Profound results for such a simple intervention.
- MCHIP Ethiopia is conducting a study – also as shown in this poster, it is being implemented in Malawi
- The evidence on impact of clean delivery practices was considered of low quality given that Randomized Controlled Trials are not possible—we can’t randomize some mothers to experience dirty deliveries; clearly would be unethical. 30 published studies show that clean birth practices reduce neonatal mortality & morbidity from infection‐related causes, including tetanus. In 3 studies (1 RCT), a reduction in maternal sepsis was found. Although evidence is weak, the GRADE recommendation for clean practices at birth is strong as this is an accepted standard. Evidence from 3 studies including 1 RCT supports the role of CBKs in promoting clean birth practices, although in all cases there were co‐interventions. None of the studies in either review reported any adverse effects from interventions including a CBK, however, none explicitly stated that they had looked for negative effects.
- Because infections present themselves not on the day of birth that in the days after, and families don’t always recognize the baby as sick until the infectin is very severe and typically don’t seek care for illnesses in very young babies, a community-based intervention is needed. Typically management of infections is part of a series of home-based postnatal care visits. June 2011 – Journal of health Population and Nutrition.
- Need to Highlight SNL’s Role in this process 2) Can mention Situation Analysis result examples: Launch Tz sit analysis – Dept of Planning there and sent template to all districts for financial planning to include KMC and resus that year – need for technical support to continue to move forward – included in district budgets Every Death counts in South Africa led to Lancet South Africa series – led to agenda for new MOH
- While the knowledge of what works is increasing, it only matters if it is applied on a wide scale. Critical to that is knowing how widely these interventions are being implemented.
- The goal is to reduce mortality This required changing behaviors and use of services at scale This requires as an intermediate measure ensuring that health systems have integrated effective newborn health interventions The boxes at the bottom are how we see our inputs into the process. The box on the right is the most critical. Etc. This framework guides SNL’s evaluation strategy
- Agreement on measurement of PNC coverage and content, newborn behaviors/practices, and facility care – national level – DHS and MICS4 and SPA and optional DHS newborn module Agreement on indicators to include on newborn at sub-national levels – ongoing process – looking at SNL data as well as other partners Next meeting – Oct 17, 18 – Todd Nitkin is member of group -
- At least two newborn danger signs – including:
- Kidal region with 4 districts not yet reached I clarified some questions on the Mali training tracker tool and asked the team to separate out the communes of Bamako as districts as this was confusing us (the previous listed 53 districts yet the 6 communes of Bamako are included when we say 59 districts). In terms of interpreting the information, I have also received further clarity. UNICEF has provided the funding for training and equipment for essential newborn care which has led to 2,042 health providers trained in 83% (880/1059) of Mali’s health areas. Specifically Regional trainers trained in 8 out of 8 Regions District level staff trained in 49 out of 59 districts (83%) CSCom staff trained in 39 out of 59 districts nationally (8 regions) or 39 out of 44 districts (6 regions) originally targeted by SNL at the start of SNL2 (89%). (Note: to count the 39, I included on the districts where more than 10 people have been trained within a district because the smaller numbers from 1-4 are usually the district level trainers)
- This slide shows the quantity of data were are currently collecting from our countries. Some of the results we expect to report on are coming from less rigorous research so we look forward in next year or so to perform a lot of analysis!